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Comparison of green tea consumers on the basis of age and gender in the datasets of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from (A) 2008 and (B) 2011.
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To estimate daily intake of total phenolics and flavonoids from green tea and the contribution of green tea to the antioxidant intake from the Korean diet, 24 commercial brands of green tea were selected and analyzed. Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2008 and 2011 indicate that the green tea consum...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... implies that consumers in 2011 preferred green tea bags to leaves, most likely because of convenience. Figure 2. In the 2008 KNHANES, 276 people over 19 years of age responded to the 24-h DR as being green tea consumers, and in the 2011 KNHANES, 213 people of the same age group had the same response. ...
Context 2
... included 140 females and 136 males in 2008 and 99 females and 114 males in 2011. The percentage (%) of males to drink green teas increased from 49% in 2008 to 54% in 2011, compared to total participants in the respective survey (Figure 2). The number of green tea consumers decreased by approximately 23% in 2011 as compared with 2008. ...
Context 3
... number of green tea consumers decreased by approximately 23% in 2011 as compared with 2008. Fifty-five percentage and 53% of green tea consumers were 30-49-years old in 2008 and 2011 surveys, respectively ( Figure 2); this age group is bigger possibly because they are likely to have greater accessibility to green tea at work. In 2008 and 2011, tea drinkers in over 50 years old groups made up 27.2% and 37.1% of total tea drinkers, respectively, suggesting that LGT GTB- BR LGT, loose leaf green tea without brown rice). ...
Context 4
... number of green tea drinkers declined from 276 (3.2% of total participants) in 2008 to 213 (2.8% of total participants) in 2011 (Figures 1 and 2), partly due to increased coffee consumption in Korea in recent years. Since the concept of well-being was introduced to Koreans in the early 2000s, Korea has undergone a boom of enhanced well-being. ...
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Citations
... While mean dietary phenolic intake range from around 255 mg/day in US citizens [13] and up to 1756 mg/day in European citizens [14], major benefits from consumption were described, such as decreased body fat, body mass index(BMI), waist and hip circumference [15] or lower serum pro/antiinflammatory biomarkers' ratio such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), T helper 1/T helper 2 balance (Th1:Th2), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) [16]. However, there is a great degree of variability in phenolic consumption, depending on the source, from olivebased foods in Mediterranean countries, to coffee in European Non-Mediterranean countries [17], to tea in Asian countries [13]. ...
... While mean dietary phenolic intake range from around 255 mg/day in US citizens [13] and up to 1756 mg/day in European citizens [14], major benefits from consumption were described, such as decreased body fat, body mass index(BMI), waist and hip circumference [15] or lower serum pro/antiinflammatory biomarkers' ratio such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), T helper 1/T helper 2 balance (Th1:Th2), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) [16]. However, there is a great degree of variability in phenolic consumption, depending on the source, from olivebased foods in Mediterranean countries, to coffee in European Non-Mediterranean countries [17], to tea in Asian countries [13]. Moreover, age could be a factor influencing dietary phenolic intake, as European adolescents have a mean of only 326 mg/day [18]. ...
... In the same time, microgreens are susceptible to influence of many environmental cues that offer the opportunity of modulating specific pathways, and, hence, increase bioactive production. The abundance of phenolic is high in basil microgreens, the most representative compounds being chicory acid, rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid, with values up to 17.58 mg/g dry matter [13]. The synthesis of this kind of phenolic acids was already proven that can be increased by modulating the spectrum of light delivered to microgreens, including in basil ones [23]. ...
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... Quantitative phytochemical screening was used to determine the presence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, glycosides, and terpenoids in green tea, as previously described. Using the technique, we were able to precisely quantify the total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content (Zhao et al., 2013;Lee et al., 2016). ...
... Gallic acid, also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, has a relatively simple structure. This compound serves as the foundation for hydroxybenzoic acids and other derivatives with antioxidant activity, such as ellagic acid [44][45][46]. The hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, on the other hand, have p-coumaric acid as the basic structure, which is formed by an aromatic ring with one hydroxy substitution and one propenoic acid. ...
... The distinct fragmentation pattern of each phenolic compound enables identification in mass analyzers or provisional identification for compounds lacking a standard, even for complex and high molecular weight compounds (Figures 1, 3 and 4 depicts the phenolic structures present in different teas) [31,44]. Given the aforementioned characteristics, liquid chromatography separation followed by spectrophotometry and/or mass spectrometry analysis can provide valuable information for the investigation of the phenolic profile in tea extracts. ...
... Given the aforementioned characteristics, liquid chromatography separation followed by spectrophotometry and/or mass spectrometry analysis can provide valuable information for the investigation of the phenolic profile in tea extracts. Other analyses were also carried out using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to provide solid information on the phenolic profile of tea [44]. ...
Phenolic compounds are one of the major and most complex groups of phytochemicals found among plant kingdom. Structurally they comprise of aromatic ring along with one or more hydroxyl groups. Based on the structure they are divided into subgroups such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, lignans, quinones, stilbenes and carotenoids. Plant polyphenols are gaining popularity as a result of their potent antioxidant properties and notable effects in the prevention of oxidative stress-related diseases. Extraction, identification and characterisation of phenolic compounds from various plant sources has become a major area of health and medical research in the recent years. The major bioactive compounds responsible for tea's health benefits are thought to be phenolics. Catechin derivatives make up the majority of the phenolic compounds found in tea, and though flavonols and phenolic acids are also present in smaller amounts. The bioactivity of the compounds has been linked to a lower risk of serious illnesses like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenera-tive disease. This chapter covers phenolic extraction, purification, analysis and quantification, as well as their antioxidant properties in different varieties of tea leaves.
... Green tea, black tea and oolong tea are harvested from the same Camellia sinensis plant but possess different properties (Table 1). Green tea accounts for 20% of the total tea consumption worldwide and is the primary beverage consumed daily in Asian countries [2], including Japan [3], China [4] and Korea [5]. Green tea is consumed in an average of three cups and as high as 10 cups per day [6]. ...
Tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide after water, and green tea accounts for 20% of the total tea consumption. The health benefits of green tea are attributed to its natural antioxidants, namely, catechins, which are phenolic compounds with diverse beneficial effects on human health. The beneficial effects of green tea and its major bioactive component, (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), on health include high antioxidative, osteoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, anti-hyperlipidemia and anti-diabetic effects. However, the review of green tea’s benefits on female reproductive disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis and dysmenorrhea, remains scarce. Thus, this review summarises current knowledge on the beneficial effects of green tea catechins on selected female reproductive disorders. Green tea or its derivative, EGCG, improves endometriosis mainly through anti-angiogenic, anti-fibrotic, anti-proliferative and proapoptotic mechanisms. Moreover, green tea enhances ovulation and reduces cyst formation in PCOS while improving generalised hyperalgesia, and reduces plasma corticosterone levels and uterine contractility in dysmenorrhea. However, information on clinical trials is inadequate for translating excellent findings on green tea benefits in animal endometriosis models. Thus, future clinical intervention studies are needed to provide clear evidence of the green tea benefits with regard to these diseases.
... The consequences of stress are strongly influenced by how an individual perceives and appraises the situation in addition to the intensity of the event that triggers the stress response [1][2][3]. Traditionally, consumption of tea is associated with relaxation [3], beneficial health outcomes [4], and an increase in longevity, which is proposed to be due to a number of different bioactive constituents [5,6]. Prior to its consumption, tea leaves undergo processing and based on the type of processing, predominantly leads to seven different types of tea; 'green' (unfermented), 'yellow', 'white', 'oolong' (partially fermented), 'black' (completely fermented), 'aged pu-erh' (drastically fermented and aged), and 'ripened pu-erh' tea [7]. ...
Consumption of L-Theanine (L-THE) has been associated with a sensation of relaxation, as well as a reduction of stress. However, these physiological responses have yet to be elucidated in humans where L-THE is compared alongside food or as a functional ingredient within the food matrix. The aim of this study was to determine the physiological responses of a single intake of a potential functional food product (mango sorbet) containing L-THE (ms-L-THE; 200 mgw/w) in comparison to a flavour and colour-matched placebo (ms). Eighteen healthy male participants were recruited in this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The participants were required to consume ms-L-THE or placebo and their blood pressure (BP) (systolic and diastolic), heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV) were monitored continuously over 90 minutes. Eleven males (age 27.7 ± 10.8 years) completed the study. Changes in area under the curve for systolic and diastolic blood pressure and HRV over the 90 minute observation period indicated no differences between the three conditions (all p > 0.05) or within individual groups (all p > 0.05). The values for heart rate were also not different in the placebo group (p = 0.996) and treatment group (p = 0.066), while there was a difference seen at the baseline (p = 0.003). Based on the findings of this study, L-THE incorporated in a food matrix (mango sorbet) demonstrated no reduction in BP or HR and showed no significant parasympathetic interaction as determined by HRV high-frequency band and low-frequency/high-frequency ratio. Further studies should be focussed towards the comparison of pure L-THE and incorporation within the food matrix to warrant recommendations of L-THE alongside food consumption.
... In Japan, 53% of adults consume green tea on a daily basis [6], and in China, 46.1% of adults regularly drink tea [13]. In Korea, green tea consumption was 2.9 g/tea drinker/day in 2016 [14]. Recent data have indicated that coffee intake is rapidly increasing in the Korean population. ...
This study investigated the associations of green tea, coffee, and caffeine consumption with self-report lifetime depression in the Korean population using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. In total, 9576 participants (3852 men and 5724 women) aged 19 years or older were selected for the present study. Green tea, coffee, and caffeine consumption levels were assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for depression according to green tea, coffee, and caffeine consumption. Frequent green tea consumers (≥3 cups/week) had 21% lower prevalence of depression (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.63–0.99, p for trend = 0.0101) than green tea non-consumers after adjustment for potential confounders. Likewise, frequent coffee drinkers (≥2 cups/day) had 32% lower prevalence of depression (OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.55–0.85, p for trend = 0.0026) than coffee non-drinkers after adjustment for potential confounders. Also, participants in the highest quartile of caffeine consumption had 24% lower prevalence of depression than those in the lowest quartile (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.62–0.92, p for trend = 0.0032). Frequent consumption of green tea, coffee, or caffeine was associated with a reduced prevalence of self-report lifetime depression in Korean adults. A prospective study and randomized clinical trials should be conducted to confirm the inverse relationships of green tea and coffee consumption with risk of depression.
... Therefore, the actual content of TFC should be lower than that indicated by our data. However, using the same method used in our study, Lee et al. (2016) and Bizuayehu et al. (2016) determined the TFC in green tea and obtained highly similar results (2320 and 2340 mg catechin equivalent/100 g, respectively). Ot could be concluded that the total flavonoids in ATLs (mg/100 g) were similar to those in green tea and that ATLs were suitable for processing green tea for drinking. ...
The morphological characteristics, total flavonoid content (TFC) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) contents of leaves from different strains of Acer truncatum were analyzed with the goal of providing guidance for the development and utilization of Acer truncatum leaves (ATLs) and a selection system for the medicinal cultivar of Acer truncatum species. The morphological characteristics of the ATLs were determined using conventional methods, and TFC and CGA were used to determine the ATL extract by UV spectrophotometry and HPLC. The results showed that most traits significantly differed among the ATL morphologies of different strains and that considerable variability was found between different strains in both TFC (15.04 to 35.18 mg/g) and CGA (0.17 to 0.77 mg/g). The CGA content of ATLs could be improved by selecting for leaf lobe length (Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.551*). Principal component analysis showed that the variations in the ATLs were primarily determined by four comprehensive factors: shape, TFC, angle, and petiole. The TOPSIS method was used to obtain the quality of medicinal Acer truncatum resources: Clone No. ‘1-6’, Clone No. ‘1-7’ and Clone No. ‘5-4’.
... Although transition towards Westernised diet is in process, most Koreans still maintain traditional Korean dietary pattern, which is presumed to be high in TAC [33][34][35]. The dietary TAC of Koreans was estimated based on the experimental TAC values of 81 plant foods [36], and two studies estimated the TAC from fruit and vegetable juice consumption [37] and green tea consumption [38] among Koreans, providing insight into the plant-based Korean diet. However, to our knowledge, no study has provided information on the dietary TAC of a Korean population on a large scale, using a theoretical TAC calculation methodology, largely due to the limited antioxidant intake data available. ...
Purpose:
Dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) has been reported to be inversely associated with the risk of chronic diseases. However, little is known about dietary TAC among the Korean population. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the dietary TAC of Korean adults and to document the major food sources.
Methods:
We studied 33,581 Korean adults aged ≥19 years who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2012. Dietary TAC was estimated from 1-day 24-h dietary recall data using a TAC database comprising antioxidant capacities of 42 dietary antioxidants, developed for common Korean foods.
Results:
The average dietary TAC of Korean adults was 384.7 mg VCE/d, and the major contributors were flavonoids, followed by vitamin C and E. The energy-adjusted daily TAC level was higher in women, middle-aged adults, non-regular alcohol consumers, current non-smokers, supplement users, and in those with a higher income and education level than in their counterparts (P < 0.001). Fruits (47.3%), vegetables (28.4%), beverages and alcohols (11.2%), and legumes and legume products (5.5%), in particular, grapes, persimmons, mandarins, apples, and green tea, were major food sources of dietary TAC. In addition, the consumption of nutrient-dense foods, such as fruits and vegetables, increased, whereas the intake of energy and fat decreased across quartiles of energy-adjusted dietary TAC.
Conclusions:
The present study documented the baseline dietary TAC of Korean adults and the major food sources thereof using nationally representative data. Further research on the health effects of dietary TAC among Korean adults is warranted.
... Qualitative phytochemical screening of green tea for flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, glycosides and terpenoids was carried out as described previously [14]. Quantification of total phenolics, flavonoids and tannin content was done using the method described previously [15]. ...
Cigarette smoking causes numerous adverse biochemical changes in plasma and blood leading to ill health effects for which therapeutic approaches are sought. The present study investigates the effect of green tea consumption on confirmed cigarette smokers. Blood samples were collected from 120 selected human male volunteers categorized in to four groups viz., controls, smokers, control volunteers consuming green tea with no habit of smoking and smokers consuming green tea were analysed. Results showed that altered plasma glucose, HbA1c, hemoglobin, hematocrit, total cholesterol, lipoprotein patterns (HDL, LDL, VLDL) and lipid peroxidation along with vitamins (vitamin-D, vitamin-B12, vitamin-C) and minerals (iron, total iron binding capacity, calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorous, chloride) followed by the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyl transferase (γGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Furthermore, phytochemical analysis of green tea confirmed the presence of phenols, flavonoids and tannins. Antioxidants and free radical scavenging effects of green tea were assessed using 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS⁺) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH⁺). Results of this study clearly demonstrated that the adverse changes observed in the above biochemical parameters in smokers were reversed upon green tea supplementation which can be attributed to the phytoconstituents present in green tea. In conclusion, both in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that phytocompounds present in green tea are able to scavenge free radicals and by there offers protection against smoking induced biochemical alterations.
... Regarding other classes and total flavonoids, the non-linear association may depend on other sources of flavonoids that may not be included into the score of the Mediterranean diet. For instance, tea is not considered part of the traditional Sicilian dietary pattern; however, tea is a major contributor of flavonoid intake [47,48], and it has been suggested to improve metabolic status and decrease risk of chronicdegenerative diseases [49][50][51]. Also chocolate or cocoa products may modulate important health risk factors due to their contribution in flavanols [52]; however, such food items are not included in the index used to assess the adherence to the Mediterranean diet and this may be responsible for the non-linear association between intake of these subclasses of flavonoid high adherence to the dietary pattern. ...
Background: Mediterranean diet has been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects toward various health outcomes. Among the compounds that may be responsible for such benefits, polyphenols have been proposed as potential candidates. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether dietary polyphenols were associated with adherence to the Mediterranean diet in a Sicilian cohort.
Methods: A total of 1937 adults were recruited in the urban area of Catania, southern Italy. Background characteristics and dietary habits were collected through validated questionnaires. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated through application of a validated score (MEDI-LITE score). Dietary intake of polyphenols was estimated through the Phenol-explorer database. Differences in mean intake between quartiles of the MEDI-LITE score and association between quartiles of polyphenol intake and high adherence to the Mediterranean diet (highest quartile of the score) were calculated though logistic regression analyses.
Results: Mean intake of most polyphenols was significantly different between quartiles of the MEDI-LITE score, being generally higher in individuals more adherent to the Mediterranean diet. Only few compounds, such as lignans, anthocyanins, and flavanones, showed a linear positive association with high adherence to the Mediterranean diet, while other polyphenol classes were associated in a non-linear manner. Among individual polyphenols, apigenin, hesperetin, naringenin, lariciresinol, matairesinol, pinoresinol, secoisolariciresinol, and ferulic acid were associated with high adherence to Mediterranean diet in a linear manner, while all the others (except for myricetin) were associated in a non-linear way.
Conclusions: Mean polyphenol intake was higher in individuals more adherent to the Mediterranean diet compared to less adherent. However, dietary sources of polyphenols not included in the traditional foods comprised in the Mediterranean diet may contribute to total and specific classes of polyphenols irrespectively of their inclusion within the context of the Mediterranean diet.
