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Recent discovery of such products being sold to the public without clear description of its status has prompted Muslims and other religious groups to be more sensitive in choosing these items. Because of this concern, it is crucial to develop methods of detection for halal and/or kosher products. In this study two analytical techniques for determin...
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... nature of polyurethane is that the holes cannot be seen on the back side and the holes are straight. The comparison between pigskin leather and polyurethane can be seen in Figure 5, holes from pigskin leather are slanting. Moreover, previously from the sample preparation, finishing on the surface of the samples had been removed by swabbing with acetone, different from other leathers; polyurethane has become shrinking when introduced with acetone. ...
Citations
... In addition, peaks at ∼1,396 cm −1 is appeared O-H deformation [26]. In respect of PCF, broader peaks have appeared at 3,453 and 603 cm −1 for H 2 bonded -OH stretching vibration and -NH group vibration in fibrous material, respectively [33,34]. Moreover, peaks at ∼1,657 and ∼1,385 cm −1 appeared for amide I, and amide III absorption peaks of collagen fibers, respectively [35]. ...
The increasing concerns about solid waste disposal have led to the development of innovative strategies for repurposing waste materials. This paper describes a simple solution casting process for recycling postconsumed footwear leather fiber (PCF) into a biocomposite film reinforced with graphene oxide (GO) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). PVP was utilized as a compatibilizer to strengthen the interfacial bonding of GO and leather fiber via π–π interactions. UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the material dispersibility bonding between GO and PCF, structural properties, thermal properties, and surface morphology of the biocomposite films, respectively. Compared to pure PCF film, the oxygen transmission rate of the prepared biocomposite films is elevated by 64% as well as the biodegradability rate is intensified up to 60%. In addition, the film’s tensile strengths are raised by 216%, while their elongation at break is increased by 164.64% as compared with PCF. The versatility of these eco-friendly and biodegradable composite films extends to its possible applications in packaging and interior design. The outcomes of the research reveal the viability of manufacturing affordable and sustainable biocomposites through the utilization of waste leather from consumed footwear.
... Pig leather has the characteristic of being strong but stiff (Mirghani et al., 2012). The distinctive feature of pig leather is the grain pattern generated by hair growth, which includes groups of three holes. ...
... This method relies on a material's absorption of infrared radiation, enabling the identification and analysis of its chemical composition. The advantage of FTIR spectroscopy is its ability to eliminate the need for time-consuming and chemical-intensive standards, thus giving rapid, consistent, and reproducible analytical techniques (Mirghani et al., 2012). This study's primary focus is identifying non-halal pigskin leather using reliable and efficient FTIR analysis, representing a novel analytical approach. ...
The halal certification of products holds significant importance for Muslim consumers, necessitating the development of reliable techniques for identifying leather products made from raw materials. This study employed rapid and accurate analytical methods to distinguish between cowhide, pigskin, and artificial leather. A combination of scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to assess the variations in collagen fiber structures and thermal stability among the leather samples. The findings revealed that morphological surface analysis, including grain patterns and pores, facilitated swift differentiation between different leather types. Pigskins exhibit three-hole patterns on their morphological surface compared to cowhide, with random pores and tighter grain patterns, whereas artificial leather lacks natural grain patterns and pores altogether. While FTIR spectra exhibited similarities between cowhide and pigskin leathers, variations in vibration intensity enabled effective discrimination. Artificial leather, particularly PVC-based materials, displayed distinct spectra, allowing FTIR spectroscopy to effectively discern between halal and non-halal leather. Cowhide possesses strong and sharp vibration at wavenumber 1736, 1277, and 817 cm-1 compared to pigskin, which has stronger vibration at 1534 cm-1. Meanwhile, PVC-based artificial leather exhibited stretching at 1723 and 744 cm-1 wavenumbers. DSC analysis proved valuable in differentiating between genuine and artificial leather based on unique peaks and thermal behavior. These three techniques provide reliable means to determine the raw material origins of leather products.
... Firstly, theoretical, subjective, and supervised decisionmaking due to human involvement (Harris & Piquette, 2015;Izuchi et al., 2016;Kumazawa et al., 2016;Liu et al., 2016;Mata & Merheb, 2016;Schröder et al., 2016). Secondly, economic inefficiency as a result of the application of laboratory-specific and highly expensive devices (Azmi et al., 2017;Izuchi et al., 2016;Jawahar et al., 2016;Mirghani et al., 2012;Winiarti et al., 2018). Thirdly, the inadequacy of the reference study causes inaccurate, ambiguous, and biased identification (Azmi et al., 2017;Harris & Piquette, 2015;Izuchi et al., 2016;Jawahar et al., 2016;Liu et al., 2016;Mata & Merheb, 2016;A. ...
... (i) Scanning electron microscope ( ) with Fourier Transform Infrared ( ) spectroscopy analyzed the spectral information of grain patterns derived from the images (Mirghani et al., 2012). ...
... The advantages of leather as a raw material of fashion item are elastic, has a unique texture and comfortable to use. Due to their broadly application, the demand of leather is getting increased [1]. The kind of leather, which is used as fashion product material are vary, the farm animal skin tend to use than wild animal skin, because of the ease to obtain it as waste consumption of meat of animals livestock. ...
... Scanning electron microscopy is a tool that can be used to identify the texture and morphology until nano level. Morphology of animal skin shows a unique pattern for each type of animal [1]. Another specific thing that a material has is the specific type of compound that contained in the material. ...
... In the qualitative analysis, it was found that the spectrum of cow, rabbit, and goat skins was almost the same. This happens because all skin types have the same dominant content, collagen, which is the main protein that forms skin [1]. However, there are several areas that are different and give the characteristics of cow and rabbit skins. ...
The analytical method to determine the type of leather as a fashion product material, which is fast and accurate, needs to be developed. The analysis of skin type determination by matching the morphology and spectral character of FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) is a fast and accurate. An analytical data base for matching morphology and spectral characters should be provided. This article describes the results of the morphological analysis of cow, goat and rabbit skins, as well as their spectral characters analyzed by FTIR. The cow skin looks bumpy. hair comes out of the follicle hole, only one hair comes out of one follicle hole. The cow skin has a dense structure, the connective tissue under the epidermis is arranged in a unidirectional manner. The surface of the cow hair looks scaly and has a medulla. Rabbit skin surface looks wavy and grained, the hair follicles were arranged in groups, there are several follicles arranged in one group, consisting of one or more follicles that secrete one large hair surrounded by several follicles that secrete smaller hair. The rabbit skin dermis is less dense and more irregular structure than the cow’s dermis tissue. The surface of rabbit hair has a coronal pattern, the hair has not a round shaped medulla form. Goat skin surface looks keratinized, hair comes out of the follicle hole, only one hair comes out from one follicle hole, the size of hair is not uniform. The goat skin has a dense structure like cow skin structure, the connective tissue under the epidermis is arranged in a unidirectional manner. The cuticle surface of the goat hair looks scaly, and has a medulla in the center. The pattern of cuticle is wave, the distance between the wave pattern is closer than the wave pattern of cow’s hair cuticle. The results of FTIR analysis indicated that, analyzed animal skins contained collagen, the level of similarity in the peak pattern of FTIR absorption between cow skin and rabbit skin was higher when compared to the level of similarity between the peak patterns of the spectrum of cowhide and goat skin, or between rabbit and goat skin. The peak of collagen characteristics, peaks around 1035 cm⁻¹ and 1079 cm⁻¹ can be found in the spectrum of cow, goat and rabbit skin powder. The peak absorption which was always found in each spectrum of cow, goat and rabbit skin powder was 1234 cm⁻¹ and 1454 cm⁻¹.
... The physical properties and morphological features of leather products can be checked by sensory inspection (thickness, size, color, gloss, pore pattern, and feel) and microscopic observation (hair follicle array, cross sections, leather grain, and medulla) [6,7], giving some clues to distinguishing their animal origin. Unfortunately, these methods are time-and labor-intensive, and rely heavily on operator experience. ...
... Moreover, the surface and fiber structure of leather are sometimes disrupted during the manufacturing process, making it difficult to identify its origin [8]. Spectroscopic methods have also been used for the analysis of leather samples, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) [6,9], near-infrared (NIR) [10,11], Raman [9], and terahertz (THz) [12] spectroscopy. However, these measurements depend on subtle spectral differences between test samples, which are prone to interferences from leather surface coatings. ...
Increasing accounts of fraud and persistent labeling problems have brought the authenticity of leather products into question. In this study, we developed an extremely simplified workflow for real-time, in situ, and unambiguous authentication of leather samples using rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) coupled with an electric soldering iron. Initially, authentic leather samples from cattle, sheep, pig, deer, ostrich, crocodile, and snake were used to create a chemometric model based on principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis algorithms. The validated multivariate statistical model was then used to analyze and generate live classifications of commercial leather samples. In addition to REIMS analysis, the microstructures of leathers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy to provide complimentary information. The current study is expected to provide a high-throughput tool with superior efficiency and accuracy for authenticating the identity of leathers and other consumer products of biogenic origin.
... Ayırt edici cilt yapısı ve hayvan türlerine göre değişen lif dokusu doğal derilerin mamul hale gelmesinde önemli unsurlardır (Harmancıoğlu, 1998). SEM ile cilt yapısı incelenerek derinin hangi hayvana ait olduğu teşhisi yapılabilmektedir (Mirghani et al., 2012;Jawahar et al., 2016). ...
... Ayırt edici cilt yapısı ve hayvan türlerine göre değişen lif dokusu doğal derilerin mamul hale gelmesinde önemli unsurlardır (Harmancıoğlu, 1998). SEM ile cilt yapısı incelenerek derinin hangi hayvana ait olduğu teşhisi yapılabilmektedir (Mirghani et al., 2012;Jawahar et al., 2016). ...
... Ayırt edici cilt yapısı ve hayvan türlerine göre değişen lif dokusu doğal derilerin mamul hale gelmesinde önemli unsurlardır (Harmancıoğlu, 1998). SEM ile cilt yapısı incelenerek derinin hangi hayvana ait olduğu teşhisi yapılabilmektedir (Mirghani et al., 2012;Jawahar et al., 2016). ...
... The sheep skin has continuous small-sized pores in a wavy pattern. Considering these, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) based visual analysis of leather species was developed [11]. SEM was used to acquire the image data of the grain surface of cow, goat, and sheep leather. ...
Leather is a durable material well-known for its fashion, style, and versatility. Identifying the animal species from which leather originated is necessary in leather quality-check, fraud detection, exotic animal protection, etc. The species identification techniques currently in practice involve subjective and supervised analysis with laboratory-specific devices. This paper discusses optimized and automated species identification by employing a portable and cost-effective (economically efficient) digital microscope. The goal is to acquire the leather images of the four most predominantly used permissible species, with the definite hair-pore regions. Preliminary experiments investigate the adequate image sensing parameters for efficient sensor data processing. Otsu’s thresholding followed by circular Hough transform (CHT) segments and estimates the morphological features of the informative hair-pore regions. The k-nearest neighbor (KNN) based machine learning algorithm models a pattern recognition technique for automated species prediction. Evaluation measures objectively validate the performance of the proposed pre-processing and hair-pore segmentation. The experimental analysis presents the uniqueness and significance of estimated morphological features. The study also compares KNN and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) based species prediction. The comparative analysis ascertains the significance of KNN-based leather species identification with 92.5% accuracy. Thus, the present research assists in building the digital signatures of permissible leather species. It also contributes to design a cost-effective and automated leather species prediction technique with objective analysis.
... Another peak found in the range of 600-900 cm À 1 was that of -NH wagging of the amide group. The results verified that the real cow leather used in this work consisted of amide groups from collagen and amino compounds on the real cow leather surface related to the previous work of Mirghani et al. [24]. Therefore, from these functional groups, cWPUs formed hydrogen bonds to the functional groups on the leather surface thus promoting the formation of strong adhesion at the interface. ...
Renewable resource based cationic waterborne polyurethanes (cWPUs) have been prepared from hydroxyl telechelic natural rubber (HTNR) with a range of number average molecular weights (Mn) (2820, 1800, and 950 g.mol⁻¹), toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), N-methyl diethanolamine (NMDEA), and ethylene glycol (EG). The chemical structure of the cWPUs was confirmed by FT-IR and ¹H-NMR. Particle size and zeta potential of prepared cWPUs were also characterized by ZS nanosizer. By varying the levels of Mn of HTNR, the obtained cWPUs were stable with a milky blue appearance, forming yellowish films. The smallest particle sizes of 76.4 nm were achieved using Mn of HTNR of 2820 g.mol⁻¹ while zeta potential value ranges from 67 to 71 mV were observed with increasing Mn of HTNR. Lap shear testing of these WPUs indicates their potential in real cow leather adhesive applications, with the best adhesive result coming from cWPU based on an HTNR molecular weight of 1800 g.mol⁻¹. The results show the potential of natural rubber as a green adhesive material in suitable aqueous environments.
