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Comparison of companion and free-ranging Bali dogs in DPQ factors and facets Factors are in capital letters. Asterisk (*) indicates significant differences (p<0.05).
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Dogs living on Bali Island have been free-ranging for thousands of years. A large group of expatriates sometimes adopt Bali dogs and keep them restricted to their houses and backyards, as is typical in modern western cultures. This provides us with the unique opportunity to compare the personality traits of dogs to their lifestyle either living as...
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Citations
... Reportedly, Bali has a significant population of free-ranging dogs (Corrieri et al. 2018), and there are individuals and organisations keen on relocating them elsewhere, especially after a rabies outbreak in 2008 2 It is worth recalling that the migrations of dogs and people have been mutually influenced throughout history. Dogs lived alongside human hunter-gatherers and later settled as domesticated animals (for an exhaustive overview of domestication, see Miklósi 2017, pp. ...
In many places worldwide, the presence of free-ranging dogs raises discussions about canine welfare and its impact on human communities. Conventional strategies displayed by organisations and individuals often prioritise the removal of healthy dogs from their natural landscape, believing that relocating or facilitating their adoption is in the best interest of both the dogs and humans. However, this approach can sometimes reflect a human-centred perspective, placing human viewpoints and interests above non-human animals’ values and well-being.
The abrupt removal of dogs may disrupt their individual balance and social structures and expose them to novel risks. The stress and emotional damage often encountered by dogs relocated to unfamiliar places is considerable. This potentially leads to significantly compromised welfare. Traumatic traits and PTSD emerge, leading frequently to poor adaptation, severe behavioural issues, and sometimes euthanasia.
This work explores some intricacies of the “free-ranging dog removal” phenomenon. It tracks some trajectories in dogs’ human-triggered migration. It challenges the presumption that extracting these dogs from their habitats enhances their quality of life. It contends that the well-being of free-ranging dogs deeply intertwines with the socioecological systems they inhabit. It examines two case scenarios to showcase some dynamics. It highlights some negative consequences of the phenomenon. It suggests some interdisciplinary trajectories to reframe the perception of free-ranging dogs, to cultivate a more ethical and compassionate understanding of their well-being, and to recognise dogs’ agency and, by extension, the agency of all species that coexist within the human-dominated landscapes.
... Namely, the relationship between humans and their dogs becomes stagnant, it doesn't evolve or express its potential, and both dogs and humans within that family system may feel distressed. That often results in dogs' behavioural issues due to depression, anxiety, reactivity and other forms of tension (De Keuster et al. 2006;Corrieri et al. 2018). It is often the case that dogs express that stress more evidently, and they are pointed out as problematic. ...
Understanding dog and human interaction in all forms is essential to improve the relationship between the two species and further contribute to a fair process of mutual influence. That is fundamental for dog parents/caregivers/ guardians and professionals working with dogs and people at any level. Additionally, dog-human communication, behaviour and training may play a critical role in rediscussing human supremacy, for people follow dog behaviour and training models extensively and worldwide.
Countless studies on dog behaviour and cognition have unfolded excellent knowledge in recent decades. However, the psychophysical interface of dog-human interaction needs to be explored further. To investigate this aspect with a multidisciplinary approach, I gather elements from Theatre Anthropology, psychophysiology, cognitive neuroscience and bodymind practices. I introduce the theoretical frame of Canine Anthropology to focus on the psychophysicality of the human bodymind and its canine counterpart when some interactions between the two species occur. I describe the roles of the human “actor” and the canine “spectator” involved in complex events that generate meaning. A human's body position, action, and intention critically impact dog behaviour, and the dog-human interaction acquires a phenomenological significance. As spectators and mediators, dogs can affect human behaviour and flip their roles. They are the receivers and the reciprocators of human synaesthetic transmission. Thus, the dog-human interaction discloses itself as a psychophysical and embodied experience.
... FRD personalities from the Global South and other LMIC countries have hardly been investigated. A handful of studies have attempted to understand the behavior and adoptability of free-ranging dogs, such as in Bali (Corrieri et al., 2018) and Turkey (Salgirli Demirbas et al., 2014). Questionnaires provide a way to investigate the behavior of companion animals based on the assumption that the owner of the pet knows their pet's behavior and is a reliable proxy for understanding their behavior. ...
Free-ranging dogs (FRDs) represent the largest population of dogs around the world. Their lives are not under direct human supervision and these dogs can be found in and around all possible forms of human habitation. Increased urbanization, poor population management measures and open garbage dumps have compounded their population over the years, leading to increased dog-human conflict, especially in the Global South. Pet keeping has been on the rise in India but most dogs are commercially acquired and are typically foreign breeds. Adoption of FRDs may be a potential solution for both population management and better welfare. While many studies have been conducted on dog behavior across the Global North, studies pertaining to adoptability, dog-human bonds, and welfare of FRDs have been largely missing. We investigated the in-house behaviour and human-animal bonds among adopted FRDs in India using a mixed method approach. Participants were recruited using social media using a snowball method. Data were collected on demographics and lifestyle of both the owners and their dogs, along with owner responses on the Canine Behaviour and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ, Survey I) and the Monash Dog Owner Relationship Scale (MDORS, Survey II). Questions on reasons for adoption, not sterilizing their dogs and behaviour consultation were kept as open responses. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on the C-BARQ items to investigate differences in factor structure from previously established studies in Europe and United States. Influence of demographic and lifestyle parameters on factor scores were investigated using logistic regression. We received valid responses from 1484 respondents for Survey I and 427 responses for Survey II from participants, who had filled the surveys for the same adopted FRD. A 13-factor structure emerged from the EFA- Stranger directed aggression, Owner directed aggression, Dog directed aggression, Fear, Nonsocial fear, Touch sensitivity, Separation related problems, Attachment, Excitability, Energy, Chasing, Elimination and Stereotypy. Comparison of scores across sex and neuter status of the dogs revealed differences. Various demographic factors influenced the behaviour of the adopted dogs. Owners reported a very high Emotional Closeness, low Perceived costs and average dog-owner interaction. The dog-owner relationship was mostly influenced by lifestyle and demographic factors rather than the dog’s behaviour. Overall, our results indicate that FRDs can adapt to a domestic life and make good pets. This study is a first attempt to bridge the ethnocultural gap on dog-keeping from India and lays the foundation for multiple avenues for future studies on the welfare of FRDs in the Global South.
... For example, studies conducted in urban/non-reservation environments have documented people being more likely to be attacked when approaching dogs that are chained up, fenced, or owned [40][41][42]. In Bali, freeroaming dogs were noticeably calmer, less likely to attack or chase other animals, and less excitable or active than owned/kept dogs [43]. Further, there are clear benefits to the dogs themselves in allowing them to roam freely [44][45][46][47][48]. ...
The research on the relationships between free-roaming dogs, also referred to as reservation dogs or rez dogs, and Indigenous communities is extremely limited. This study aimed to document the cultural significance of rez dogs, challenges related to rez dogs, and community-specific solutions for rez dog issues affecting community health and safety from members of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara (MHA) Nation, also referred to as the Three Affiliated Tribes (TAT), who live on the Fort Berthold reservation in North Dakota, U.S.A. One hour semi-structured interviews with 14 community members of the MHA Nation were conducted in 2016. The interviews were analyzed via systematic and inductive coding using Gadamer’s hermeneutical phenomenology. The primary intervention areas described by the participants included: culturally relevant information sharing, improved animal control policies and practices, and improved access to veterinary care and other animal services.
... A general panic was rapidly aroused, and free-ranging dogs were suddenly mistreated or persecuted. It is worth reminding that Bali dogs live both as companions and in free-ranging lifestyles (Corrieri et al. 2018). Several organisations immediately responded by explaining to people that dogs were not a threat to humans (AEDC). ...
... Thus, the rabies outbreak in 2008 coincided with the need to clean up the island from such an abundance of free-ranging dogs. However, that perspective did not consider the uniqueness of Bali dogs, an endemic canine population (Adda 2016;Corrieri et al. 2018;Irion et al. 2005). The severe persecution of dogs fostered various forms of Anthrozooalgia. ...
Humans' suffering often relates to other-than-human animals. It may be the case of professionals or volunteers experiencing compassion fatigue, local people witnessing the culling of dogs, the global community reacting to animals killed by hunters, or people suffering due to their unexpressed animality. Scenarios are numerous and the spectrum of human distress is also vast. Sometimes sorrow for animals is evident and conscious; in other cases, people live their pain unconsciously and silently. This paper examines and introduces some terms and perspectives. It features emotional distresses as anthrozoological concerns. Exposes animals as a human embodied experience. The Anthropause further paved the transition to the Symbiocene. Anthrozooalgia recognises the human suffering for other animals and reflects the change. Dogs accompany humans thoroughly and mirror their status.
... Past research has examined religion and animal attitudes in Bali, Indonesia, where over 80% of the province practices Hinduism [64]. Analyzing community perspectives towards dog meat consumption, Corrieri and colleagues (2018) identify how tenets of Balinese Hinduism have shaped and often promoted animal welfare in the country [65]. This includes the concept of "Pale Mahan" [harmony with one's natural environment] which encourages equal appreciation for all animals, including livestock, pets, and community dogs. ...
Animal shelters in India are at the forefront of efforts to improve free-ranging dog welfare and tackle animal overpopulation. In terms of cultural and political context, access to resources, and public health challenges, they operate in a very different environment than Western counterparts. Despite these distinctions, current sheltering literature is largely centered around countries such as the United States. The goal of this exploratory study was to examine the experiences of Indian animal shelter staff. Researchers conducted ten semi-structured interviews, in a mix of Hindi and English, with managers, veterinary nurses, and animal caretakers from three shelters. Using thematic analysis, shelter challenges as well as resiliency factors that enable staff to cope with these challenges were identified. Key challenges were inadequate funding, community conflict, and high intake numbers. Resiliency factors included flexibility, duty of care, co-worker relationships, and understanding animal needs. The results of this qualitative study revealed that the experiences of shelter staff are shaped by social, political, and cultural factors and that there is a need for further, context specific research on Indian sheltering rather than only relying on Western perspectives.
... To compare the main personality traits of the Gifted Word Learner (GWL) individuals to typical Border collies, we asked GWL dog owners to fill in a shorter version of the Dog Personality Questionnaire (DPQ-short form, developed by Jones 2008; also used in Kuroshima et al. 2016;Corrieri et al. 2018;Chopik and Weaver 2019;Posluns, et al. 2017). Due to the rarity of GWL dogs, the subjects in this group came from different countries all over the world. ...
... To assess dog personality, we used the Dog Personality Questionnaire (DPQ; Jones 2008). This questionnaire has been shown to demonstrate reliability and validity (Jones 2008;Posluns et al. 2017), and has been used in numerous studies to measure personality in dogs (e.g., Kuroshima et al. 2016;Corrieri et al. 2018;Chopik and Weaver 2019). The Hungarian (Ákos et al. 2014) and German translations (Riemer et al. 2016) of the questionnaire are reliable (assessed by Cronbach's alpha) (Turcsán et al. 2018;Wallis, et al. 2020). ...
While personality and cognition are distinct domains, some personality traits may affect the capacity for problem-solving. It was suggested that there is a positive association between the Playfulness trait and problem-solving performance in humans. Studies on giftedness (extremely good capacity in the case of a specific skill), typically aimed to reveal the genetic, experiential, and mental origins of such extreme inter-individual variation. We exploited recent findings on giftedness in a specific cognitive skill, object label learning, in dogs to explore the potential association between this exceptional skill and personality traits. We administered the Dog Personality Questionnaire to 21 gifted dog owners and compared the personality traits of their dogs to those of matched samples of 43 Hungarian and 101 Austrian typical dogs, i.e., dogs lacking this exceptional capacity. Since most Gifted Word Learner dogs are Border collies, we restricted our analysis to dogs of this breed. We hypothesized that the Gifted Word Learner dogs may show higher levels of Playfulness. As expected, we found that the gifted Border collies were rated as more playful than both the Hungarian and Austrian typical ones. Our results suggest that an extremely high level of Playfulness is associated with giftedness in a specific cognitive trait in dogs: the capacity to learn object verbal labels, thus opening new possibilities for comparative research on the relationship between giftedness and personality.
... A high number of bite cases in Bali were linked to increased dog ownership [4]. Historically, the Balinese people allowed their dogs to roam freely around the streets [5]. This situation raises the risk of rabies transmission among dogs, while also posing a threat to humans. ...
Background and Aim: Rabies remains a public health concern in Indonesia, and the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has stymied rabies prevention and control efforts. There is a need to transform the rabies program to be adaptable to pandemic situations to improve program coverage on dog vaccination and rabies surveillance. This study aimed to create a rabies control (RaCon) mobile application for a community-based rabies surveillance system during COVID-19 in Bali, Indonesia.
Materials and Methods: We employ the Design Science Research methodology. Surveillance officers, veterinarians, community leaders, outreach workers, and dog owners participated in a series of offline in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The RaCon prototype was evaluated using the Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ) framework, which included the system’s usefulness, information quality, and interface quality. In this study, we used both a qualitative (n=50) and quantitative (n=342) approach.
Results: According to the findings of this study, integrating public health and animal health into the rabies surveillance system are critical to supporting the One Health approach and encouraging community engagement in rabies programs. The RaCon prototype is expected to include features such as pet ownership, case report, news and announcements, nearest vet, health information, outbreak radar, emergency call, and app feedback. The RaCon prototype passed both qualitative and quantitative evaluations, indicating that it could be used to support the rabies surveillance system, particularly in the COVID-19 situation.
Conclusion: The RaCon prototype was accepted by the users and got positive feedback in terms of the system’s usefulness, information quality, and interface quality dimension. As a result, this prototype has the potential to be integrated into the rabies surveillance system in Bali, particularly to strengthen the community-based rabies surveillance system. Even though this prototype received positive feedback, this study focuses solely on the design development and evaluation of its user interface. As a result, further development is required before incorporating RaCon into the rabies prevention and control program.
Keywords: community-based intervention, One Health, post-study system usability questionnaire, rabies, surveillance system
... Human socialization opportunities for village dogs usually occur from an early age with reinforcing experiences throughout life. Daily social interactions with familiar and unfamiliar humans may include human-dog play, begging for food, and following humans in daily work and activities (Ruiz-Izaguirre et al., 2014;Corrieri et al., 2018). There is evidence to suggest that socialization of village dogs varies from culture to culture (Ortolani et al., 2009). ...
... Dogs are obligate social animals that thrive in the company of others. Village dogs have been found to have a calm, less excitable disposition, that can be explained by the continuous exposure to the street environment, and to humans, animals, and other dogs (Corrieri et al., 2018). It follows that being left alone for many hours is something that has to be learned, and lack of habituation to alone time appears to be a risk factor for separation-related problems (e.g. ...
... Critically, they are free to choose when and with whom to interact. As a consequence, village dogs exhibit relatively low levels of intraspecific aggression except during specific periods relating to reproduction (i.e., males competing for females) or lactation (Pal et al., 1998a;Corrieri et al., 2018). For companion dogs, interaction with conspecifics is primarily controlled by the human, who determines with whom or even if the dog is allowed to interact. ...
Over the past two centuries, the typical life of dogs has changed dramatically, especially in the Global North. Dogs have moved into human homes, becoming human companions. In many respects, this change seems to have led to improvements in dog welfare. However, the shift into family homes from the free-roaming lifestyle characteristic of dogs as they lived and co-evolved with humans in the past, has created a typically more confined and isolated lifestyle for dogs. In addition, over the same period, selective breeding of dogs, largely driven by human aesthetic ideals and concepts of breed purity, has transformed dog populations. In this discussion paper, based on a narrative literature review, we compare the welfare of companion dogs with that of modern village dogs. We adopt this comparison because dogs have lived in ways resembling village dog life for most of their history. As such, the comparison may serve as a good basis for assessing the effects of the ‘petification’ of dogs. We argue that compared to the typical village dog, the typical modern suburban or urban companion dog experiences good welfare in a number of respects. This is especially the case when it comes to security, satisfaction of nutritional needs (though companion dogs have problems with a high prevalence of obesity), and proper veterinary care. However, in other ways the modern companion dog often suffers from a range of human-created challenges leading to poor welfare. We examine two key challenges for companion dogs: 1) unrealistic social demands that can lead to anxiety, depression, and aggression, and 2) ill devised breeding schemes that result in breeding-related diseases for many companion dogs.
... Given that the previously described policies of waste removal, sterilization, and euthanasia require vast resources and long-term efforts to reduce the significant FRD population size, this study proposes an alternative method that views FRD as a resource that can keep the management intervention sustained over time. The dearth of formal studies on FRD behavior, personality, and training on a global scale speaks to the limited use of Indian FRD even today, despite anecdotal evidence and experimental trials finding that FRD are capable of socializing and adapting to various situations, with limitations primarily stemming from unique, personal interactions and cumulative negative experiences with humans [32,33]. A model was designed to inform students, policymakers, and the general public regarding the FRD problem plaguing many nations today, and how various policies can be effectively combined to reduce the population, with societal and welfare benefits over time. ...
Using Indian free-ranging dogs (FRD) as a case study, we propose a novel intervention of social integration alongside previously proposed methods for dealing with FRD populations. Our study subsumes population dynamics, funding avenues, and innovative strategies to maintain FRD welfare and provide societal benefits. We develop a comprehensive system dynamics model, featuring identifiable parameters customizable for any management context and imperative for successfully planning a widescale FRD population intervention. We examine policy resistance and simulate conventional interventions alongside the proposed social integration effort to compare monetary and social rewards, as well as costs and unintended consequences. For challenging socioeconomic ecological contexts, policy resistance is best overcome by shifting priority strategically between social integration and conventional techniques. The results suggest that social integration can financially support a long-term FRD intervention, while transforming a “pest” population into a resource for animal-assisted health interventions, law enforcement, and conservation efforts.
