Figure 3 - uploaded by Marcelo Meller Alievi
Content may be subject to copyright.
Classification of urethral duplication in dogs, based on the classification in human beings proposed by Effmann et al. (1976). Type I A: opens on the dorsal or ventral surface of penis but does not communicate with the urethra or bladder; Type I B: accessory urethra arises from the ortothopic urethra, but there is an incomplete duplication that ends blindly; Type II A1: complete urethral duplication arising independently from the bladder; Type II A2: complete urethral duplication with the accessory urethra arising from the ortothopic urethra; Type II A2 " Y Duplication " : complete urethral duplication, in which the accessory urethra opens into the perineum or rectum arising from ortothopic urethra; Type II B: two urethras arising from the bladder or a distal urethral duplication with one meatus; Type III: complete duplication of bladder and urethra.
Source publication
A male Brazilian Fila dog was referred because of a perineal orifice with urine stream during micturition. To determine the extent of the accessory channel, a contrasted retrograde urethrocystography was performed. A surgical correction was undertaken. Histological study showed the presence of the urethral channel lined by multilayer transitional e...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... duplication), that is, a complete patent duplication with two meatus, with the second channel originating from the first and courses independently into a second meatus. As well as for urethral duplication, this classification could be used for cases of urethral fistulae, making it possible to standardize the descriptions of this anomaly in dogs (Fig. ...
Similar publications
A group of isolated occurrences of sedimentary rocks located over the Sul-Rio-Grandense Shield, first
described as a temporally intermediate unit between the upper deposits of Camaquã Basin and the lower deposits of Paraná Basin was named Caneleiras Formation, with an inferred Devonian age. Later, the discovery of vertebrate fossils (mainly rhyncho...
As Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF) e as Boas Práticas Apícolas abrangem um conjunto de medidas que devem ser adotadas pelas unidades de extração do mel a fim de garantir a qualidade sanitária e aconformidade do produto. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar pesquisas na microrregião de Pau dos Ferros, sobre Processo do mel desde a colhe...
A estenose ureterointestinal é uma complicação relativamente frequente após derivações urinárias. A correção laparoscópica raramente é usada, embora seja uma opção terapêutica.
A síndrome de Behçet é uma vasculite sistêmica, de causa desconhecida, caracterizada clinicamente por uma tríade clássica de úlceras genitais e úlceras orais recorrentes, associadas à uveíte. Os pacientes do sexo masculino apresentam as formas mais graves da doença. As lesões arteriais são raras, caracterizam-se por tromboses e aneurismas e podem o...
Este estudo aborda de forma sucinta a geomorfologia na Bacia do rio Cauamé, afluente da margem direita do rio Branco, localizada nos municípios de Boa Vista e Alto Alegre – Roraima, Brasil. A obtenção de dados se processou com a utilização de diversos equipamentos, coleta de informações, processamento e análise integrada das características geomorf...
Citations
... Only seven cases of urethral duplication have been described in a dog to date [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. It was usually found in male dogs and only recently a case has been reported in a female dog [9]. ...
... Based on anatomical variations, it may show several different clinical manifestations (intermittent stranguria, pollakiuria, haematuria, incontinence, urine dribbling from anus or perineum, and obstructive urolithiasis, sometimes with a concurrent urinary tract infection or secondary dermatitis by urine-induced burns), but in dogs, it can be asymptomatic, without pain manifestation or urination difficulty, as in the present case. According to Stedile et al. [6], the Y duplication is unusual when the orthotopic urethra is normal. Because of the close association between embryonic development of the urogenital and gastrointestinal systems, urethral duplication is almost always accompanied by other duplication anomalies [11,12]. ...
... The distinction between urethral fistulas and urethral duplication occurs on the basis of histological findings. The fistula is defined as a structure lined with squamous epithelium, and a truly duplicated urethra is defined as a structure lined with transitional epithelium [6,15], as in the present case. ...
Duplication of the urethra is a rare congenital malformation. A 14-month-old, sexually intact, male, Lagotto dog with complete Y-type urethral duplication was subjected to accessory urethra treatment for cystoscopic guided laser cauterization, with a 10-Watt diode laser with 550-micron fiber and 2.3 Fr outer diameter. The laser cauterization, that was repeated every 14 days for a total of three times, was performed by inserting the instrument from the accessory urethra outlet in the perianal area until it could be seen by the urethroscope, inside the ischial urethra. Nevertheless, this technique that proved to be non-invasive, less expensive than surgery, of short duration, and safe, did not allow the complete closure of the abnormal urethral tract. Therefore, the subsequent surgical removal of the accessory urethra was carried out. To the authors’ knowledge this is the first report on the use of cystoscopic guided diode laser cauterization for accessory urethra treatment.
... Urethral duplication is a rare congenital anomaly infrequently diagnosed in domestic animal species. A total of five cases of urethral duplication have been reported in veterinary medicine, with four cases reported in dogs [1][2][3][4]. Urethral duplication may be complete with communication to the skin surface or may be incomplete and end blindly. In human medicine, urethral duplication is frequently reported in conjunction with one or more urogenital anomalies. ...
A seven-year-old spayed female Labrador retriever presented for necropsy following an
acute history of thrombocytopenia, anemia, leukocytosis and abdominal effusion. A 2 × 3 × 10 cm,
cylindrical to tubular, mottled red-to-tan mass extended from the caudal pelvic cavity caudally
and ventrally under the dermis along the caudal aspect of the left pelvic limb adjacent to the
semimembranosus and semitendinosus musculature. Histologic examination of the mass revealed
a singular central lumen lined by urothelium that multifocally transitioned into non-keratinizing,
stratified squamous epithelium associated with few hair follicles and sweat glands. The lumen was
surrounded by a dense collagenous stroma containing numerous, variably sized blood vessels. The
combination of lesions was consistent with a diagnosis of incomplete urethral duplication associated
with a dermoid cyst and vascular hamartoma. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of an
incomplete urethral duplication associated with a dermoid cyst within a vascular hamartoma.
Urethral duplication is a rare anomaly observed in veterinary medicine. The surgical techniques described therein are associated with an uneventful recovery. The authors describe a major surgical complication after the correction of urethral duplication in a 2-year-old male Yorkshire terrier. After surgical correction using the perineal approach, the patient developed pollakiuria and urinary retention due to a valve effect caused by the remnant of the dorsal opening of the ectopic urethra. A second procedure, using an abdominopelvic approach, successfully corrected the complication by intraluminal correction of the dorsal urethral wall.
Case description:
A 3-year-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat with a history of urethral obstruction was evaluated at a veterinary referral center for acute onset of hunched posture and signs of discomfort on being handled. No evidence of urethral obstruction was found; signs initially responded to medical management, but the cat was presented to the primary care veterinarian < 48 hours after the initial examination with signs suggesting urethral obstruction.
Clinical findings:
No urinary calculi were detected radiographically. Attempted urinary catheter placement was unsuccessful, and the cat was returned to the referral center for evaluation and treatment of suspected urethral obstruction. Hematologic evaluation revealed hyperglobulinemia and leukocytosis; the cat was febrile, its prepuce was swollen, and its urinary bladder was soft but could not be manually expressed.
Treatment and outcome:
A urinary catheter was placed; urinalysis revealed hematuria, leukocyturia, and bacteriuria. Medical management included analgesic, antimicrobial, urethral antispasmodic, and IV fluid treatment. Positive-contrast cystourethrography results were equivocal for a congenital anomaly versus urethral rupture. Contrast-enhanced CT revealed a sinus communicating with the dorsal aspect of the urethra, and urethral rupture was ruled out. Partial urethral duplication was confirmed surgically; perineal urethrostomy was performed, creating an opening to the accessory urethra, and the strictured orthotopic urethra was ligated. Four weeks after surgery, the cat was doing well.
Clinical relevance:
This case highlighted the importance of advanced imaging to distinguish between urethral rupture and a congenital malformation in a cat with signs of lower urinary tract disease. This approach was pivotal to appropriate diagnosis and management and a favorable outcome for the patient.
A 20-month-old male miniature dachshund was evaluated for a 10-week history of intermittent stranguria, pollakiuria, haematuria and obstructive urolithiasis. Retrograde urethrocystography revealed a subcutaneous saccular structure in the perineal area connected to the intrapelvic urethra associated with urolithiasis. After excision of the perineal saccular structure, microscopical examination confirmed the presence of transitional epithelium lining the diverticulum, with isolated submucosal smooth muscle bundles. This structure was attached to another saccular structure lined by stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium with hair follicles, sebaceous glands and apocrine glands. An incomplete urethral duplication with dermoid cyst was diagnosed. The dog recovered uneventfully from surgery and was still urinary continent and free from clinical signs 5 months after surgery. To the authors' knowledge this is the first report of an incomplete urethral duplication with a dermoid cyst and concurrent obstructive urolithiasis in a dog.
A 3.5-year-old spayed female Labrador Retriever was examined for dysuria of unknown duration.
Urogenital examination revealed a recessed vulva and a persistent hymen. The hymen was broken down digitally. Results of urinalysis at the referral examination were unremarkable, and no clinically relevant abnormalities were detected on clinicopathologic analysis of blood and serum samples or cytologic evaluation of a vaginal smear. After clinical signs persisted, retrograde contrast vaginourethrocystography was performed; results were considered normal. During uroendoscopic examination, a translucent membranous structure was detected that partially obstructed the urethral lumen near the junction of the urethra and bladder.
Passage of the endoscope into the urinary bladder ruptured the membranous structure. The dog recovered from the procedure uneventfully and was treated with colchicine (0.03 mg/kg [0.014 mg/lb], PO, q 24 h for 14 days). One month later, the owner reported resolution of clinical signs. Fourteen months later, the patient was evaluated for recurrence of dysuria of several months' duration. Uroendoscopic examination revealed a membranous structure similar to that originally detected; this tissue was also ruptured during endoscopy. The patient was discharged and the owner was instructed to administer colchicine at the same dosage. Recurrence of dysuria was reported again 10 months following the second procedure.
To the authors' knowledge, this type of membranous urethral obstruction has not been previously described in a dog. Administration of colchicine did not prevent recurrence, but potential effects of drug administration on time to recurrence could not be evaluated.
