Figure - available from: Systems Science & Control Engineering: An Open Access Journal
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Source publication
This paper presents a review and analysis of current non-destructive failure detection methods of composite materials and a brief outline of the build of a bamboo bicycle which has been used as a development platform and test bed for the initial development of a novel and practical non-destructive failure detection solution, which has future compat...
Similar publications
One important strategy for developing high performance smart materials is to utilize the magnetic properties of elastomers. Here we prepared magnetic elastomer nanocomposites using the latex compounding method followed by in situ methods. Our strategy exploited the synergetic effect of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and ferric oxide (Fe2O3), which, when...
Citations
... Typical defects observed in composite structures[59]. ...
(1) Background: The purpose of this review is to explore how advanced sensor technologies and AI-driven methods, like machine learning and image processing, are shaping non-destructive imaging (NDI) systems. NDI plays a vital role in ensuring the strength and reliability of composite materials. Recent advancements in sensor technologies and AI-driven methods, such as machine learning and image processing, have opened up new ways to improve NDI systems, offering exciting opportunities for better performance. (2) Methods: This review takes a close look at how advanced sensor technologies and machine learning techniques are being integrated into NDI systems. The review evaluates how effective these technologies are at detecting defects and examines their strengths, limitations, and challenges. (3) Results: Combining sensor technologies with AI methods has shown a clear boost in defect detection accuracy and efficiency. However, challenges like high computational requirements and integration costs remain. Despite these hurdles, the potential for these technologies to revolutionize NDI systems is significant. (4) Conclusions: By synthesizing the latest research, this review offers a comprehensive understanding of how sensor technologies are enhancing NDI. The findings highlight their importance for improving defect detection and their broader impact on research and industry, while also pointing out areas where further development is needed for future growth.
... Left_ Stratigraphy in FRPC segment -© 2017, M. Bowkett[24]; Right_ Phases of a composite material -© 2019, H. Fang[25]. ...
The building envelope plays an important role in meeting complex functional requirements and stringent green energy standards. The global energy demand is increasing and most of it is consumed in the building sector. The building envelope, which is responsible for the energy balance of the building, plays the most important role in achieving nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB). In this study, innovative fibre-reinforced composite materials are integrated into certified building envelope system technologies. Variables associated with the production of fibre-reinforced composites are discussed, covering aspects of design, installation, and potential applications such as innovative ventilated façade and BIPV systems. Identification of tools, regulations, and test methods will be essential for evaluating design solutions in specific environments. Long-term performance includes maintenance and durability aspects. Based on a scientific approach and integrated design, the use of new technologies can significantly improve the overall behaviour of the building envelope. New strategies to scale up the many discoveries of green recycling through prevention, repair, and ideal reuse, contribute to cost-effective and sustainable practices of this material. This interdisciplinary approach addresses the multifaceted challenges of modern façade systems and paves the way for sustainable and energy-efficient building solutions
... Types of Damage in Layered Composite Materials[6] ...
Due to their excellent physical properties and high strength and stiffness relative to density, aerospace industry research is producing high-performance structural materials, such as composites, which are used in many critical structural parts like airframes, wings, rotor blades, propellers, and other components. However, during flight, these materials may be damaged by impact, thermal stress, moisture, and ultraviolet radiation. One of the most prevalent issues with composite materials is their challenging nature in terms of flaw detection during both manufacturing and use. When they are employed in the crucial areas that were previously indicated, this becomes a very serious issue. When evaluating the structural integrity of composites and looking for any damage, microscopes are a very useful instrument. Effective methods for identifying and analyzing damage include microscopic procedures like optical microscopy, stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning ion microscopy (SIM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). A variety of methods may be employed with microscopes to examine and identify deterioration in composite materials. It is often possible to examine overt deterioration on the surface of composite materials under the microscope utilizing a number of different approaches and procedures. Determining the kind, extent, distribution, and impact of the damage requires these inspections. Often employed techniques consist of: SEM is a method for high-resolution imaging of surface damage. It entails shining an electron beam onto the sample's surface and capturing pictures. SEM is a useful tool for identifying erosion, delamination, and microcracks. It is also possible to measure things like the damage's breadth and depth. Optical microscopes have a large field of view and look at damaged regions. This makes it possible to find tiny fractures or cracks that are invisible to the unaided eye. Furthermore, details on the degree of harm, the roughness of the surface, and the breadth and depth of the fractures may be acquired. To see damaged objects, optical microscopy is utilized. Cracks and damage locations are visible with optical microscopy. Optical microscopes can identify different kinds of damage by looking at the surface of the material. Damage like delamination, fiber breakage, cracks, and deformations are a few examples of these. This study examines the efficacy of microscopic methods and non-destructive testing in assessing the different kinds of damage that can occur at the interfaces between holes in composite materials. Composite test materials were chosen from glass fiber reinforced phenolic matrix composites that were produced in compliance with aerospace standards. The measurements led to the conclusion that using microscopic techniques has benefits like speed and field suitability. However, the continuous development and improvement of new methods in this field will contribute to a better understanding of layered composite materials and the development of safer and more durable structures.
... Defects such as pores, bubbles, inclusions and cracks in the reinforcement or resin are formed at the manufacturing stage. These defects are invisible on the surface of the material [1,2]. ...
This paper presents results of ultrasonic non-destructive testing of carbon fibre-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) and glass-fibre reinforced plastics (GFRPs). First, ultrasonic C-scan analysis was used to detect real defects inside the composite materials. Next, the composite materials were subjected to drilling in the area of defect formation, and measured forces were used to analyse the drilling process using recurrence methods. Results have confirmed that recurrence methods can be used to detect defects formed inside a composite material during machining.
... The same principal is utilized in designing the composite prosthesis [17] that consists of two C-shape curves, one for the upper curvature and the other for lower curvature. The upper curve that is in contact with the socket, transfers the kinetic energy initiated from the user's footsteps to the lower curve. ...
The running blades used by the amputees are an advanced type of prosthesis or prosthetic limb that are used as a replacement for a natural leg. The Principle behind the running blades is that it stores kinetic energy from the user’s footsteps as potential energy, like a spring, allowing the user to run and leap. The major prevailing deficiencies of existing prosthesis are excess weight, lack of Indian manufacturers, high cost quoted by foreign manufacturers, lack of awareness of this technology among the local population. The major purpose of the project is to design and develop an affordable composite blade with unique design, which enables normal walking and running easier for the amputees. The methodology of the project includes selection of suitable composite from glass, carbon and hybrid fibers for blade fabrication through material testing, to evaluate the design using finite element analysis (FEA), to fabricate the actual blades and to analyze the walking pattern of the user’s through gait analysis. Gait analysis results show that with blades the participant is able to follow normal gait pattern of initial contact, mid-stance and toe-off as the blade supports normal knee and ankle biomechanics.
... The mechanical properties of composites are anisotropic and depend on the content and arrangement of fibers [1,2]. The advances in the manufacturing processes led to a great increase in applications of CFRP in industries as aerospace, automotive, defense, sport, civil engineering, music, and others [3]. However, the integrity and performance of these composites may be compromised by diverse flaws occurring during the manufacturing process or along their life span [3]. ...
... The advances in the manufacturing processes led to a great increase in applications of CFRP in industries as aerospace, automotive, defense, sport, civil engineering, music, and others [3]. However, the integrity and performance of these composites may be compromised by diverse flaws occurring during the manufacturing process or along their life span [3]. Small internal flaws commonly presenting no external signs remain undetected, ending in drastic structural failures [4]. ...
... To evaluate the potential of the simulation tool in detecting very small flaws, four distinct imperfections were introduced based on [3], as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2a illustrates a total debonding 4 μm thick between plies 6 and 7. Figure 2b shows a bar-shaped delamination of 4 μm × 100 μm located at the center of ply 6. The acoustic properties of the media inside the delamination and debonding gaps correspond to that of water since the representation of epoxy/air interfaces are not viable with the k-Wave toolbox (more details in the Discussion section). ...
The evaluation of microflaws in carbon-fiber-reinforced composite laminate (CFRP) via ultrasound requires the knowledge of some important factors in addition to its structural composition. Since the laminates are heterogeneous, the high-frequency requirements to acquire high-resolution signals have limitations due to the great scattering that prevents good signal-to-noise ratios. Additionally, the ultrasonic probe’s spatial and lateral resolution characteristics are important parameters for determining the detectability level of microflaws. Modelling appears as a good approach to evaluating the abovementioned factors and the probability of detection of defects in the micron range because it makes it possible to reduce the time and cost associated with developments based on experimental tests. Concerning the subject of this work, simulation is the best way to evaluate the detectability level of the proposed defects since experimental samples are not available. In this work, the simulation was implemented using the Matlab k-Wave toolbox. A 2D matrix for mimicking a CFRP was constructed with 1 μm of resolution. Four different defect types in the micron range were created in the matrix. The simulated and experimental results presented good agreement. It was concluded that the highest frequency probe that could be used to detect the simulated defects without ambiguity was 25 MHz.
... Composite samples were first damaged via low-velocity impact, as relevant for the aerospace industry but also for the sports and marine industries. For example, impact is one of the main sources of damage to bike frames, and it forces users to go through non-destructive analysis to ensure a constant safety level, as the consequences of a hit or a crush are not always visible with naked eyes from the outside (Bowkett and Thanapalan, 2017). The capacity to mend impact damage has then been evaluated via 3-point bending flexural tests, comparing the flexural modulus and ultimate flexural strength of pristine, impact-damaged, and healed samples. ...
The present work investigates a novel and practical method to evaluate the healing efficiency of carbon-reinforced polymer composites. The method should be representative of damage occurring during the lifetime of a composite part, should tend to damage the healable matrix mostly and yet be simple and cost-effective to set up. Thus, the capacity to recover low-velocity impact damage has been evaluated via three-point bending flexural tests. Carbon-reinforced composite laminates were produced using HealTech™ T300-TW200-42RW-1250, a commercially healable resin pre-impregnated Torayca T300 3K twill 2 × 2 fabric with an aerial weight of 200 g/m2. Fibers were oriented at ± 45° or at 0°–90°, and the laminates were impacted at different energy levels. Flexural properties of undamaged, damaged, and healed samples were compared, and the healing efficiency was calculated as the ratio of healed and undamaged ultimate flexural strength or modulus. Since matrix healing efficiency is the value to characterize, it was shown that ±45° laminates could be tested without major fiber damage and, thus, provide the best matrix healing efficiency results. Such a method proved to be 1) representative of early-stage damage of composite FRPs often occurring in the form of delamination or matrix microcracking, and 2) a fast and reliable characterization technique requiring the use of a limited amount of material.
... Defect identification was studied through the application of recurrence analysis methods based on drilling signals were proposed for detecting and locating composite defects that were modeled as holes drilled with different diameter inside a composite material [38]. A comparison of methods for detecting defects in composites is discussed in the paper [39]. ...
Although the study of oscillatory motion has a long history, going back four centuries, it is still an active subject of scientific research. In this review paper prospective research directions in the field of mechanical vibrations were pointed out. Four groups of important issues in which advanced research is conducted were discussed. The first are energy harvester devices, thanks to which we can obtain or save significant amounts of energy, and thus reduce the amount of greenhouse gases. The next discussed issue helps in the design of structures using vibrations and describes the algorithms that allow to identify and search for optimal parameters for the devices being developed. The next section describes vibration in multi-body systems and modal analysis, which are key to understanding the phenomena in vibrating machines. The last part describes the properties of granulated materials from which modern, intelligent vacuum-packed particles are made. They are used, for example, as intelligent vibration damping devices.
... 5 Analyzing these existing composite delamination detection methods, it can be clearly seen that in most of the methods either the composite structure have to be taken to a test house or complex and large equipment have to be taken to the structure site to carry out the test. 6 While traditional nondestructive inspection (NDI) methods are applied to detect internal damage offline, recently considerable research effort has been put into developing Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) techniques which can detect delaminations in situ and in real time. 7 The presence of delaminations in the composite structures introduces a local flexibility in the damage location, which changes the dynamic behavior of the composite, because of reduction in the stiffness. ...
Delamination is definitely an important topic in the area of composite structures as it progressively worsens the mechanical performance of fiber-reinforced polymer composite structures in its service period. The detection and severity analysis of delaminations in engineering areas like the aviation industry is vital for safety and economic considerations. The existence of delaminations varies the vibration characteristics such as natural frequencies, mode shapes, etc. of composites and hence this indication can be effectively used for locating and quantifying the delaminations. The changes in vibration characteristics are considered as inputs for the inverse problem to determine the location and size of delaminations. In this paper Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used for delamination evaluationof glass fiber-reinforced composite beams using natural frequency as typical vibration parameter. The Finite Element Analysis is used for generating the required dataset for ANN. The frequency-based delamination prediction technique is validated by finite element models and experimental modal analysis. The results indicate that the ANN-based back propagation algorithm can predict the location and size of delaminations in composites with good accuracy for numerical natural frequency data but the accuracy is comparitivelyless for experimental natural frequency data.
... Carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials are inherently complex materials, using various characteristics of their matrix, reinforcement and interphase phases to provide a variety of mechanical properties [1] suited to specific industries such as aerospace, high-performance automotive and other sectors. Since these materials are complex, the flaws they exhibit are also complex, including different types of matrix, weave and fibre deformation, foreign inclusions and delamination, as well as other manufacturing and in-service flaws, such as impact damage and fatigue cracking [2] . ...
Using a high-frequency (50 kHz-4 MHz) alternating current field measurement (ACFM)-style inspection, non-destructive imaging of carbon fibre-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) was performed for the detection and evaluation of flaws developed during their manufacture or in-service use. This was achieved using quantum well Hall-effect (QWHE) sensors, which have proven suitability for use in different non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) applications based on their high sensitivity (they require lower strength applied fields and can detect smaller perturbations in the magnetic field), high linearity (high contrast and imaging evaluation capabilities), wide dynamic range (making them less sensitive to offset and lift-off variations), wide frequency operating range (DC to MHz) and compact size (5-70 microns depending on the application). Their advanced III-V semiconductor materials and design enable these characteristics. Their low capacitance allows them to be operated at significantly higher frequencies than coils of comparable sensitivity or size. As such, the inherent advantages of QWHE sensors have been used in conjunction with a high-frequency ACFM-style magnetic imaging inspection technique, which is referred to as quantum well eddy current field measurement (QW-ECFM) in this paper. Here, the fundamentals of this new technique are outlined, as well as the outcomes of such a technique for evaluating CFRP materials, where individual fibre bundles have been resolved in high detail with high contrast. In addition, the ability to detect fibre misalignment has been shown, suggesting technique sensitivity to 3D orientations of fibre for better material qualification and the detection of delamination down to 2 mm in diameter. Therefore, this paper aims to provide an overview of this new QW-ECFM technique and summarise its performance for the detection and evaluation of various CFRP material flaws that are commonly found during manufacture and service.
