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Cymbopogon citratus is an aromatic plant of Gramineae family well-known as lemon grass. Cymbopogon is derived from Greek word “kymbe – pogon” which means boat-beard. The lemon-like scent could be ascribed to the existence of a cyclic monoterpene (citral). The herb is a perennial grass, native and distributed in Asia, Africa, South and North America...
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Context 1
... (Poaceae) is a perennial grass which is evenly dispersed and found in the tropic regions [12] , South and Central America [13] widely used for their pleasant taste and therapeutic properties [2 , 14] . It is widely known as lemongrass or citronella but due to its distribution, it has several names ( Table 1 ). Cymbopogon originated from the Greek word "kymbe -pogon" meaning boat-beard (due to its flower spike configuration) and citratus (Latin) means lemon-scented leaves [15] . ...Context 2
... 3 Proximate analysis of the Lemon grass ( Asaolu et al. 2009). 1 Moisture content AOAC (1990) 2 Ash content 3 Crude fat 4 Crude fiber 5 Energy 6 ...Context 3
... (Poaceae) is a perennial grass which is evenly dispersed and found in the tropic regions [12] , South and Central America [13] widely used for their pleasant taste and therapeutic properties [2 , 14] . It is widely known as lemongrass or citronella but due to its distribution, it has several names ( Table 1 ). Cymbopogon originated from the Greek word "kymbe -pogon" meaning boat-beard (due to its flower spike configuration) and citratus (Latin) means lemon-scented leaves [15] . ...Citations
... Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) has various bioactive compounds, namely myrcene, citronellal, citronellol, caryophyllene, oxobisabolene, limonene, citral dan geraniol [7], [8], [9]. Therefore, lemongrass could be developed as a drug. ...
Untreated wound may lead to the infection. In some countries, plants are used to cure wound traditionally. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) has various bioactive compounds, including citronellol, limonene and geraniol that perform some pharmacological activities. In this study, the essential oil of lemongrass was designed into ointment formulation since lemongrass has been reported to have a wound healing effect in mice. The wound healing ointment made from different concentration of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (F1: EOCC 5%, F2: EOCC 10% and F3: EOCC 15%) using a water-removable base and the characteristic as well as the stability (texture, color, smell, homogeneity, and pH) after been stored for 14 days was also evaluated. The result showed that all formulation (F1, F2, and F3) of wound healing formulation revealed good texture, consistency, odor, color, homogeneity and compatible to the skin until 14 days of storage. However, F3 (EOCC 15%) has a strong lemongrass smell compare to the other formulations.
... This improved USFAs, n-3, and n-6 fatty acids concentrations in the rumen, which are absorbed from the small intestine and then transferred from the blood to the milk. In addition, limonene and terpenes in lemongrass improved milk PUFAs and n-3 fatty acids levels [60]. Herbal supplementation elevated β-carotene and antioxidant capacity in milk in the present study, which may have reduced free radical production and oxidative PUFAs degradation and improved the levels of MUFAs and PUFAs, especially n-3 fatty acids in milk [61]. ...
Herbal supplements containing diverse phytochemicals have been proven to improve digestibility, beneficial serum metabolites, milk yield, and quality in cows. However, the temperature sensitivity of phytochemicals in herbs complicates their practical use as livestock supplements. In response, this study aimed to assess how shade-dried plantain, lemongrass, and their combination influence cow performance, digestibility, serum and milk antioxidants, and milk fatty acids. Forty multiparous mid-lactating Holstein-tropical crossbred cows were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10) for 63 days in a completely randomized design with covariates adjustment. The control group received a basal diet (14.9% crude protein, 11.0 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter (DM)) without herbs. The herbs-supplemented groups received shade-dried powder (per cow/day) of either 100 g plantain (plantain), 100 g lemongrass (lemongrass), or 50 g each of plantain and lemongrass (combined), along with the basal diet. Compared with the control, the plantain or lemongrass group presented improved performance, i.e., DM consumption (3–4%), milk (10–11%) and its components yield (p ≤ 0.05). Similar to the control, the combined group had no effect on performance or digestibility, whereas the digestibility of all nutrients in the plantain or lemongrass group substantially increased. Herbs-supplementation reduced serum bad-cholesterol and urea-nitrogen while increasing good-cholesterol and albumin compared with the control (p < 0.01). Notably, 4–8% serum and 8–23% milk antioxidants were greater in the herbs-supplemented groups than the control, while the lemongrass had the optimum milk β-carotene. Substantially, herbs-supplementation resulted in a 6–10% higher unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs), whereas the combined group presented a 3.56-fold greater n-3 fatty acids than the control. Significantly, the plantain or lemongrass group presented better benefit‒cost‒ratio than the combined and control. Therefore, shade-dried herbs-supplementation improved the beneficial serum metabolites, serum and milk antioxidants, and milk USFAs in cows. Additionally, shade-dried plantain or lemongrass enhanced cow DM consumption, digestibility, milk yield, and profitability.
... Plant-based compounds exhibit promising anticancer potential through various mechanisms such as counteracting free radicals [9], inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and targeting key molecular pathways [10,11]. For example, compounds like allicin has shown efficacy in suppressing tumor growth, enhancing radiosensitivity, and modulating pathways crucial for cancer cell survival and metastasis [12][13][14][15]. Also, bromelain exhibited significant anticancer potential by modulating key genes related to programmed cell death [16,17], inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and metastasis through various pathways, and interfering with cell cycle regulatory proteins [18,19]. ...
... citratus), commonly known as lemongrass, is an aromatic plant belonging to the Gramineae family. The delightful scent of this herb is due to citral, a cyclic monoterpene that imparts a lemony aroma [15]. Originating in Asia, Africa, and the Americas, this perennial grass is widely dispersed. ...
... C. citratus has garnered interest for its diverse phytochemical compounds and therapeutic potential. Its attributes include antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a notable natural resource in pharmaceutical research [15]. We evaluated the cytotoxic potential of CCE against cancer cell lines, namely HCT116, LoVo, Caco-2, and HT-29. ...
Objective
To evaluate the anticancer potential of Cymbopogon citratus extract.
Methods
GC-MS analysis was used to identify phytocomponents in the methanolic extract of Cymbopogon citratus . A fractionation method was employed to isolate and assess the bioactivity of different fractions and their cytotoxic activities against cancer cell lines HCT116, LoVo, Caco-2, and HT-29 were investigated. A dual staining method with acridine orange and ethidium bromide was used to assess the effect of the extract on cell apoptosis. Additionally, the expression levels of Bax and TP53 were quantified using realtime PCR in Caco-2 cells treated with the ethyl acetate fraction of Cymbopogon citratus extract. A protein array was employed to profile key pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins in Caco-2 cells. Moreover, molecular docking studies were conducted to investigate the interactions between key compounds of Cymbopogon citratus extract and specific apoptosis-related protein domains (PDB IDs: 7wql and 4bkx).
Results
A significant growth inhibition was observed in Caco-2 cells treated with Cymbopogon citratus extract. Among the seven fractions of the plant extract, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest cytotoxicity against Caco-2 cells with an IC 50 value of (6.16 ± 0.01) μg/mL. The immunofluorescence assay showed that the ethyl acetate fraction could induce apoptosis of Caco-2 cells. Moreover, the fraction upregulated the gene expressions of Bax and TP53 in a dose-dependent manner. The docking analysis demonstrated the interaction of five compounds isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction with key proteins in Caco-2 cells, indicating their anticancer properties.
Conclusions
Cymbopogon citratus extract shows anticancer activity against Caco-2 cells by inducing apoptosis. It may be a promising candidate for the treatment of colon cancer, which needs further investigation.
... meters. The plant is native to the island of Southeast Asia (Malesia) (Oyen, 1999) and widely distributed across tropical regions Magotra et al., 2021;Oladeji et al., 2019). It grows best in areas where the annual daytime temperature is within the range of 24 0 C-30 0 C (Oyen, 1999). ...
The use of plant extracts in the development of antibacterial agents is of significant interest due to their potential to provide novel antibacterial compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the qualitative phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) locally known as "Kagate Ghas" (कागते घााँ स). Freshly harvested dried leaves of C. citratus were subjected to extraction using methanol via Soxhlet apparatus. The resulting extract was analyzed for its phytochemical constituents, revealing the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, proteins, and carbohydrates, while steroids were notably absent. The antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract was assessed from disc diffusion method against two bacterial strains: the gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and the gram-negative Enterobacter aerogenes. The extract exhibited mild antibacterial effects, with a zone of inhibition measuring 12 mm against B. subtilis and 7 mm against E. aerogenes. These results indicate that the methanolic extract of C. citratus demonstrated greater antibacterial efficacy against gram-positive bacteria compared to gram-negative bacteria.
... Essential oils, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, and tannins are key phytoconstituents that contribute significantly to the plant's therapeutic properties. The essential oil of Cymbopogon species primarily contains monoterpenes, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpenoids, and fatty alcohols like 1-octanol and 4-nonanol [40,41]. Members of the Cymbopogon genus, especially C. citratus, are commonly used as insect repellents against mosquitoes, houseflies, and fleas in various countries [42]. ...
... This widespread presence highlights the genus's adaptability to various climates and environments, making it a valuable resource for traditional medicine, culinary practices, and the aromatic industry [71]. Characterized by its herbaceous nature, Cymbopogon typically grows in dense clusters, reaching heights of approximately 1.8 m and widths of around 1.2 m, with a short rhizome [41]. Cymbopogon citratus, commonly known as lemongrass, is notable for its leaves and whole-plant usage. ...
Among the main arboviruses affecting public health in tropical regions are dengue, zika, and chikungunya, transmitted mainly by mosquitoes of the Aedes genus, especially Aedes aegypti. In recent years, outbreaks have posed major challenges to global health, highlighting the need for integrated and innovative strategies for their control and prevention. Prevention strategies include the elimination of vectors and avoiding mosquito bites; this can be achieved through the use of bioinsecticides and repellents based on plant phytochemicals, as they offer sustainable, ecological, and low-cost alternatives. Mexico has a variety of plants from which both extracts and essential oils have been obtained which have demonstrated significant efficacy in repelling and/or killing insect vectors. This review examines the current knowledge on plant species found in Mexico which are promising options concerning synthetic compounds in terms of their repellent and insecticidal properties against mosquitoes of the genus Aedes and that are friendly to the environment and health.
... A tall, monocotyledonous, scented perennial plant, Cymbopogon has narrow green leaves with sharp edges and pointed tips [26]. C. citratus plant leaves and other parts are utilized in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products [27,28]. One of the most significant therapeutic plants, lemon grass, has several uses in conventional medicine [29,30]. ...
... With the use of disc diffusion and vapor diffusion methods, the EO of C. citratus exhibited a promising antifungal effect against Candida tropicalis, Aspergillus niger, and C. tropicalis with different inhibition zone diameters [96]. Similarly, essential oils, mainly β-citral (neral) and α-citral (geranial), isolated from C. citratus leaf have been reported to be effective against Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium botulinum, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella [28]. Moreover, Neetu Jain and Meenakshi Sharma [97] tested the inhibitory effects of EOs extracted from C. citratus leaves and their fractions against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, Microsporum canis, M. fulvum, and Candida tropicalis. ...
Research on lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus L.) revealed a variety of active molecules and examined their biological characteristics. However, most of these studies were conducted on wild varieties, while cultivated plants were addressed less. This study aimed to characterize the biomolecules and biological activities of lemon grass growing under North African conditions in Morocco. Phenolic compound profiles of aqueous (AE), ethanol (EE), and methanol (ME) extracts and their fractions were obtained with steric exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G50 gel and identified by LC-MS/MS. Then, total polyphenols (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), and antioxidant activities (FRAP: scavenging value and TAC: Total Antioxidant Capacity) of the fraction were evaluated, as well as the antimicrobial activity. The obtained results showed that the ME contained eight major compounds (i.e., apigenine-7-O-rutinoside and myricitine-3-O-rutinoside). The AE showed the presence of five molecules (i.e., kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide), while EE showed the presence of three molecules (i.e., quercetine-3-O-rutinoside). Regarding the chemical characterization, the highest value of total phenolic content (TPC) was obtained in AE (25) (4.60 ± 0.29 mg/g), and the highest value of total flavonoid content (TFC) was obtained in ME (29) (0.7 ± 0.08 mg/g). Concerning the antioxidant activity, the highest FRAP was obtained in ME (29) (97.89%), and the highest total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was obtained in ME (29) (89.89%). Correlation between FRAP, TPC, and TFC was noted only in fractions of AE and ME. All tested extracts of C. citratus and their fractions showed a significant antimicrobial effect. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was recorded for ME against E. coli. Extracts’ biological activities and their fractions were governed by their active molecules. These data are new and clarify a novel aspect of bioactive molecules in the extracts of cultivated C. citratus. Equally, throughout this research, we clarified the relationship between identified molecules and their biological properties, including antioxidant and anti-microbial activities, which is new for the study area. This study is suggested as a reference for comparative studies and other assays of other biological activities for the study plant.
... linanool, furfurol, and have been successfully extracted and identified from C. citratus 15,22 . However, these chemicals vary depending on various factors including extracted part of the plant, used extraction solvents, and the environmental conditions [23][24][25] . ...
... The lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is a medicinal and aromatic plant 53 . In general aromatic, flavours, flavonoids, and essential oils give aroma/smell to the lemongrass extract 15,42 . These properties are closely related to the diversity and quantity of chemical compounds in extracts, essential oils, and infusions of Cymbopogon citratus 15,[54][55][56][57] . ...
... In general aromatic, flavours, flavonoids, and essential oils give aroma/smell to the lemongrass extract 15,42 . These properties are closely related to the diversity and quantity of chemical compounds in extracts, essential oils, and infusions of Cymbopogon citratus 15,[54][55][56][57] . This study aimed to investigate the chemical compounds (polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins) and antioxidant activity in infusions of Cymbopogon citratus and four types of tea, then sensory evaluation of their infusions was realized. ...
The aromatic, flavorful, and fragrant qualities of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) make it a valuable herb for culinary and medical uses. This study investigated the sensory quality of C. citratus and its richness in chemical compounds. The sensory tests were realized on the infusion of the plant and compared to 4 Teas among a group of participants. Further, total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin contents, and antioxidant activity were evaluated in the infusions of tested products. The primary metabolites in the dry matter of the plant were also measured. Before beginning, each participant was required to read and fill out an informed permission form by the national legislation and the Declaration of Helsinki's Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. Participants were aged between 20 and 60 years old with dominance of 20-39 years old (80%). Moreover, 60% of participants were women compared to 40% of men. Half the participants drink aromatized tea, mainly menthe. The infusion of C. citratus had the highest rating, calculated at 9.33±0.62 compared to the other aromas. The infusion of C. citratus was distinguished by its strong flavour and order, as well as its pleasant aroma, flavor, and aftertaste. The values of TPC, TFC, and tannin were 0.463 mg eq Q/g dry matter, 0.033 mg eq Q/g dry matter, and 21.96 mg eq AT /g dry matter, respectively. The antioxidant activity was 98.07%. The total sugar was the most dominant in the infusion of the plant with 0.376 g per g of dry matter of C. citratus, followed by lipids with 0.106 g per g of dry matter. This study presents new data on the nutritional value of C. citratus in Morocco and is suggested to be a reference for future research.
... Cymbopogon citratus or lemongrass is widely found in various regions, has a strong lemonlike aroma, mostly used as spices in food or ingredients for the cosmetics industry. The plant is a producer of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, anthraquinones, steroids, and various essential oils (geranial, neral, and myrcene) (Gbenou et al., 2013;Pagare et al., 2015;Oladeji et al., 2019;Gupta et al., 2019). Lemongrass is widely cultivated in Indonesia with a production of about 30-50 tons/ha and can be harvested 3-6 times a year for 4-6 years (Sofiah, 2008). ...
... The mixed extract of M. bracteata + C. Citratus was more effective in inhibiting germination than the single extract, where B. alata or P. conjugatum weed seeds did not germinate at concentrations of 40 and 60%. The mixed extract of M. bracteata + C. Citratus contains various secondary metabolites, namely a mixture of compounds contained in M. bracteata (flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, and saponins) (Natarajan et al., 2012;Rane et al., 2019;Abigail and Dashak, 2020) and compounds in C. citrates (alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, anthraquinones, steroids, and various essential oils) (Gbenou et al., 2013;Oladeji et al., 2019;Gupta et al., 2019). The interaction of these various compounds leads to higher toxicity that inhibits seed germination. ...
... These constituents contribute to various pharmacologic effects of LEO, encompassing antioxidant properties, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal which provide immense therapeutic properties to LEO and a substitute to synthetic pharmaceutics. (Mukarram et al., 2021;Oladeji, Adelowo, Ayodele, and Odelade, 2019). The observed bioactivities result from both the specific and synergistic impacts of the maximum and minimum components within LEO. ...
Lemongrass essential oil (LEO), extracted from high-oil lemongrass, gains prominence as a versatile natural product due to growing demand for safe health solutions. LEO comprises beneficial compounds like citral, isoneral, geraniol, and citronellal, offering diverse pharmacological benefits such as antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer effects. LEO finds applications in food preservation, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, enhancing profitability across these sectors. The review focuses on the extraction of LEO, emphasizing the need for cost-effective methods. Ultrasound and supercritical fluid extraction are effective in reducing extraction time, increasing yields, and enhancing oil quality. LEO shows promise as a valuable natural resource across industries, with applications in packaging, coating, and film development. LEO's ability to extend the shelf life of food items and impart natural flavors positions it as a valuable asset. Overall, the review emphasizes LEO's therapeutic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, strengthening its potential in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors.
... Several therapeutic applications such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antiplasmodial, antiproliferative, antidiabetic and anticancer activities were appraised from alkaloid-rich extracts, purified fractions or isolated compounds (Hoon et al. 2014;Wang et al. 2020a, b). The reported activities could be linked to the presence of metabolites isolated (Oladeji et al. 2019;Oladeji et al. 2019). ...
... Several therapeutic applications such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antiplasmodial, antiproliferative, antidiabetic and anticancer activities were appraised from alkaloid-rich extracts, purified fractions or isolated compounds (Hoon et al. 2014;Wang et al. 2020a, b). The reported activities could be linked to the presence of metabolites isolated (Oladeji et al. 2019;Oladeji et al. 2019). ...
Alkaloids are a complex class of biologically active compounds with a broad spectrum of health-related applications. Particularly the alkaloids of indole, steroidal, terpenoids, isoquinoline, and bisbenzylisoquinoline have been extensively investigated. Ultimately, substantial advancement has been highlighted in the investigation of chemical constituents and the therapeutic benefits of plant alkaloids, particularly during the last ten years. A total of 386 alkaloids have been isolated from over 40 families, including Apocynaceae, Annonaceae, Rubiaceae, Menispermaceae, Ranunculaceae, Buxaceae, Papaveraceae, Magnoliaceae, Rutaceae and Phyllanthaceae. This paper will investigate several alkaloids that have been isolated from botanical medicines as well as offer an in-depth analysis of their cytotoxic properties.
