FIGURE 7 - uploaded by Guilherme Siniciato Terra Garbino
Content may be subject to copyright.
Collecting localities of the Chiroderma specimens analyzed in this study. The localities are compiled in the gazetteer (Appendix 1).
Source publication
We present a revision of the Neotropical bat genus Chiroderma, commonly known as big-eyed bats. Although species of Chiroderma have a wide distribution from western México to southern Brazil, species limits within Chiroderma are not clearly defined, as attested by identification errors in the literature, and there is no comprehensive revision of th...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... America (Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panamá), Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante, Monserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis), Trinidad and Tobago, and South America (Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Brazil south to the state of Santa Catarina) (Fig. 7). Diagnosis. Chiroderma is a genus of small to large-sized fruit and seed-eating bats (total length of head and body 50-93 mm, length of forearm 34-58 mm, body mass 11-42 g; Tables 7 and 8). Dorsal fur dense, with long guard hairs, standing out above the underfur covering the body, and especially conspicuous on the cephalic region. ...
Citations
... Chiroderma doriae is one of the seven species currently valid in the genus. It was described from the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais by Thomas (1891) and since then it has been captured in several other Brazilian states and in Paraguay (Coimbra et al., 1982, Garbino et al., 2020Taddei, 1979). A recent systematic revision of the genus showed that Chiroderma vizottoi, a taxon described for the Caatinga (Taddei and Lim, 2010), is better classified as a subspecies of C. doriae (Garbino et al., 2020). ...
... It was described from the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais by Thomas (1891) and since then it has been captured in several other Brazilian states and in Paraguay (Coimbra et al., 1982, Garbino et al., 2020Taddei, 1979). A recent systematic revision of the genus showed that Chiroderma vizottoi, a taxon described for the Caatinga (Taddei and Lim, 2010), is better classified as a subspecies of C. doriae (Garbino et al., 2020). Therefore, C. doriae is now a polytypic species, with the nominal subspecies occurring along the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado of Brazil and Paraguay and C. d. vizottoi restricted to the Caatinga of the states of Piauí and Ceará and transitional areas in state of Maranhão (Bellizzi et al., 2022;Garbino et al., 2020;Silva et al., 2015). ...
... A recent systematic revision of the genus showed that Chiroderma vizottoi, a taxon described for the Caatinga (Taddei and Lim, 2010), is better classified as a subspecies of C. doriae (Garbino et al., 2020). Therefore, C. doriae is now a polytypic species, with the nominal subspecies occurring along the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado of Brazil and Paraguay and C. d. vizottoi restricted to the Caatinga of the states of Piauí and Ceará and transitional areas in state of Maranhão (Bellizzi et al., 2022;Garbino et al., 2020;Silva et al., 2015). ...
Chiroderma doriae doriae is known from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil and Paraguay, and from Cerrado and Pantanal areas in Central Brazil. In this note, we present a record of C. d. doriae from Guaramiranga, state of Ceará (Brazil), in a brejo de altitude in the Caatinga. This is the first record of the subspecies for a humid forest enclave in the Caatinga and for the state of Ceará, representing an extension of approximately 490 km to the northwest from the previous known records. We briefly discuss the biogeographical relevance of this observation.
... In this context, we briefly discuss here the main differences between the most recent lists of Brazilian bats. 1978Taddei (1996 Barquez et al., 2023Barquez et al. (2023 Vespertilionidae Histiotus humboldti Handley, 1996Handley (1996 Vespertilionidae Lasiurus atratus Handley, 1996Handley (1996 Vespertilionidae (2) it treats M. homezorum as valid, while we consider it as a synonym of M. minuta; (3) the TCBF considers the species Chiroderma vizottoi as valid, while we treat it as a subspecies of C. doriae (Garbino et al. 2020b); (4) the mormoopid Ptero notus parnellii is still present in the TCBF, but now it has been considered endemic to the Antilles, whereas the name available for the Brazilian populations is P. rubiginosus (Pavan and Marroig 2016; Pavan 2019); (5) in the family Molossidae, the TCBF considers Cynomops paranus of Thomas, 1901 as valid, while we treat it as a synonym of C. planirostris (Moras et al. 2016(Moras et al. , 2018; (6) we included Eumops chimaera, which has not been included in the TCBF; (7) the Vespertilionidae in the TCBF differs in not including the valid taxon Histiotus diapha nopterus, and by including Lasiurus cinereus and L. salinae, which are not considered valid or occur elsewhere (Baird et al. 2015). These inconsistencies in the TCBF stem from the fact that it is a multi-author list that can be updated at any time. ...
We present an updated checklist of Brazilian bats, commenting on the endemic and threatened status of the species listed and providing information on recent taxonomic and nomenclatural changes. The bats of Brazil comprise 186 species, 68 genera, and nine families, with 13 species exclusive to the country. From the previous checklists, we add eight species to Brazil: Artibeus amplus, Choeroniscus godmani, Glossophaga bakeri, Lichonycteris obscura, Platyrrhinus guianensis, Trachops ehrhardti, Molossus melini and Myotis pampa. The latter is reported for the country for the first time in this study. The Brazilian list of threatened species includes three species as vulnerable (Furipterus horrens, Lonchophylla bokermanni, and Natalus macrourus) and Lonchophylla dekeyseri as endangered. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists Natalus macrourus as “near threatened”, and Lonchophylla bokermanni and L. dekeyseri as “endangered”. Twenty-two additional species are probable for the country. Compared to previous lists, five species are now considered doubtful records and 19 are considered erroneous records. We reinforce the importance of a continuous update of the bat checklists in all Brazilian states as well as taxonomic revisions and bat inventories in unsampled areas.
KEY WORDS:
Neotropics; nomenclature; species list; taxonomy
... External and osteological characteristics were based on, but not limited to, guidelines proposed by Velazco (2005), Tavares et al. (2014), Molinari et al. (2017), and Garbino et al. (2020). Dental nomenclature follows Miller (1907), Freeman (1998, Garbino and Tavares (2018), and Garbino et al. (2020). ...
... External and osteological characteristics were based on, but not limited to, guidelines proposed by Velazco (2005), Tavares et al. (2014), Molinari et al. (2017), and Garbino et al. (2020). Dental nomenclature follows Miller (1907), Freeman (1998, Garbino and Tavares (2018), and Garbino et al. (2020). Skull, dentition, and external characters were measured with digital calipers (to the nearest 0.01 mm). ...
The taxonomic status of the Neotropical bat genus Trachops is reevaluated through an integrated study that incorporates morphological, morphometric, and molecular data across its extensive geographic range. Our research, which included previously unexamined geographical regions, revealed substantial insights into the diversity within Trachops. Genetic and morphological results support elevation of T. cirrhosus ehrhardti, distributed within the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, to species status due to differences in southeastern Brazil specimens. Conversely, our analysis found insufficient evidence to maintain the subspecific distinction of T. c. coffini, which lacks diagnosable morphological characters and is not genetically distinct from T. c. cirrhosus across its distribution range. Additionally, our findings challenge a prior notion of latitudinal differentiation in body size in T. cirrhosus, because specimens from western South America and northeastern South America exhibit similar sizes to those from Central America. These results underscore the importance of revising the taxonomic framework for this bat genus—contributing to a more precise understanding of its evolutionary relationships—and further enhancing conservation efforts considering potential threats to the newly recognized species in the imperiled Atlantic Forest of Brazil.
... Discrete external and osteological characters described in the literature allowed us to assign examined specimens to the small species group or to the medium-sized species group (Peterson 1968;Tavares et al. 2014). Cranial and dental structures follow the nomenclature of Velazco (2005), Tavares (2008), Tavares et al. (2014), and Garbino et al. (2020). The nomenclature of premolars follows Miller (1907)-first upper premolar (P3), second upper premolar (P4), first lower premolar (p2), and second lower premolar (p4). ...
... We present here a new species of Vampyressa that has a level of genotypic and phenotypic divergence with its sister species similar to what has been found for other members of the subtribe Vampyressina such as Chiroderma, Platyrrhinus, and Vampyrodes (Velazco et al. 2010;Velazco and Simmons 2011;Garbino et al. 2020). This information, along with the existence of several discrete morphological traits, and support from coalescence-based delimitation analyses (Tavares et al. 2022), corroborate the status of V. villai as a distinct species. ...
... This geological feature is known to act as a biological barrier separating species-level clades of several vertebrate taxa, including montane rodents, such as Habromys, Peromyscus, and Reithrodontomys (Peterson et al. 1999;Almendra and Rogers 2012). Recently, a species-level phylogenetic break involving the big-eyed bat species Chiroderma salvini and C. scopaeum was also evidenced in this region (Garbino et al. 2020). It has been suggested that changes in sea level during the Pleistocene were responsible for vicariant events that resulted in divergence patterns observed in several mammals and other animals (Almendra and Rogers 2012). ...
Bats from the genus Vampyressa Thomas, 1900 are known from a relatively small number of individuals in Mexico. Through recent collecting efforts in southwestern Mexico, we detected several previously unknown populations of Vampyressa, which appeared to represent a lineage independent from but closely related to V. thyone. Here, we describe this lineage as a new species of the genus Vampyressa from the Mexican states of Guerrero and Oaxaca. The new species is currently known from at least 8 collected specimens and 3 released individuals from 8 localities, and can be differentiated from V. pusilla and V. thyone based on pelage and skull characters, size, mitochondrial Cytochrome b, and nuclear Recombination-activating gene 2 sequence data. The new species has been captured mainly in the lowlands but occurs along a wide altitudinal range from 150 to 2,200 m above sea level. Most of the records of the new species are from west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, which evidences a new case of a phylogenetic break at this biogeographic barrier. The genus Vampyressa now includes 6 species, and Mexico expands its position as the country with the largest number of endemic bats in the Neotropics, totaling 20 endemics.
... The discovery and disentangling of cryptic species complexes using an integrative approach has resolved the taxonomy of the bat species that inhabit Mexico (i.e., Glossophaga mutica, [19]; Chiroderma scopaeum, [20]; Lophostoma nicaraguae, [21]; Pteronotus mesoamericanus, P. mexicanus, P. psilotis, P. fulvus [22]), and highlights the need for re-evaluation of those potential cryptic species, especially those included in a risk category of the IUCN-Red List or protected by local or regional conservation laws. ...
Corynorhinus mexicanus is an insectivorous bat endemic to Mexico that inhabits the high and humid regions of the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO), the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB), and the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMOC). A previous study suggested that C. mexicanus could be a cryptic species complex due to the genetic divergence observed between specimens from the TMVB and SMOC. The present study implemented phylogenetic, population genetics, and morphological analyses to evaluate the hypothesis that C. mexicanus is a species complex. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that C. mexicanus is a polyphyletic species composed of three indirectly related lineages. The estimated divergence times for the lineages suggest that they first originated during the Pliocene, while the second and third shared a common ancestor with C. townsendii 1.55 million years ago, and diverged 600,000 years ago during the Middle Pleistocene. The population genetics analysis reveals the SMO lineage of C. mexicanus is an isolated genetic group and highly diverged from the rest of lineages (SMOC and TMVB). The morphological analyses showed variation in the skull and mandible associated with the lineages and sex of the specimens, highlighting a difference in mandible shape between the specimens of the SMO and the rest of C. mexicanus. The results of this study suggest the presence of an undescribed species of the genus Corynorhinus.
... The discovery and disentangling of cryptic species complexes using an integrative approach has resolved the taxonomy of the bat species that inhabit Mexico (i.e., Glossophaga mutica, [19]; Chiroderma scopaeum, [20]; Lophostoma nicaraguae, [21]; Pteronotus mesoamericanus, P. mexicanus, P. psilotis, P. fulvus [22]), and highlights the need for re-evaluation of those potential cryptic species, especially those included in a risk category of the IUCN-Red List or protected by local or regional conservation laws. ...
Corynorhinus mexicanus is an insectivorous bat endemic to Mexico that inhabits the high and humid regions of the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO), the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB), and the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMOC). A previous study suggested that C. mexicanus could be a cryptic species complex due to the genetic divergence observed between specimens from the TMVB and SMOC. The present study implemented phyloge-netic, population genetics, and morphological analyses to evaluate the hypothesis that C. mexicanus is a species complex. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that C. mexicanus is a polyphyletic species composed of three indirectly related lineages. The estimated divergence times for the lineages suggest that they first originated during the Pliocene, while the second and third shared a common ancestor with C. townsendii 1.55 million years ago, and diverged 600,000 years ago during the Middle Pleistocene. The population genetics analysis reveals the SMO lineage of C. mexicanus is an isolated genetic group and highly diverged from the rest of lineages (SMOC and TMVB). The morphological analyses showed variation in the skull and mandible associated with the lineages and sex of the specimens, highlighting a difference in mandible shape between the specimens of the SMO and the rest of C. mexicanus. The results of this study suggest the presence of an undescribed species of the genus Corynorhinus.
... Brazil houses approximately 60% of the Amazon basin within its political borders, and 13% of the over 1411 bat species known worldwide, with 181 currently confirmed for the country (Burgin et al. 2018;Garbino et al. 2020a, b). Previous estimates indicated that the Amazon was the Brazilian biome that harbors the largest number of bat species (Paglia et al. 2012), and a previous update of the list of bats known from Brazilian Amazonia included 146 species and 64 genera (Bernard et al. 2011a). ...
... The values of species richness and occurrence, and the number of studies distributed in the EAs are shown in Table 3.2. The set of publications used to build the matrix had taxonomic uncertainties partially owing to the changes in taxonomy over time, and we revised the species taxonomy to standardize our database, following Wilson and Mittermeier (2019) and Garbino et al. (2020a, b), and made some decisions prior to running the analyses, e.g., we did not include the species not identified and noted as "sp." or conferatum (cf.). We also changed names to align them with recent taxonomic proposals, such as records of Pteronotus parnellii which were assumed to represent P. rubiginosus, and most records of Platyrrhinus helleri being assigned to P. incarum, following Velazco et al. (2010), Velazco and Lim (2014) and GBIF records (www.gbif.org). ...
... We also had the opportunity to analyze the voucher of the individual misidentified previously as Micronycteris sanborni, reported for Central Amazonia by , but that analysis shows it is a M. minuta. Further, the voucher that testified to the occurrence of the species Eptesicus andinus was reexamined and does not correspond to this species (Garbino et al. 2020a, b). We also did not find unambiguous evidence for the presence of the phyllostomine Tonatia bidens or of the lonchophylline Lonchophylla mordax in the Brazilian Amazon. ...
Neotropical bats are known for their extraordinary taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity, and for the ecosystem services they provide through seed dispersal, pollination, and control of insect populations. This diversity is unarguably unique in the Amazon, and hitherto there are many gaps in the knowledge of these spectacular mammals throughout this biome. We herein conducted a broad analysis with tests of the heterogeneity in bat species distribution across the Amazon biome and focused on a systematic review of the accomplishments and continuing gaps in the last 10 years of research related to bats in Brazilian Amazonia, which constitutes approximately 60% of the Amazon basin. The analysis of 3771 occurrence records, belonging to 184 bat species and distributed in 104 localities across all Amazonian biogeographic subregions, bolsters the idea that the Guianas, the Eastern and the Western Amazon regions have distinct bat faunal compositions, which can be explained by evolutionary history. For the Brazilian Amazon, we confirmed records for 144 species and 63 genera, including 34 endemics. Our knowledge of bats in the Brazilian Amazon has improved, but it is highly heterogeneous, biased toward forested areas rather than other ecosystems such as Campinas, Campinaranas, and Cangas.
... External and osteological characteristics were based on, but not limited to, guidelines proposed by Velazco (2005), Tavares et al. (2014), Molinari et al. (2017), and Garbino et al. (2020). Dental nomenclature follows Miller (1907), Freeman (1998, Garbino and Tavares (2018), and Garbino et al. (2020). ...
... External and osteological characteristics were based on, but not limited to, guidelines proposed by Velazco (2005), Tavares et al. (2014), Molinari et al. (2017), and Garbino et al. (2020). Dental nomenclature follows Miller (1907), Freeman (1998, Garbino and Tavares (2018), and Garbino et al. (2020). Skull, dentition, and external characters were measured with digital calipers (to the nearest 0.01 mm). ...
The taxonomic status of the neotropical bat genus Trachops has been reevaluated through an integrated study that incorporates morphological, morphometric, and molecular data across its extensive geographic range. Our research, which included previously unexamined regions, revealed substantial insights into the diversity within Trachops. The results support the elevation of T. cirrhosus ehrhardti to species status, due to genetic and morphological differences in southeastern Brazil specimens. Conversely, our comprehensive analysis found insufficient evidence to maintain the subspecific distinction of T. c. coffini, which lacks diagnosable morphological characters and is not genetically distinct from T. c. cirrhosus across its distribution range. Additionally, our findings challenge the previous belief of a latitudinal differentiation in body size for Trachops cirrhosus, as specimens from western South America and northeastern South America exhibit similar sizes to those from Central America. These results underscore the importance of revising the taxonomic framework for this bat genus, contributing to a more precise understanding of its evolutionary relationships, and further enhancing conservation efforts, considering the potential threats to the newly recognized T. ehrhardti in the imperiled Atlantic Forest of Brazil.
... In the most recent year reviewed, the description of a new species, Lasiurus arequipae, endemic to Peru, was published (Málaga et al. 2020). Garbino et al. (2020) conducted a comprehensive revision of the genus Chiroderma (Phyllostomidae) using mtDNA combined with morphology. Additionally, systematic and taxonomy studies at the species level, using both mtDNA and nuDNA, were conducted for Platyrrhinus chocoensis (Palacios-Mosquera et al. 2020), Tonatia saurophila (Basantes et al. 2020), Anoura caudifer, and Anoura geoffroyi (Vargas-Arboleda et al. 2020). ...
Genetic tools are essential for uncovering several ecological aspects of biodiversity, particularly for groups as taxonomically and ecologically diverse as bats. Bats provide vital ecosystem services, including habitat restoration, seed dispersal, pollination, and the regulation of arthropod populations. In this chapter, we conducted an overview of studies that included genetic data of bats to answer a variety of questions with focus on the megadiverse Neotropics. We summarized patterns found in the studies discussing their contributions for bat conservation. Globally five families of bats (Vespertilionidae, Phyllostomidae, Rhinolophidae, Pteropodidae, and Molossidae) were the focus of 95% of the studies. The most prevalent use of genetic data was for systematics including phylogeny, taxonomic revisions and high-level classification. Climate fluctuations and the formation of geographical barriers during the late Pleistocene appears to have significant impacts on the distribution of bats in the Americas, including the Caribbean region, with evidence for diversification since the Miocene. Although bats appear more mobile than other animal groups, ecomorphological constraints affect heterogeneously different species, and natural barriers and human-driven landscape alterations impact their genetic diversity to varying degrees. Genetic tools have contributed to bat management and conservation previous to the year of 2000, and more recent technological advances, such as DNA metabarcoding and genome sequencing have shown enormous potential for answering further questions.KeywordsBat geneticsChiropteraNeotropical batsPopulation geneticsMolecular markers
... The hairy big-eyed bat, Chiroderma villosum Peters, 1860, is a widely distributed species of neotropical frugivorous phyllostomid bat that occurs from eastern Mexico to southern Brazil (Garbino et al., 2020;Solari et al., 2019). Throughout its distribution, C. villosum inhabits tropical moist forests, such as the Amazonia and Atlantic Forest, and also more seasonal environments, such as the Cerrado savanna. ...
... Throughout its distribution, C. villosum inhabits tropical moist forests, such as the Amazonia and Atlantic Forest, and also more seasonal environments, such as the Cerrado savanna. The species occurs at medium and low elevations, being more common below 900 m (Garbino et al., 2020;Gardner, 2008a;Handley, 1976). In a recent review of the genus Chiroderma, Garbino et al. (2020) found that populations from eastern Brazil had larger cranial and forearm size than populations from other regions. ...
... The species occurs at medium and low elevations, being more common below 900 m (Garbino et al., 2020;Gardner, 2008a;Handley, 1976). In a recent review of the genus Chiroderma, Garbino et al. (2020) found that populations from eastern Brazil had larger cranial and forearm size than populations from other regions. The authors also found that populations from west of the Andes tended to be smaller than those from east of the Andes. ...
We investigated variation in body size of the widely distributed Neotropical bat Chiroderma villosum across its entire range. Our objective was to verify if the size-related geographic variation in the species is related to environmental variables. We took 13 measurements of 410 specimens from 198 localities in Mesoamerica and South America, and collected information on latitude, longitude, altitude, precipitation, and temperature, totalling 22 variables. We detected clinal variation in size related to latitude and longitude, with a pattern that conforms to the Bergmann's rule. Clinal variation of size along longitude was influenced by the taxonomic component, with subspecies C. v. jesupi being smaller than C. v. villosum. In contrast the latitudinal cline was explained by temperature seasonality and precipitation, with a 14% increase in size between the north and south extremes of the range. In other words, size of individuals is larger in areas
with more seasonal oscillations in temperature and with lower precipitation. Our results support the notion that low temperatures alone do not explain large size of mammals in high latitudes. One hypothesis is that large size is favoured in more seasonal climates because somatic growth is faster when resources are abundant, and also larger animals can endure food scarcity better than small
ones. We also postulate that pressures related to interspecific competition andresource use may be more intense in more areas marked by seasonal climatic variations. Specifically, a larger size in seasonal areas may allow individuals to explore a wider niche. We suggest that future approaches, refining regional variation in the diet of C. villosum may serve as a further test to this hypothesis.
