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In many parts of the world, income transfers to underprivileged groups have long been part of social welfare programmes. However, the conditionality of such grants has recently been challenged on a global scale, arguing that income grants should serve as a mechanism to redistribute national resources rather than filling the social gap, and be conce...
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... The research presented here was part of a broader project on social security in Namibia that started in 2010. Originally, I focused on informal, government, and church safety services (Klocke-Daffa 2012;2017). However, it soon became apparent that formal insurance was increasingly in demand. ...
Savings and insurance associations are widespread not only in Ethiopia but also in its diaspora, even in countries with diversified and comprehensive formal financial institutions. The contributors to this volume give an extensive overview of these associations in Ethiopia and its diaspora and, at the same time, ask what the activities within these associations tell us about their members' future aspirations and ideas of a »good life«.
... First, because it is inscribed in a long tradition of anthropological research into wealth redistribution institutions (e.g. chiefly redistribution in Polynesia), which result in moral economic configurations that are alternatives to strict reciprocity and market exchange (Earle 2011;Klocke-Daffa 2017;Polanyi, Arensberg, and Pearson 1957;Sahlins 1958Sahlins , 1972, and are potentially comparable to UBI. Second, because it relates to the anthropology of public policy (Caria and Sacramento 2022;Schwegler and Powell 2008;Shore and Wright 1997;Shore, Wright, and Però 2011;Tate 2020), an approach aimed at understanding the 'constellations of actors, activities, and influences that shape policy decisions, their implementation, and their results' (Wedel et al. 2005, 30). ...
https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/6VI5C5UH7MBF4WGJAE4R/full?target=10.1080/00664677.2024.2352697
Globally, small and medium enterprises (SME) entrepreneurs were hit hard by the Covid-19 pandemic and subsequent measures such as lockdowns and market closures. Africa was no exception. Entrepreneurial intentions and activities were expected to have a broad downturn with established entrepreneurs being forced to downsize or quit their businesses, while fewer novel entrepreneurs entered the market and started their own companies. At the same time, entrepreneurship is considered one of the few viable options to ensure an income during uncertain economic times. Furthermore, the Covid-19 crisis was said to drive innovation and technological advancements globally, and perhaps even more so in Africa due to its young demographic.
This edited volume includes insights gathered during the 2021 NVAS Africa Day which had the theme: ‘entrepreneurial responses to Covid-19 in Africa.’ This volume shines a light on two broader themes: entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial resilience in Africa in times of Covid-19. The conference was organized by NVAS (Nederlandse Vereniging voor Afrikastudies) and the African Studies Centre of Leiden University.
The first two chapters consider whether the pandemic and its broader consequences increase entrepreneurial intentions. Is entrepreneurship a pathway out of the crisis for individuals, providing an income and financial stability in a stressed labour market? Or have individuals turned away from entrepreneurship due to the risk and a lack of start-up funds and subsequent investments? The final two chapters consider how the Covid-19 pandemic spurred entrepreneurial resilience and innovation in terms of new products, markets, and strategies. Together, these studies provide a cross-sectional and cross-methodological anthology of entrepreneurial responses to Covid-19 in Africa.
With contributions from Neema Komba, Chanyoung Park, Lotte-Marie Brouwer, Magnus Godvik Ekeland, Hanaâ Benchrifa, Steven Kator Iorfa and Maud van Merriënboer.
With the end of apartheid in Namibia, private insurance companies opened their product range to what they call the “black market.” The increased demand for social insurance is not only because of a lack of security and state-provided welfare programmes but also because of the attractiveness of the products: they allow for merging individual provision with social obligations. With rising incomes, life cover has become more affordable and is mostly taken out as pure term life policies, due for payout only after the death of the policyholder. Since the contracts may involve high payout amounts, companies advise their customers to sign a testament to settle the estate in good time. However, neither insurance companies nor brokers are adequately familiar with the provisions of the prevailing customary laws of inheritance for Namibia’s many cultural groups. This article investigates the role of insurance brokers and the cultural appropriation of formal insurance as a means of safeguarding the future of the living and the dead.
The year 2020 will be forever associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. This health crisis disrupted global interactions with countries closing borders and regions being locked down.
In Morocco, according to HCP (Higher Planning Commission), 57% of all companies have stopped their activities. The most affected sectors are the hospitality industry with 89% of companies shut down, the textile industry with 76%, leather industries with 73% and the construction industry with 60%.
With the unprecedented nature of the pandemic, it is unclear what its impact on entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intentions would be. Research has shown that crisis may have a two-edged impact on entrepreneurial intentions. On one hand, crisis may motivate individuals to defend their financial and social status through supporting their entrepreneurial intentions while on the other hand, crisis may limit the available financial resources and negatively impact the psychological and mental states necessary for entrepreneurial intentions to thrive.
The purpose of this study therefore is to investigate the impact of a socio-economic crisis (with a high level of uncertainty as COVID-19 pandemic) on the entrepreneurial intentions of young people (university students). The paper provides insights about drivers and barriers that affect the intentions of becoming an entrepreneur. Based on the theory of planned behavior and Social cognitive theory, we adopt a quantitative cross-sectional methodology using a survey of university students in Morocco which allows us to analyze whether the crisis had a positive or negative effect on entrepreneurial intentions of Moroccan students.
Findings showed that negative perceptions about COVID-19 positively associated with entrepreneurial attitudes, subjective norms and behavioral control. The ability to cope with COVID-19 moderated the association of COVID-19 perception and entrepreneurial intentions such that students who had negative perceptions about COVID-19 but could cope well had less entrepreneurial intentions. Proactive behavior also moderated the association of COVID-19 perception and entrepreneurial intentions suggesting that having negative perceptions about COVID-19 and being highly proactive led to less entrepreneurial intentions.
These findings were discussed along implications for future research and policy implementation.
This chapter addresses internal power relations and contested authorities in the context of welfare and income redistribution conceived as an indispensable requirement for the achievement of social justice. The Namibian basic income pilot project was the first one worldwide to grant financial benefits to an entire community without strings attached. The topic became a major issue and point of contention for many, ranging from international organizations to institutions of civil society. Scientists from different disciplines travelled from across the globe to present their research findings on the feasibility of basic income projects, and information has been spread via global communication channels. However, when it came to the local implementation of policies, it failed—not for the lack of financial means or political assertiveness but for the unanswered question over power relations and allegiance.
This paper addresses the issues of community governance, leadership, and San traditional authorities in Namibia. We examine the roles of the traditional authorities of the two San majority conservancies in Namibia, Nyae Nyae and N≠a Jaqna. Both of these conservancies, the largest in Namibia, have been the scene of repeated conflicts over land, grazing, fencing, and resource access as people from other places have entered them with their livestock and established cattle stations, farms, and grazing areas. We discuss the leadership styles of the two San traditional authorities: Tsamkxao ≠Oma, the Ju/’hoan Traditional Authority, and Glony Arnold, the !Kung Traditional Authority. The various roles of TAs, government officers, land board members, conservancy management committees, non-government organization representatives, private companies, and members of the public, both local and non-local, are evaluated. The impacts of government-appointed and locally elected leaders, diversified land use systems, and social and legal struggles over resources are also examined. At the heart of this study, we assess the formalization of San leadership through the Traditional Authorities Act and consider the implications of this process in terms of legitimacy and representation in land conflicts and community decision-making.
