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In this paper, a comprehensive review of the present literature on energy generated magnetorheological (MR) fluid based damper, modeling and applications of the MR damper are presented. The review starts with an introduction of the basic of MR fluid and their different modes, consequences with different types of MR fluids based devices, and their r...
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The study summarises the experimental examination of an automotive magnetorheological (MR) shock absorber under electrical and mechanical excitations, investigates its current and force responses and the energy dissipation in the system. The aim of experiments was to acquire measurement data that allows in next step of the research program to engin...
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... Similar to ERFs, many investigations to enhance the MR effect have been performed by utilizing several particles (iron oxide, iron carbide, carbonyl iron, silicon steel, low carbon steel and nickel), various carrier liquids (silicone oil, polyalphaolefin, mineral oil, paraffin oil and aromatic alcohol), diverse additives (guar gum, antioxidant, metal oxide powders and viscosity modifier) and different surface coating materials (carbon nanotube, polyaniline, zirconia and polycarbonate) [17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. As for the application systems using MRMs, there are many review articles treating various systems or/and devices: MR dampers for automotive suspension system, MR dampers for civil engineering, large-sized MR mounts, control aspects of MRM application systems, energy harvesting MR dampers and vibration control of flexible structures [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. However, most of the works on MRMs completed so far have been focused on the actuators or actuating mechanism instead of the sensors or sensing devices. ...
This paper comprehensively reviews sensors and sensing devices developed or/and proposed so far utilizing two smart materials: electrorheological fluids (ERFs) and magnetorheological materials (MRMs) whose rheological characteristics such as stiffness and damping can be controlled by external stimuli; an electrical voltage for ERFs and a magnetic field for MRMs, respectively. In this review article, the MRMs are classified into magnetorheological fluids (MRF), magnetorheological elastomers (MRE) and magnetorheological plastomers (MRP). To easily understand the history of sensing research using these two smart materials, the order of this review article is organized in a chronological manner of ERF sensors, MRF sensors, MRE sensors and MRP sensors. Among many sensors fabricated from each smart material, one or two sensors or sensing devices are adopted to discuss the sensing configuration, working principle and specifications such as accuracy and sensitivity. Some sensors adopted in this article include force sensors, tactile devices, strain sensors, wearable bending sensors, magnetometers, display devices and flux measurement sensors. After briefly describing what has been reviewed in a conclusion, several challenging future works, which should be undertaken for the practical applications of sensors or/and sensing devices, are discussed in terms of response time and new technologies integrating with artificial intelligence neural networks in which several parameters affecting the sensor signals can be precisely and optimally tuned. It is sure that this review article is very helpful to potential readers who are interested in creative sensors using not only the proposed smart materials but also different types of smart materials such as shape memory alloys and active polymers.
... Similar to the ERF, many investigations to enhance MR effect were done by utilizing several particles (iron oxide, iron carbide, carbonyl iron, silicon steel, low carbon steel and nickel) , carrier liquids (silicone oil, polyalphaolefin, mineral oil, paraffin oil and aromatic alcohol), additives (guar gum, antioxidant, metal oxide powders and viscosity modifier) and surface coatings (carbon nanotube, polyaniline, zirconia and polycarbonate) [17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. As for the application systems using MRM, there are many review articles treating various systems or devices: MR dampers for automotive suspension system, MR dampers for civil engineering, large-sized MR mounts, control aspects of MRM application systems, energy harvesting MR dampers and vibration control of flexible structures [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. However, most of works on the MRM done so far have been focused on the actuators or actuating mechanism instead of the sensors or sensing devices. ...
This paper comprehensively reviews sensors and sensing devices developed or/and proposed so far utilizing two smart materials: electrorheological fluids (ERFs) and magnetorheological materials (MRMs) whose rheological characteristics such as stiffness and damping can be controlled by external stimuli, an electrical voltage for ERFs and a magnetic field for MRMs, respectively. In this review article, the MRMs are classified into magnetorheological fluid (MRF), magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) and magnetorheological plastomer (MRP). To easily understand the history of sensing research using the two smart materials, the order of this review article is organized in a chronological manner of ERF sensors, MRF sensors, MRE sensors and MRP sensors. Among many sensors fabricated from each smart material, one or two sensors or sensing devices are adopted to discuss on the sensing configuration, working principle and specifications such as accuracy and sensitivity. Some sensors adopted in this article include force sensor, tactile device, strain sensor, wearable bending sensor, magnetometer, display device and flux measurement sensor. After briefly describing what have been reviewed in a conclusion, several challenging future works, which should be done for practical applications as sensors or sensing devices, are remarked in terms of new technologies such as artificial intelligence neural network in which several parameters affecting the sensor signals can be precisely tuned or controlled. It is sure that this review article is very helpful to make creative sensors using not only the proposed smart materials but also several different types of smart materials including shape memory alloys and active polymers.
... Various technologies have been proposed for EHSAs, including hydraulic EHSAs [10] which employ a pump and motor to convert mechanical to electrical energy and are capable of handling high forces, but are often bulky and complex. Piezoelectric materials [11] are more suitable for high-frequency applications but face challenges at lower frequencies typical of suspension systems. ...
This study explores the advanced mathematical modeling of electromagnetic energy harvesting in vehicle suspension systems, addressing the pressing need for sustainable transportation and improved energy efficiency. We focus on the complex challenge posed by the non-linear behavior of magnetic flux in relation to displacement, a critical aspect often overlooked in conventional approaches. Utilizing Taylor expansion and Fourier analysis, we dissect the intricate relationship between oscillation and electromagnetic damping, crucial for optimizing energy recovery. Our rigorous mathematical methodology enables the precise calculation of the average power per cycle and unit mass, providing a robust metric for evaluating the effectiveness of energy harvesting. Further, the study extends to the practical application in a combined system of passive and electromagnetic suspension, demonstrating the real-world viability of our theoretical findings. This research not only offers a comprehensive solution for enhancing vehicle efficiency through advanced suspension systems but also sets a precedent for the integration of complex mathematical techniques in solving real-world engineering challenges, contributing significantly to the future of energy-efficient automotive technologies. The cases reviewed in this article and listed as references are those commonly found in the literature.
... Hence, a breakthrough design configuration, using the squeeze mode, with large deformation values needs to be created in future. Ahamed et al. [18] reviewed both traditional MR dampers and self-powered MR dampers, considering their structural configurations, governing dynamic models, and energy generation. Various MR applications, including automotive dampers, industry brakes and clutches, glass polishing, hydraulic valves, composite core structures, active servo valves, and rotary seals were investigated and their operation performances were discussed, in terms of design simplicity, power consumption, performance, and leakage issues. ...
... Diverse Applications: Numerous applications were introduced: MR dampers for automotive suspension systems, civil structures, bridge cables, and high story buildings; robotic systems such as deformable grippers; and rehabilitation devices such as prosthetics.(8) Magnetic Circuit: The effect of the magnetic circuit position and flow gap direction on the MR effect were discussed, considering the viscosity in the off-state, the length of the flow path, a reduced energy consumption, and a lower manufacturing cost.[[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] ...
Many studies on magnetorheological fluid (MRF) have been carried out over the last three decades, highlighting several salient advantages, such as a fast phase change, easy control of the yield stress, and so forth. In particular, several review articles of MRF technology have been reported over the last two decades, summarizing the development of MRFs and their applications. As specific examples, review articles have been published that include the optimization of the particles and carrier liquid to achieve minimum off-state viscosity and maximum yield stress at on-state, the formulation of many constitutive models including the Casson model and the Herschel–Bulkley (H–B) model, sedimentation enhancement using additives and nanosized particles, many types of dampers for automotive suspension and civil structures, medical and rehabilitation devices, MRF polishing technology, the methods of magnetic circuit design, and the synthesis of various controllers. More recently, the effect of the temperature and thermal conductivity on the properties of MRFs and application systems are actively being investigated by several works. However, there is no review article on this issue so far, despite the fact that the thermal problem is one of the most crucial factors to be seriously considered for the development of advanced MRFs and commercial products of application systems. In this work, studies on the thermal conductivity and temperature in MRFs themselves and their temperature-dependent application systems are reviewed, respectively, and principal results are summarized, emphasizing the following: how to reduce the temperature effect on the field-dependent properties of MRFs and how to design an application system that minimizes the thermal effect. It is noted here that the review summary is organized in a chronological format using tables.
... Hence, a breakthrough design configuration using the squeeze mode with large deformation values needs to be created in future. Ahamed et al [18] reviewed both traditional MR damper and self-powered MR damper considering structural configuration and governing dynamic model, energy generation. Various MR applications including automotive damper, industry brakes and clutch, glass polishing, hydraulic valve, composite core structure, active servo valve and rotary seal have been investigated and their operation performances are discussed in the sense of design simplicity, power consumption, high performance and leakage issue. ...
... (5) Control Strategies: Control strategies for MR application devices and systems featured by semi-active control were discussed: skyhook controller, PID controller, LQR/LQG controller, sliding mode controller, adaptive fuzzy controller, [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] neural network controller, and hybrid controller combining more than two different control schemes. (6) Surface Polishing: Surface polishing methods using MRFs were investigated focusing on the polishing mechanisms such as the abrasive particle held by chains of iron particles and the bunch of iron and abrasive particles in the form of microchip from the work piece. ...
Many studies on magnetorheological fluid (MRF) have been carried out over last three decades several salient advantages such as fast phase change, easy control of the yield stress and so forth. Especially, several review articles of MRF technology have been reported for last two decades summarizing the development of MRFs and their applications. As specific examples, the review articles including the optimization of the particles and carrier liquid to achieve minimum off-state viscosity and maximum yield stress at on-state, the formulation of many constitutive models in-cluding Casson model and Herschel-Bulkley (H-B) model, the sedimentation enhancement using additives and nanosized particles, many types of dampers for automotive suspension and civil structures, medical and rehabilitation devices, MRF polishing technology, the methods of mag-netic circuit design, and the synthesis of various controllers have been published. More recently, the effect of the temperature and thermal conductivity on the properties of MRFs and application systems are actively being investigated by several works. However, there is no review article on this issue so far despite of that the thermal problem is one of crucial factors to be seriously con-sidered for the development of advanced MRFs and commercial products of application systems. In this work, studies on the thermal conductivity and temperature in MRFs themselves and tem-perature-dependent application systems are reviewed, respectively, and principal results are summarized emphasizing on the followings: how to reduce the temperature effect on the field-dependent properties of MRFs and how to design application system to minimize the thermal effect. It is noted here that the review summary is organized in a chronological format using tables.
... In addition, HSCS is a nonlinear system. The key of the rotational speed control loop is to overcome the serious nonlinear problems such as large hysteresis, large dead zone and time-varying parameters of the hydro-viscous clutch [7][8][9] . It is necessary to dynamically change the control parameters according to the changes of the model and working conditions [10,11] .Therefore, the design of HSCS needs to consider a variety of nonlinear control schemes, especially the hysteresis nonlinear problem [12,13] . ...
Hydro-viscous clutch has already become an inevitable choice for special vehicle transmission in present and future. As a nonlinear system with large hysteresis loop, its speed control performance is affected by input rotational speed, lubricating oil temperature, lubrication pressure and other factors. The traditional control method cannot adjust the temperature and rotational speed which will lead to the problems of narrow speed range, poor rotational speed stability and large dynamic load impact. In order to solve the above problems, this paper studies the control method of integrated multi-parameter hydro-viscous speed control system(HSCS) in control environment. Through the mechanism analysis of the law of HSCS, the influence law of speed and temperature during the system operation is found. The temperature closed loop based on model predictive control(MPC) is introduced to control the rotational speed, and then the traditional PID control results are compensated according to the speed closed loop. Next, a novel double closed loop control method of temperature and rotational speed for HSCS is formed. Finally, the simulating verification is carried out. Compared with the traditional control method, the design method in this paper can adjust the control parameters according to the temperature of the lubricating oil and the input rotational speed, and effectively expand the domain of HSCS and the speed control stability. The effective transmission ratio is extended to 0.2 ~ 0.8, and the hydro-viscous torque and speed fluctuation under the engine speed fluctuation are reduced by more than 30%. The novel control method of HSCS designed in this paper can effectively improve the influence of input rotational speed and lubricating oil temperature on the speed control performance of HSCS and can be widely used in nonlinear HSCS such as hydro-viscous clutch.
... For the Bingham model, it is clear that there is a linear dependence between the yield stress ( ) and the magnetic field within the tested range of magnetic fields. The linear dependence between the shear stress and the shear rate was found also in [64] and [65] up to the 0.86-T magnetic field strength. The Bingham yield stress is about 1.5 times the one of the Herschel model, while the viscosity in the Herschel model is higher than that in the Bingham model. ...
Spinel ferrite nanoparticles of Co0.2Ni0.8Fe2O4 composition are utilized as filler magnetic particles in the carrier fluid of sesame oil to prepare a magnetorheological fluid. The hydrothermal method is adopted to prepare CoNi ferrite nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction analysis is used to check the crystalline phase, and transmission electron microscopy is used to image the particles to find the size and shape of particles. The average size is about 18 nm. The magnetic properties are determined by measuring the hysteresis loop by the superconducting quantum interference device technique. The saturation magnetization is 59.4 emu/g, and the coercivity is 30 Oe. The Langevin fitting is applied to the hysteresis loop to show that the particle moment is about 16 × 103 μB. The viscosity and shear stress are measured against the shear rate, where the latter parameters are extracted from the viscosity and the viscometer spindle speed. The viscosity behavior showed the shear thinning against the shear rate. The viscosity increases with the magnetic field. The shear stress increases with the shear rate and has a very good matching with the Bingham model, rather than with the Herschel–Bulkley model, while describing the measured data. We observed a clear high static shear stress at low shear rates that are growing with the magnetic field. The yield stress was increased linearly with magnetic field strength.
... It is well known that the normal force is the force perpendicular to the shear stress and is the result of the normal deformation force caused by the magnetorheological effect. It is the basis for the fabrication of mechanical structures and devices with intelligence, adaptability, and controllability [20,21]. The De Vicente, See, and Laun et al. [22][23][24] teams studied the normal force of magnetorheological fluids and magnetorheological elastomers, respectively, and all found that the magnetic field is the main factor influencing the normal force; Guo [25,26] studied the effect of the volume fraction of iron, the magnetic field, the shear rate, and the temperature and other factors on the normal force of magnetorheological fluids, and with Lopez-Lopez [27], reported three different regions of steady state shear behavior. ...
In order to investigate the influence of sepiolite minerals on the normal force of magnetorheological grease (MRG), a mixed sample (ALCH) on the basis of preparing an aluminum–lithium-based magnetorheological grease (base sample ALC), containing sepiolite was further prepared. The field-dependent normal force of the two samples was tested using a rotational rheometer, considering conditions such as magnetic field, time, strain amplitude, frequency, and temperature, and the results were compared. The results indicate that sepiolite limits the field dependent normal force of the magnetorheological grease under steady state shear, and is unaffected by magnetic field, time, temperature, and shear rate. Sepiolite has minimal impact on the transient response of the magnetorheological grease. Under oscillatory shear, the magnetic field is an important factor influencing the field-dependent normal force response of the sepiolite-magnetorheological grease (ALCH). At low magnetic fields, the field-dependent normal force of the sepiolite-containing sample (ALCH) is greater than that of the base sample (ALC), while this relationship is reversed at high magnetic fields, unaffected by other factors. Under long-term shear conditions, both samples exhibit good shear stability, as well as consistency at different frequencies and strain amplitudes. However, an increase in shear rate reduces the normal force, and temperature also affects the field-dependent normal force. The patterns of variation in steady-state and oscillatory shear modes are not entirely the same, but both exhibit a characteristic decrease with increasing temperature under high magnetic field intensities. Sepiolite can reduce the temperature sensitivity of the normal force of the magnetorheological grease. In conclusion, the introduction of sepiolite is beneficial for the application of magnetorheology in high-precision devices.
... ER materials mainly include inorganic substances [4], organic polymers [5] and composite materials [6]. Because the solid-liquid transformation of the ER fluid is quick, reversible, and adjustable, ER fluid has been used in many fields, such as polishing, clutch, sensor, artificial muscle, ink, etc. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. ...
Electrorheological (ER) polishing is a novel polishing technology having flexible and tunable characteristics. At present, ER polishing uses ER particles to drive abrasive particles to polish the material surface. Under the action of high-speed centrifugation, the abrasive particles are easily separated from ER particles due to their significantly different ER effect, and this can easily cause the degradation of polishing ability. In this work, alumina-doped titanium dioxide ER polishing particles were developed via a sol-gel method. As a classical abrasive, alumina has higher hardness and can improve the ER effect of titanium dioxide by doping. Thus, alumina-doped titanium dioxide particles simultaneously possess high ER effect and high hardness. No phase separation appears in the polishing process and the result shows that alumina-doped titanium dioxide has a good polishing efficiency for materials with Mohs hardness of 3 and below.
... Attention has been paid to magnetic fluid-based devices that can act as passive or active fluids assisting in the generation of different grades of damping power, reducing friction and assisting in heat dissipation, in order to avoid an increase in temperature from non-recovered energy. Significant work has also been carried out on magnetorheological dampers [9,10], and even with energy-harvesting ability [11]. Some studies can also be found on ferrofluids and their application on damping [12], their application to energy harvesting [13], and for their use in automotive applications [14]. ...
The saving and re-use of energy has acquired great relevance in recent years, being of great importance in the automotive sector. In the literature, it is possible to find different proposals for energy-harvesting damper systems (EHSA)—the electromagnetic damper being a highly recurrent but still poorly defined proposal. This article specifically focuses on studying the concept and feasibility of an electromagnetic suspension system that is capable of recovering energy, using a damper formed by permanent magnets and a system of coils that collect the electromotive force generated by the variation of the magnetic field. To study the feasibility of the system, it is necessary to know the maximum energy that can be recovered through the winding system; however, the difficulties in obtaining the derivative of the magnetic flux and its derivative for each position make the analytical method very tedious. This paper presents an experimental method with which to maximize energy recovery by defining the optimum relative position between magnet and coil.
