Figure - available via license: CC BY
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Noncommunicable diseases are long-lasting and slowly progressive and are the leading causes of death and disability. They include cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) that are rising worldwide, with CVD being the leading cause of death in developed countries. Thus, there is a need to find new preventive and therapeutic approache...
Similar publications
Carrot (Daucus carota L), is a root vegetable rich in bioactive compounds having significant health-promoting properties. The enormous health benefits of the vegetable notwithstanding, consumption of contaminated edible portion of the plant could pose serious toxicological risk. In this study, Lead (Pb), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni) and Manganese (Mn...
Adolescents the future parent generation may be considered as the founder of better health of produced generation. Unfortunately, they have been considered a low risk group for poor health and nutrition and often receive scant attention. Two hundred school going adolescents (13-17y), comprising equal number of male and female and rural and urban ad...
Background: Type 2 diabetes is a non-communicable disorder that requires changes in diet, among other aspects of lifestyle, in its management. Patients are normally advised on dietary intakes based on required dietary energy and nutrient intakes to normalise their conditions.
Methods: The cross-sectional study recruited 100 adult type 2 diabetes p...
Introduction: Adequate nutrition knowledge and dietary intake are important for enhancing athletic performance. Athletes are more likely to be tired and perform poorly during sports when they do not get enough diet. To the best of our knowledge, this study is first of its kind to measure the association of nutritional knowledge, practice, supplemen...
The primary goals of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) are to plan and assess nutrient intakes to promote health, reduce chronic disease, and prevent toxicity. Firefighters have unique nutrient needs compared to the public due to their job demands. The military provides the only published guidance for tactical athletes’ nutrient needs. The purpos...
Citations
... Several studies showed that sex/gender is one of the key factors in the assessment of cardiovascular health [31,32]. It is also important in the context of nutrition-related characteristics such as bioavailability and the absorption of several compounds [33]. The findings of Campesi et al. (2018) showed that plant-derived phenolic compounds might differently influence the health of male and female subjects [34]. ...
... There is growing evidence indicating that a reduction in meat consumption, especially red meat and processed meat, improves health and even contributes to lower mortality [14,[18][19][20][21][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. Nevertheless, an exclusion or a substantial reduction in animal products should be properly substituted in order to follow a well-balanced diet and ensure that nutritional requirements are met. ...
Several reports have shown that more plant-based dietary patterns provide a higher intake of antioxidants compared to diets rich in meat and animal products. Data on the intake of key nutrients in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention in relation to particular diets in countries of Central and Eastern Europe are scarce. The aim of this study was to assess quality of nutrition and CVD characteristics in a representative sample of Polish adults following different dietary patterns. Special regard was paid to the intake of natural antioxidants. The study comprised 13,318 (7159 females) randomly selected adults aged ≥ 20 years participating in the National Multicentre Health Surveys WOBASZ and WOBASZ II. The subjects were categorized into groups of omnivores (92.4%), flexitarians (7.4%) and vegetarians (0.16%) according to type of diet using the Food Frequency Questionnaire and 24 h dietary recall. The obtained results showed that neither flexitarians nor vegetarians represented better dietary habits or lifestyle behaviors compared to omnivores. Flexitarians had significantly lower daily energy intake than omnivores, but their diet was rich in total fat (above 30% of daily energy consumption) and low in fiber. Omnivores declared a higher consumption of fresh vegetables (p < 0.001), fresh fruit (p < 0.01), coffee (p < 0.01) and tea (p < 0.05, in women only) than flexitarians. Omnivores had significantly higher intake of natural antioxidants (vitamin C, E, zinc in both genders and vitamin A in men) as compared with flexitarians. Among women, the highest adherence to the intake of recommended amounts of antioxidant nutrients was noted among omnivores. Among men, vegetarians had the highest proportion of meeting the guidelines for vitamin A (77.8%), E (66.7%) and C (66.7%), while the lowest proportions were found in flexitarians (69.9%, 39.5% and 32.4%, respectively). The groups did not differ in terms of smoking and physical activity level. There were no significant differences in the analyzed CVD characteristics between omnivores and flexitarians. In women, vegetarians had substantially lower BMI than omnivores (p < 0.05) and flexitarians (p < 0.05) and a lower mean serum glucose compared with omnivores (p < 0.01) and flexitarians (p < 0.05). Vegetarians had lower prevalence of hypertension and obesity than meat eaters. In conclusion, the results of the current research showed an inappropriate intake of several nutrients, including highly potent antioxidants, irrespective of the dietary regimen. Flexitarians did not have a more favorable CVD profile than omnivores. Taking into account the growing popularity of diets with reduced animal products, there is a need to elaborate strategies providing Polish adults with guidance regarding properly balanced nutrition.
... Combined oral contraceptives (COC) are the most commonly prescribed medications for young healthy women (United Nations, 2019). Two recent papers show that smoking reduced sex differences, especially in COC users stressing that COC use and smoking attitude select different cohorts of women (Campesi et al., 2021c;Franconi et al., 2020). Progesterone and estradiol can influence smoking-related outcomes and COC increase the risk of thrombosis in smoking women (Pomp et al., 2008;Allen et al., 2019a;Agabio et al., 2017). ...
The influence of sex combined with smoking and combined oral contraceptives (COC) use on atherogenic indexes is scarcely studied. Thus, traditional lipid parameters were measured, and non-traditional atherogenic indexes were calculated in a young and healthy population of men, COC-free women, and COC users.
Total cholesterol (TChol), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and HDL/LDL ratio were lower in men, while triglycerides (TG)/HDL ratio, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli's Risk Index I (CRII) and CRI-II, atherogenic coefficient (AC), creatinine, creatinine clearance, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were higher in men. The use of COC modified TChol, HDL, TG, TG/HDL, and AIP which had significantly higher values in COC users. In addition, TG were also increased in COC users in comparison with men.
Smoking reduced sexually divergent parameters: BMI, TG, HDL/LDL, TG/HDL, AIP, CRII, CRI-II, and AC became similar among the three cohorts, losing the reported sex differences.
Smoking also reduced differences in TChol, HDL, TG, and AIP between COC-free women and COC users, but it does not affect CRII, CRI-II, creatinine, creatinine clearance, and eGFR, underlining that COC users and COC-free women have to be considered two different populations.
Our results represent a complex landscape suggesting that for both sexes smoking should be an independent variable in medical studies. Moreover, in women, the use of COC evidenced two different cohorts. Thus, more variables should be considered during a single study indicating that sex, smoking, and COC should be studied together to get a picture of the real-life context.
... Its main dietary source is extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), key in the MedDiet. Besides OA, EVOO contains other valuable components such as phenolics, phytosterols, tocopherols, squalene, vitamins E and K, all exerting both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, modulating glucose metabolism, and moderating endothelial dysfunction [297][298][299][300]. The synergy between its components makes it very efficient in modulating risk factors for various diseases [297]. ...
Increasing evidence on the significance of nutrition in reproduction is emerging from both animal and human studies, suggesting a mutual association between nutrition and female fertility. Different “fertile” dietary patterns have been studied; however, in humans, conflicting results or weak correlations are often reported, probably because of the individual variations in genome, proteome, metabolome, and microbiome and the extent of exposure to different environmental conditions. In this scenario, “precision nutrition”, namely personalized dietary patterns based on deep phenotyping and on metabolomics, microbiome, and nutrigenetics of each case, might be more efficient for infertile patients than applying a generic nutritional approach. In this review, we report on new insights into the nutritional management of infertile patients, discussing the main nutrigenetic, nutrigenomic, and microbiomic aspects that should be investigated to achieve effective personalized nutritional interventions. Specifically, we will focus on the management of low-grade chronic inflammation, which is associated with several infertility-related diseases.
... Indeed, it is well-known that age, excess weight and visceral adiposity can contribute to increase risks of hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and hypertension (34). In addition, our study confirms that even in Mediterranean countries, especially in southern Italy, where EVOO consumption is a common everyday practice, there is better control of LDL cholesterol levels in subjects who follow this custom more closely (35,36). ...
Introduction: Occupational physicians, as an aspect of the periodic health surveillance of workers prescribed by law, must develop preventive programs against adverse health-related occurrences (Legislative Decree 81/2008, art.25) to reduce major risk factors for non-communicable/chronic diseases. Eating habits play an important role in defining risk trajectories in the workplace.
Methods: We randomly and cross-sectionally evaluated 147 females, of which 59 were healthcare workers (HCWs) and 88 were non-HCWs. The assessment included a dietary screening for adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) and a clinical baseline collection of major fluid biomarkers and anthropometric indicators for cardiovascular and metabolic risk.
Results: The HCW group exhibited greater adherence to the MD than the non-HCW group. Nevertheless, they showed higher serum levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol. Menopause and type of work significantly and unfavorably affected triglyceride serum levels among HCWs.
Conclusion: Greater preventive efforts are needed in the context of periodic health surveillance by occupational physicians. Disseminating additional information on a healthier lifestyle, particularly among female workers of perimenopausal age, is a key issue.
... 47,48 Interestingly, in the analyses stratified by sex a stronger protective trend was observed in women (except for the phenolic acid family) and, in most cases, results were statistically significant and in the opposite direction than for men. In general, the effects of the Mediterranean diet appear to be greater in men than in premenopausal women when cardiometabolic changes are considered, 49 although in this trial the women were postmenopausal. However, the results of the present study are in line with those previously observed in the trial. ...
Resumen
Introducción y objetivos
La cuantificación del riesgo cardiovascular se basa en puntuaciones como las de Framingham, Framingham-REGICOR, SCORE o Life's Simple 7 (LS7). Los polifenoles pueden proporcionar beneficios al sistema vascular y reducir la respuesta inflamatoria; sin embargo, los estudios clínico-epidemiológicos muestran resultados discordantes. Nuestro objetivo es evaluar la posible asociación entre la ingesta de diferentes clases de polifenoles y las puntuaciones cardiovasculares.
Métodos
Estudio transversal sobre 6.633 participantes del estudio PREDIMED-Plus. El contenido de polifenoles se estimó mediante un cuestionario semicuantitativo de frecuencia alimentaria y se ajustó por la ingesta energética total según el método de residuales. La asociación entre la ingesta de polifenoles y el riesgo cardiovascular se evaluó mediante análisis de regresión lineal.
Resultados
La ingesta total de polifenoles y flavonoides se asoció directa y significativamente con la escala LS7. Igualmente, los lignanos se asociaron directa y significativamente con las escalas SCORE y LS7; los estilbenos, con la SCORE y los ácidos fenólicos, con las de Framingham y Framingham-REGICOR. La clase «otros polifenoles» se asoció de manera significativa con las escalas de Framingham, SCORE y LS7. En las mujeres, la ingesta de todas las clases de polifenoles, excepto los ácidos fenólicos, mostró una tendencia directa en los resultados de Framingham y Framingham-REGICOR e indirecta con la escala LS7.
Conclusiones
Se encontraron asociaciones inversas entre el consumo de la clase «otros polifenoles» y, especialmente en las mujeres, el riesgo cardiovascular estimado. Los resultados fueron similares con las de Framingham, Framingham-REGICOR y LS7 (después de eliminar el componente de dieta) y diferentes con la SCORE, pero los predictores que se incluyen en este son escasos.
... This book chapter presents a brief discussion on the effects of various phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavones, and terpenes for stopping the conventional and emerging respiratory disorders and their role in chronic lung disease and cytokines. The pathophysiology of COPD reveals chronic inflammation in the lung parenchyma intervened by macrophages, neutrophils, and cytotoxic (CD8+) T lymphocytes [18]. Plant-derived products have been utilized traditionally in various periods of civilization from ancient time, and the consumption of medicinal plantbased products has been expanding significantly [19]. ...
... Structure quinazoline alkaloids in asthmatic animal models(18 Fig. 35.7)[35]. The test alkaloid considerably suppressed the level of eosinophils in the airways, additionally downregulating eotaxin-2, interleukins, and cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). ...
Normal lungs can be distressed by internal as well as external factors which can be reason for producing diseases. The lungs respond against these factors via a protective mechanism known as inflammation. Cytokines, small secreted proteins, play a crucial role to control these inflammations, but overproductions of cytokines create many respiratory diseases (responsible for high mortality rates). These types of respiratory diseases are treated with the help of anti-inflammatory agents to minimize the pulmonary inflammation. Medicinal plants and drugs derived from plants have numerous therapeutic effects when utilized by patients. Occurrence of several active phytoconstituents in plants is useful to treat many types of inflammatory diseases. The use of medicinal plants and phytoconstituents (alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, and others) as curative tool in pulmonary inflammation is increasing significantly. In the current book chapter, the role of medicinal plants and phytoconstituents for the managing pathophysiology of lung diseases is appraised.
... 47,48 Interestingly, in the analyses stratified by sex a stronger protective trend was observed in women (except for the phenolic acid family) and, in most cases, results were statistically significant and in the opposite direction than for men. In general, the effects of the Mediterranean diet appear to be greater in men than in premenopausal women when cardiometabolic changes are considered, 49 although in this trial the women were postmenopausal. However, the results of the present study are in line with those previously observed in the trial. ...
Introduction and objectives
Quantification of cardiovascular risk has been based on scores such as Framingham, Framingham-REGICOR, SCORE or Life's Simple 7 (LS7). In vitro, animal, and randomized clinical studies have shown that polyphenols may provide benefits to the vascular system and reduce the inflammatory response. However, some clinical-epidemiological studies have yielded inconsistent results. Our aim was to assess the possible association between intake of the various polyphenol classes and established cardiovascular scores.
Methods
This cross-sectional analysis involved 6633 PREDIMED-Plus study participants. Food polyphenol content was estimated by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire, adjusted for total energy intake according to the residual method. The association between polyphenol intake and cardiovascular risk was tested using linear regression analyses.
Results
Total polyphenol and flavonoid intake were directly and significantly associated only with the LS7 scale. Intake of lignans was directly and significantly associated with SCORE and LS7 scales, stilbene intake with SCORE, and phenolic acid intake with Framingham and Framingham-REGICOR scores. Other polyphenol classes were associated in a protective and significant manner in Framingham, SCORE and LS7 scores. In women, intake of all the polyphenol classes, except phenolic acids, showed a protective trend in the results of the Framingham, Framingham-REGICOR scores and LS7 scale.
Conclusions
An inverse association was found between consumption of the ‘other polyphenols’ class and, especially among women, with estimated cardiovascular risk. The results were similar to those of Framingham, Framingham-REGICOR and LS7 (after eliminating the diet component) and differed from those of SCORE, but the predictors included were limited in the latter case.
... Olive oil can modulate lipid profile, glycemic regulation, and insulin sensitivity. Olive oil is also responsible for the amelioration of hypertensive heart diseases [34]. ...
The Mediterranean diet is appraised as the premier dietary regimen and its espousal is correlated with the prevention of degenerative diseases and extended longevity. The consumption of olive oil stands out as the most peculiar feature of the Mediterranean diet. Olive oil rich in various bioactive compounds like oleanolic acid, oleuropein, oleocanthal, and hydroxytyrosol is known for its anti-inflammatory as well as cardioprotective property. Recently in silico studies have indicated that phytochemicals present in olive oil are a potential candidate to act against SARS-CoV-2. Although extensive studies on olive oil and its phytochemical composition; still, some lacunas persist in understanding how the phytochemical composition of olive oil is dependent on upstream processing. The signaling pathways regulated by olive oil in the restriction of various diseases is also not clear. To answer these queries, a detailed search of research and review articles published between 1990 to 2019 were reviewed in this effect. Olive oil consumption was found to be advantageous for various chronic non-communicable diseases. Olive oil’s constituents are having potent anti-inflammatory activities and thus restrict the progression of various inflammation-linked diseases ranging from arthritis to cancer. But it is also notable that the amount and nature of phytochemical composition of household olive oil are regulated by its upstream processing and the physicochemical properties of this oil can give a hint regarding the manufacturing method as well as its therapeutic. Moreover, daily uptake of olive oil should be monitored as excessive intake can cause body weight gain and change in the basal metabolic index. So, it can be concluded that olive oil consumption is beneficial for human health, and particularly for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, breast cancer, and inflammation. The simple way of processing olive oil maintains the polyphenol constituents and provides more protection against non-communicable diseases and SARS-CoV-2.
... Molecules 2020, 25, 4757 2 of 13 (CKD), metabolic syndrome, obesity, arterial hypertension, neurological and cardiovascular diseases were reported [4][5][6][7] These multiple beneficial effects are related to the presence of many active compounds found in EVOO responsible for its aroma, color, bitterness, and pungency. The qualitative and quantitative profile of these compounds depends on the place of cultivation, pedoclimatic conditions, variety and maturation stage of olives, and management practices to produce EVOO [8]. ...
... neurological and cardiovascular diseases were reported [4][5][6][7] These multiple beneficial effects are related to the presence of many active compounds found in EVOO responsible for its aroma, color, bitterness, and pungency. The qualitative and quantitative profile of these compounds depends on the place of cultivation, pedoclimatic conditions, variety and maturation stage of olives, and management practices to produce EVOO [8]. ...
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a lipid food, which constitutes a pillar of the Mediterranean diet. A high number of scientific data have demonstrated that it exerts a variety of beneficial effects on human health due to its peculiar chemical composition including fatty acids (98–99%) and other active compounds even if found in a very low percentage (1–2%). Among them, minor polar compounds (MCPs), represented mainly by phenolic compounds, are relevant for their healthy properties, as stated by the European Food Safety Authority’s (EFSA) claims. In this paper, we described the results obtained from a pilot in vivo study, focused for the first time on the evaluation of the possible beneficial effects of two EVOOs on chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients after the consumption of 40 mL per day for 9 weeks. The selected EVOOs, traced in the production chain, and characterized by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC-DAD-MS) analysis, resulted rich in MCPs and satisfied the EFSA’s claim for their content of hydroxytyrosol and derivatives. The results obtained by this in vivo study appear to highlight the potential beneficial role in CKD patients of these EVOOs and are promising for future studies.
Background
Excess circulating endocannabinoids (eCBs) and imbalanced N -acylethanolamines (NAEs) related eCBs abundance could influence dietary weight loss success. We aimed to examine sex differences in the impact of a 3-years Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) intervention on circulating eCBs, NAEs and their precursor fatty acids, and to analyze the interplay between changes in eCBs or NAEs ratios, insulin resistance and the achievement of clinically meaningful weight reductions.
Methods
Prospective cohort study in a subsample of N = 105 participants (54.3% women; 65.6 ± 4.6 years) with overweight or obesity and metabolic syndrome that underwent a 3-years MedDiet intervention (PREDIMED-Plus study). Plasma eCBs and NAEs, including 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), anandamide (AEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), fatty acids, diet, glycemic homeostasis (including the assessment of insulin resistance-HOMA-IR), and cardiovascular risk markers were monitored (at 0-6-12-36 months).
Results
Mediterranean diet adherence increased in both sexes and remained high during the 3 years of follow-up. Reductions in body weight, glycemic and cardiovascular parameters were larger in men than in women. Women presented higher concentrations of NAEs than men throughout the study. In both sexes, AEA and other NAEs (including OEA, and PEA) decreased after 6 months (for AEA: −4.9%), whereas the ratio OEA/AEA increased after 1 year (+5.8%). Changes in 2-AG (−3.9%) and the ratio OEA/PEA (+8.2%) persisted over the 3 years of follow-up. In women, 6-months changes in AEA (OR = 0.65) and the ratio OEA/AEA (OR = 3.28) were associated with the achievement of 8% weight reductions and correlated with HOMA-IR changes ( r = 0.29 and r = −0.34). In men, OEA/PEA changes were associated with 8% weight reductions (OR = 2.62) and correlated with HOMA-IR changes ( r = −0.32).
Conclusion
A 3-years MedDiet intervention modulated plasma concentrations of eCBs and NAEs. Changes in AEA and in the relative abundance of NAEs were associated with clinically meaningful weight reductions. However, marked sex differences were identified in eCBs and NAEs, as well as in the efficacy of the intervention in terms of glycemic and cardiovascular parameters, which could be related to post-menopause alterations in glucose metabolism. These findings support a sex-balanced research strategy for a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the regulation of body weight loss.
