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Cardiovascular diseases are described as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in modern societies. Therefore, the importance of cardiovascular diseases prevention is widely reflected in the increasing number of reports on the topic among the key scientific research efforts of the recent period. The importance of essential fatty acids (EFAs)...
Citations
... Omega-3 memiliki efek antiinflamasi sedangkan omega-6 memiliki efek inflamasi, sehingga peningkatan kadar omega-6 dalam tubuh akan memicu terjadinya kondisi inflamasi sistemik kronis ringan. 9 Konsumsi omega-3 akan menghambat signaling pada TLR4 dan meningkatkan produksi sitokin IL-1, IL-6 dan TNFα sehingga risiko alergi menjadi berkurang. Sebaliknya, konsumsi lemak jenuh dan omega-6 memicu proses inflamasi pada TLR4 sehingga risiko alergi menjadi semakin meningkat. ...
Alergi susu sapi dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor utama, yaitu predisposisi genetik dan faktor lingkungan. Interaksi antara faktor genetik dan faktor lingkungan mencetuskan terjadinya alergi susu sapi diperantarai oleh mekanisme epigenetik. Faktor lingkungan selama masa prenatal maupun postnatal dapat memengaruhi program epigenetik pada masa awal perkembangan sistem imun. Faktor lingkungan, seperti paparan terhadap mikroba, faktor diet pada ibu dan anak serta mikrobiota pada saluran cerna memengaruhi proses imunitas di masa yang akan datang dan berperan penting dalam perkembangan penyakit alergi.
... Unlike monoclonal antibodies, these small molecules may exert broader regulatory effects on cytokine networks without the risk of inducing an anti-drug immune response. Moreover, some of these compounds, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids, have well-documented cardiovascular benefits and a favorable safety profile [71,76]. ...
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading global cause of mortality, largely driven by atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by lipid accumulation and immune-cell infiltration in arterial walls. Macrophages play a central role by forming foam cells and secreting pro-atherogenic cytokines, such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β, which destabilize atherosclerotic plaques, expanding the lipid core and increasing the risk of thrombosis and ischemia. Despite the significant health burden of subclinical atherosclerosis, few targeted therapies exist. Current treatments, including monoclonal antibodies, are limited by high costs and immunosuppressive side effects, underscoring the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. In this study, we employed in silico drug repositioning to identify multitarget inhibitors against TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β, leveraging a virtual screening of 2750 FDA-approved drugs followed by molecular dynamics simulations to assess the stability of selected cytokine–ligand complexes. This computational approach provides structural insights into potential inhibitors. Additionally, we highlight nutraceutical options, such as fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and eicosapentaenoic acid), which exhibited strong and stable interactions with key cytokine targets. Our study suggests that these bioactive compounds could serve as effective new therapeutic approaches for atherosclerosis.
... Depending on the location of the double bonds, PUFAs are often categorized as omega-3 PUFAs and omega-6 PUFAs, which have different physiological effects. Omega-3 PUFAs are involved in lipid metabolism regulation, anti-coagulant, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects [1]. In contrast, omega-6 PUFAs are often considered to be pro-inflammatory and are considered to be a "bad" fatty acid. ...
Purpose of Review
Cancer is a disease influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, with dietary lipids being a significant contributing factor. This review summarizes the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the mechanism of tumor occurrence and development, and elucidate the role of PUFAs in tumor treatment.
Recent Findings
PUFAs exert their impact on cancer through altering lipid composition in cell membranes, interacting with cell membrane lipid receptors, directly modulating gene expression in the cell nucleus, and participating in the metabolism of lipid mediators. Most omega-3 PUFAs are believed to inhibit cell proliferation, promote cancer cell death, suppress cancer metastasis, alter energy metabolism, inhibit tumor microenvironment inflammation, and regulate immune responses involving macrophages, T cells, NK cells, and others. However, certain omega-6 PUFAs exhibit weaker anti-tumor effects and may even promote tumor development, such as by fostering inflammatory tumor microenvironment and enhancing tumor cell proliferation.
Summary
PUFAs play important roles in hallmarks of cancer including tumor cell proliferation, cell death, migration and invasion, energy metabolism remodeling, epigenetics, and immunity. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms of cancer development and offers options for dietary management of cancer.
... They are categorized into omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids based on the position of the first double bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid chain. Omega-3 fatty acids, primarily found in fatty fish, flaxseed, and chia seeds, include alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) [74]. These fatty acids are recognized for their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, making them potential candidates for mitigating the adverse effects of particulate matter (PM) exposure, including rhinitis. ...
Air pollution, particularly particulate matter (PM), poses a significant health risk worldwide, with rhinitis emerging as a prevalent respiratory condition. This review explores the association between air pollution and rhinitis, focusing on PM-induced inflammation and the potential preventive role of nutritional supplements. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed and Scopus databases, covering studies from inception to 2024 that investigated air pollution, rhinitis, and nutritional interventions. This review synthesizes evidence linking PM exposure to increased prevalence and exacerbation of rhinitis through various inflammatory mechanisms. We further examine the potential of nutritional supplements, including kefir peptides, lactoferrin, vitamin D, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and probiotics, in mitigating PM-induced inflammation and rhinitis symptoms. However, the evidence regarding the role of these supplements in modulating immune responses and reducing inflammation related to PM-induced rhinitis is limited. This review highlights the potential efficacy of nutritional interventions in preventing and managing air pollution-associated rhinitis, offering a complementary approach to environmental regulations in addressing this public health challenge.
... A common finding between retinal and plasma lipidomes was an increase of lipids containing C22:5, which is derived from either essential dietary omega-3 (including C18:3n3 [alphalinolenic acid] and C20:5n3 [eicosapentaenoic acid]) or omega-6 fatty acids (including C18:2n6 [linoleic acid] and C20:4n6 [arachidonic acid]) (Sokola-Wysoczanska et al. 2018). We postulate that augmented C22:5 in the Tmem135 TG retinas and plasmas stems from omega-6 fatty acids because we previously detected increased C22:5n6 derived from omega-6 fatty acids but not C22:5n3 derived from omega-3 fatty acids in the brains of Tmem135 TG mice (unpublished data). ...
... Interestingly, it has been shown that a deficiency of essential dietary omega-3 fatty acids results in a compensatory increase of C22:5n6 (Neuringer et al. 1986). Cells depend on the same molecular machinery to make C22:5n6 as DHA (Sokola-Wysoczanska et al. 2018). Since TMEM135 has a function in the export of DHA from peroxisomes (Landowski et al. 2023b), it may also have a role in the export of C22:5n6 from peroxisomes. ...
... Furthermore, numerous clinical and epidemiological studies suggest a positive role for n-3 PUFAs in CV disease outcomes [69][70][71][72]. Several mechanisms underlying the antiinflammatory effect of n-3 PUFAs include the altered composition of cell membrane fatty acid phospholipids, impairment of lipid rafts, and prevention of activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor [73]. ...
Oxidative stress and inflammation are considered important risk contributors for various diseases. Over the last few decades, increasing attention has been focused on the role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) in human health and disease. We aimed to evaluate the effect of n-3 PUFA-enriched chicken meat consumption (~1500 mg of n-3 PUFAs intake per day) for three weeks on oxidative status and antioxidative capacity in young healthy individuals. This was a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial, in which thirty-nine young healthy people were randomly allocated to eating 500 g/day of regular chicken meat (Control group) or n-3 PUFA-enriched chicken meat (n-3 PUFAs group) over 3 weeks. Subjects’ biochemical parameters, including serum lipids level, liver enzymes, serum activities of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD)), serum oxidative stress markers (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and ferric-reducing ability (FRAP)), as well as intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, were assessed before and after completing the three-week dietary protocol. N-3-enriched chicken meat consumption significantly reduced high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) serum level and increased the level of the antioxidant defense marker, FRAP. Furthermore, GPx and SOD enzyme activities significantly increased in the n-3 PUFAs group compared to baseline, which was accompanied by significantly decreased ROS production. In healthy young individuals, the 3-week dietary intake of n-3 PUFA-enriched chicken meat significantly increased the serum total antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, indicating that n-3 PUFAs may be protective in resting health condition without inflammatory processes.
... Polyunsaturated fatty acids of camelina oil exhibit beneficial and significant effects on human and mammalian health, contributing to the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Since the human body and mammals cannot produce the precursors for this group of fatty acids, it is essential to maintain a sufficient and balanced intake of these fats through diet [31]. In camelina seed oil, six specific polyunsaturated fatty acids were identified, including linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, eicosadienoic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, docosadienoic acid, and docosatrienoic acid, collectively accounting for 55% of the total fatty acid (Supplementary Excel 1). ...
Background
Preserving plant genetic resources is essential for tackling global food security challenges. Effectively meeting future agricultural demands requires comprehensive and efficient assessments of genetic diversity in breeding programs and germplasm from gene banks. This research investigated the diversity of pheno-morphological traits, along with the fatty acid and tocopherol content and composition, in 135 double haploid lines of camelina.
Results
The number of sub-branches, siliques number of main-branch and sub-branch, and seeds number in siliques of the main-branch displayed notable coefficients of variation with values of 33.19%, 30.32%, 29.23%, and 23.81% respectively. Within the current investigation, the measurements of height, sub-branch number, and thousand seed weight varied from 53.50 to 86.50 cm, 3.50 to 14, and 0.73 to 1.52 g, respectively. The analysis unveiled that the average content of omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids in the examined lines was approximately 33%, 20%, and 17%, respectively. The total tocopherol content varied between 675 and 877 ppm, predominantly consisting of gamma-tocopherol, which accounted for over 95% of the total content. The fatty acid C18:2 displayed a markedly strong positive correlation with alpha-tocopherol (0.99**), while C18:3 exhibited positive correlations with gamma-tocopherol (0.98**) and total tocopherol (0.98**). Furthermore, a positive correlation was evident between C20:1 and delta-tocopherol (0.98**). The scrutinized lines, specifically lines 35, 72, 94, and 126 demonstrated notable attributes regarding yield and yield components. Conversely, in the realm of biochemical traits, lines 35, 66, 47, 30, 65, 135, 83, 27, 4, 77, 62, 81, and 93 stood out for their elevated potential. The gene expression analysis related to the tocopherol biosynthesis pathway revealed distinct expression patterns. Specifically, the VTE1 gene exhibited the highest level of expression. In contrast, the VTE3 gene displayed the lowest level of expression compared to other genes.
Conclusions
The study’s findings hold great potential for improving food security by enabling the selection of superior camelina parent plants based on specific traits. This approach can drive the development of high-yielding varieties with enhanced nutritional value and better-quality camelina oil.
... Multiple studies have demonstrated that MUFA and PUFA play a role in reducing the risk of several metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). 7,8 Ω-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients that must be obtained through diet. They are abundant in fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, and sardines, as well as in plant-based sources like flaxseeds, chia seeds, hemp seeds, and plant oils (e.g., flaxseed oil, canola oil). ...
Hyperlipidemia, a disease caused by lipid metabolism disorders, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Although existing lipid-lowering drugs are effective, their widespread use is limited by high...
... An important issue that should be kept in mind considering the conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is the fact of competition between LA (linoleic acid) and ALA. Both acids use the same pathways in the process of long-chain PUFA synthesis and therefore they compete for the same enzymes, i.e., elongases and desaturases [10]. Special importance is attributed to delta-5 desaturase and delta-6 desaturase, which are considered to be the key enzymes in the endogenous synthesis of LC-PUFAs from essential fatty acids [25]. ...
... Synthesis of ethyl esters of linseed oil was conducted according to the technology developed at the University of Wrocław (Poland) [34]. The production technology and characteristics of ethyl ester used in this experiment are presented in the study by Sokoła-Wysoczańska et al. [10]. In brief, the technology involves transesterification of linseed oil (a mixture of triglycerides of omega-3, -6, -9 fatty acids) with ethanol in the presence of a catalyst. ...
Omega-3 fatty acids are an important factor contributing to the prevention and cure of numerous diseases, and therefore their supplementation with diet is a significant issue. There are numerous supplements on the market containing omega-3 acids, of both plant and animal origin. In our study, we compared an effect of linseed oil, ethyl esters of linseed oil and fish oil supplementation to rats’ diet on their blood serum and erythrocyte fatty acid profile. The animals were divided into nine groups, three groups did not receive supplements and differed in dietary fat content, three were fed a high-fat diet for the whole experiment and supplemented, three were fed a high-fat diet and then the control one together with supplements. The experiment lasted 12 weeks. Significant changes in the profile of omega-3 fatty acids, as well as the ration of omega-6 to omega-3, were found in supplemented groups compared to the controls, the changes were more beneficial in groups supplemented with ethyl esters of linseed oil. The results were also more beneficial in groups where in addition to supplementation, there was also a dietary change from high fat to control during the supplementation period. In the case of the erythrocytes, the alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) content in ethyl ester-supplemented groups increased (p < 0.05) by about 60–120%, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by 80%, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by 41–60% compared to the control. In turn, in the blood serum, this increase (p < 0.05) was about 70–125%, 26–40%, and 38–54%, respectively. In the case of ethyl esters, except for an increase in EPA and DHA acids, higher values of ALA were found, which can be further used in the process of conversion to longer-chain omega-3.
... PUFAs are essential fatty acids obtained from dietary sources such as fish, leafy greens, or supplements, and are characterized by possessing carbon-carbon double bonds at the N-3 or N-6 position (Gurr et al., 2002;Sokoła-Wysoczańska et al., 2018). Alpha linolenic acid (ALA 18:3), which is the primary source of N-3 PUFAs, undergoes a sequence of desaturation and elongation reactions, resulting in the formation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA 20:5) (Ander et al., 2003). ...
Cellular senescence is a condition characterized by stable, irreversible cell cycle arrest linked to the aging process. The accumulation of senescent cells in the cardiac muscle can contribute to various cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Telomere shortening, epigenetic modifications, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress are known contributors to the onset of cellular senescence in the heart. The link between mitochondrial processes and cellular senescence contributed to the age-related decline in cardiac function. These include changes in mitochondrial functions and behaviours that arise from various factors, including impaired dynamics, dysregulated biogenesis, mitophagy, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), reduced respiratory capacity, and mitochondrial structural changes. Thus, regulation of mitochondrial biology has a role in cellular senescence and cardiac function in aging hearts. Targeting senescent cells may provide a novel therapeutic approach for treating and preventing CVD associated with aging. CYP epoxygenases metabolize N-3 and N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) into epoxylipids that are readily hydrolyzed to diol products by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). Increasing epoxylipids levels or inhibition of sEH has demonstrated protective effects in the aging heart. Evidence suggests they may play a role in cellular senescence by regulating mitochondria, thus reducing adverse effects of aging in the heart. In this review, we discuss how mitochondria induce cellular senescence and how epoxylipids affect the senescence process in the aged heart.
