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Every year, the use of lasers for military purposes continues to grow. Many armies from different countries use different types of laser systems for their specific combat tasks and actions. Traditional troops of land forces, artillery, air defence, and aviation forces today recognize the laser as a major operational element in increasing the accura...
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Context 1
... or high-power laser weapon systems are space or ground-based that intercepts enemy intercontinental ballistic missiles and satellites. Tactical or low-power laser weapons are generally used for short-range air defence or self-defence for individual war fighter or weapon platforms (Figure 3). ...
Context 2
... weapons are classified based on their energy/power levels: high, medium, or low energy weapons ( Figure 3). They are distinguished into three broad areas ranging from jamming of sensors to the destruction of optoelectronic devices and ultimately destruction of the complete mechanical structure [3]. ...
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... For example, high-power laser radiations, according to methods and approaches to be studied, e.g., introducing desynchronizing local, sparse delays, phase shifts, as hypothetically represented in Figure 4 and identified with appropriate research activity. This would involve adapting, for example, military devices based on the use of lasers for such an application, [52], [53], [54], [55]. ...
The processes of self-organization and emergence have been intensively studied and modeled. The focus has been on their generative mechanisms and the need to preserve and sustain their continuously acquired coherence(s), for instance, in ecosystems and living systems. Rarely has the focus been on the reverse attitude, that is, to prevent and avoid their establishment or on approaches leading to their deactivation. This is probably because of their supposed fragility since they are considered easy to break down with perturbations. For instance, a flock may be destroyed by shooting inside it, or an ecosystem may be ruined by placing poisonous substances within it, such as the case of an anthill or weed killer onto a lawn. Here, we consider the occurrence of unwanted and dangerous cases of self-organization and emergence against which there are currently no effective approaches available and, thus, need to be appropriately modeled and implemented. For example, the establishment of tornadoes and hurricanes. The latter is known as Rayleigh-Bénard convection can easily be deactivated in laboratory conditions, but not once established in the atmosphere because of the power of the created forces, which generate destruction and devastation. We are interested both in the theoretical aspects of such eventual de-emergence approaches and in their actual technical implementability.
... The development of science and technology, particularly laser and related innovations, exemplifies humanity's potential to solve complex problems and improve lives (Bernatskyi & Khaskin, 2021;Lyubomir, Edmunds, & Risham Singh, 2021;Tsybulenko, 2022). However, it also highlights the need for careful consideration of the ethical, social, and environmental implications of these advancements, ensuring that progress serves as a force for good rather than harm. ...
... The PRC joined this 'race' to develop laser weapons in the mid-1980s, although due to limited access to Chinese documentation, it is currently impossible to determine the exact date (Qiwan, Zhixiang, & Chuanfu, 1998;Cheng, 2006;Bernatskyi & Sokolovskyi, 2022). Similar developments took place in the United Kingdom, which not only developed a laser shipboard system for blinding aircraft pilots under the 'Raker' and 'Shingle' codenames, but also deployed a ship with a prototype of this system in the flotilla that participated in the Falklands conflict in 1982 (Garcia & Herz, 2016;Zohuri, 2016, p. 45;Lyubomir, Edmunds, & Risham Singh, 2021). However, it is worth noting that there is no verified data on the use of this weapon during the hostilities against Argentinian forces. ...
... At the same time, it should be noted that the development of laser weapons with the primary function of countering unmanned aerial vehicles is directly related to the development of UAVs (Sanyal, Bevington, & Brigham, 2017;Lyubomir, Edmunds, & Risham Singh, 2021;Ross, 2023;Yang, Wang, Chen, & Yan, 2024) and their proliferation (Fuhrmann & Horowitz, 2017)). In his work, Fuhrmann & Horowitz (2017) notes that due to technological advances, UAVs are expected to become one of the most influential and rapidly developing weapon types. ...
From the dawn of human history, mankind has always made efforts to create more effective tools for combating other creatures, including fellow people. Thus, the utilisation of different species of animals, the creation of new weapons and other means of human progress have always led to new developments, aimed at emulating, replacing or combating these innovations. The development of unmanned aerial vehicles has prompted the need to develop alternative and innovative countermeasures. These methods may range from the usage of interceptor drones to the application of concentrated energy beams. This paper examines the progress and known uses of laser technology in the context of combating unmanned aerial vehicles. In order to deepen and systematize knowledge about the development of laser applications in the military field, a systematic bibliographic analysis of scientific papers and popular publications on the development of both laser technologies and unmanned aerial vehicles over the past century was conducted. The study focused on developments that were built (at least as a prototype) and tested against various unmanned aerial vehicles. The results were then compared with a number of articles that separately focused on the history, prospects, and current issues in the development of laser weapons and unmanned aerial vehicles. At the same time, due to the fact that laser technology is one of the most rapidly and comprehensively developing areas of scientific progress, it was decided to use a periodic classification model, the main criterion of which was the focus of laser technology development on countering unmanned aerial systems. The issue of determining the cause-and-effect relationship that links the development of unmanned aerial vehicle technologies and designs with the shift in the focus of laser weapons development to counteract them was considered. It is noted that, due to the high requirements for human and financial capital, the direction and pace of development of laser weapons depend not only on technological limitations, but also on the vision of military strategy and possible threats at a given time. As a conclusion, a variant of periodization of the history of the development of laser weapons as a means of combating unmanned aerial vehicles was proposed.
... The helium neon laser is perceived from the construct that it uses a gas. [9] [10]. ...
The Helium-Neon (HeNe) laser is one of the most commonly used gas lasers in many spectroscopic applications. It is a visible laser with a typical wavelength of 632.8 nm. The best part is, due to its low cost and simplicity, it is popular among hobbyists as well. The output power of a practical HeNe laser tube is usually less than 1mW. In order to operate the HeNe laser, it requires a few kilovolts of direct current (DC). The necessary high voltage DC is generated by a HeNe laser power supply. A typical HeNe laser power supply is a complex, high voltage circuit which is designed to provide the gas discharge current, as well as to maintain the helium and neon mixture within the laser tube at an optimal pressure and temperature. There are many existing laser power supply designs. Therefore, the objective of this design project, "Development of Helium Neon Laser Power Supply" is to design and construct a HeNe laser power supply which is low cost, efficient, light in weight and most importantly, to develop a high voltage DC power supply circuit which can be used to power the HeNe laser. Through this design project, a comprehensive and systematic study from the analysis of the existed laser power supply designs to the performance testing of the developed HeNe laser power supply has been carried out. The use of organic electro-optic material for electro-optical applications was suggested many years ago. Many devices have been developed since then, but some of them have been examined for their electro-optic response. Due to the many and important uses of radioactive isotopes in medical and industrial applications, it became necessary to evolve materials that are used in protection. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5].
... The helium neon laser is perceived from the construct that it uses a gas. [9] [10]. ...
The Helium-Neon (HeNe) laser is one of the most commonly used gas lasers in many spectroscopic applications. It is a visible laser with a typical wavelength of 632.8 nm. The best part is, due to its low cost and simplicity, it is popular among hobbyists as well. The output power of a practical HeNe laser tube is usually less than 1mW. In order to operate the HeNe laser, it requires a few kilovolts of direct current (DC). The necessary high voltage DC is generated by a HeNe laser power supply. A typical HeNe laser power supply is a complex, high voltage circuit which is designed to provide the gas discharge current, as well as to maintain the helium and neon mixture within the laser tube at an optimal pressure and temperature. There are many existing laser power supply designs. Therefore, the objective of this design project, "Development of Helium Neon Laser Power Supply" is to design and construct a HeNe laser power supply which is low cost, efficient, light in weight and most importantly, to develop a high voltage DC power supply circuit which can be used to power the HeNe laser. Through this design project, a comprehensive and systematic study from the analysis of the existed laser power supply designs to the performance testing of the developed HeNe laser power supply has been carried out. The use of organic electro-optic material for electro- optical applications was suggested many years ago. Many devices have been developed since then, but some of them have been examined for their electro- optic response. Due to the many and important uses of radioactive isotopes in medical and industrial applications, it became necessary to evolve materials that are used in protection. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5].
... In recent years, the performance of continuous wave (CW) fiber lasers has increased significantly, making lasers in the 100-kW range commercially available [2,3]. Such powerful CW lasers are now used not only for industry but for defense technology [4][5][6]. Although these systems are not usable over long distances due to their low beam quality, they are well suited to investigate HEL effects in a laboratory environment. ...
Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), noted for its outstanding properties including high specific strength and superior fatigue resistance, is increasingly employed in aerospace and other demanding applications. This study investigates the interactions between CFRP composites and high-energy lasers (HEL), with continuous wave laser powers reaching up to 120 kW. A novel automated sample exchange system, operated by a robotic arm, minimizes human exposure while enabling a sequence of targeted laser tests. High-speed imaging captures the rapid expansion of a plume consisting of hot gases and dust particles during the experiment. The research significantly advances empirical models by systematically examining the relationship between laser power, perforation times, and ablation rates. It demonstrates scalable predictions for the effects of high-energy laser radiation. A detailed examination of the damaged samples, both visually and via micro-focused computed X-ray tomography, offers insights into heat distribution and ablation dynamics, highlighting the anisotropic thermal properties of CFRP. Compression after impact (CAI) tests further assess the residual strength of the irradiated samples, enhancing the understanding of CFRP’s structural integrity post-irradiation. Collectively, these tests improve the knowledge of the thermal and mechanical behavior of CFRP under extreme irradiation conditions. The findings not only contribute to predictive modeling of CFRP’s response to laser irradiation but enhance the scalability of these models to higher laser powers, providing robust tools for predicting material behavior in high-performance settings.
... In recent years, the performance of continuous wave (CW) fiber lasers has increased significantly, making lasers in the 100 kW range commercially available [2,3]. Such powerful CW lasers are now used not only for industry but also for defence technology [4][5][6]. Although these systems are not usable over long distances due to their low beam quality, they are well suited to investigate HEL effects in a laboratory environment. ...
... For lower laser intensities, the heat conduction in the lower fiber layers causes the matrix to evaporate, while for higher laser intensities, the heat cannot be dissipated fast enough, resulting in evaporation of fibers and matrix within the HAZ. 5 Remaining fibers act as a shield for underlying layers. Consequently, lower layers absorb a smaller area of the laser beam, which in turn results in a more pronounced conical shape. ...
Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), noted for its outstanding properties including high specific strength and superior fatigue resistance, is increasingly employed in aerospace and other demanding applications. This study investigates the interactions between CFRP composites and high-energy lasers (HEL), with continuous wave laser powers reaching up to 120 kW. A novel automated sample exchange system, operated by a robotic arm, minimizes human exposure while enabling a sequence of targeted laser tests. High-speed imaging captures the rapid expansion of a plume consisting of hot gases and dust particles during the experiment. The research significantly advances empirical models by systematically examining the relationship between laser power, perforation times, and ablation rates. It demonstrates scalable predictions for the effects of high-energy laser radiation. Detailed examination of the damaged samples, both visually and via micro-focused computed X-ray tomography, offers insights into heat distribution and ablation dynamics, highlighting the anisotropic thermal properties of CFRP. Compression-after-impact (CAI) tests further assess the residual strength of the irradiated samples, enhancing the understanding of CFRP’s structural integrity post-irradiation. Collectively, these tests improve the knowledge of the thermal and mechanical behavior of CFRP under extreme irradiation conditions. The findings not only contribute to predictive modeling of CFRP's response to laser irradiation but also enhance the scalability of these models to higher laser powers, providing robust tools for predicting material behavior in high-performance settings.
... Lasers revolutionized as accessories to high-energy weapons. This technology serves as a powerful tool for war fighters when used for battlefield lighting, rangefinders, communication systems, energy beams or active remote sensors, and more [2]. ...
The invention of the laser can rightfully be considered one of the most significant discoveries of the 20th century. At the very beginning of the development of this technology, they already predicted a completely universal applicability, from the very beginning the prospect of solving various problems was visible, even though some tasks were not even visible on the horizon at that time. Monochromatic laser radiation can be obtained in principle at any wavelength, both in the form of a continuous wave with a certain frequency and in the form of short pulses lasting up to fractions of a femtosecond. Focusing on the studied sample, the laser beam is subjected to nonlinear optical effects, which allows researchers to perform spectroscopy by changing the frequency of light, as well as to perform coherent analysis of processes by controlling the polarization of the laser beam. Lasers were initially limited more to scientific research and military applications. The report examines the use of laser targeting. Today there are several areas in which the introduction of laser technology in the military industry follows: air, ground and underground location, communications, navigation systems, rifles, missile defense systems. In the report let’s present some of the applications of lasers, as well as protection of them
... Nevertheless, by reviewing the practical applications of lasers on military equipment of the past, as well as test data of various prototypes of laser weapons, it is possible to acquire a general picture of the main efforts on the technological development of laser weaponry (Lazov, Teirumnieks, & Ghalot, 2021;Ji, Zong, & Yang, 2020). Such an analysis can provide us an opportunity to find and understand various principles of interaction between scientific progress and its integration into military affairs (Jianli et al., 2022;Zhihe, Jianqiu, & Jinbao, 2021;Kombarov, Sorokin, Tsegelnyk, Plankovskyy, Aksonov, & Fojtů, 2021;Strelko, Pylypchuk, Berdnychenko, Hurinchuk, Korobchenko, & Martyian, 2019;Babyak, Neduzha, & Keršys, 2020;Tao, & Feng, 2020;Romanova et al., 2021;Bernatskyi & Khaskin, 2021). ...
The aim of this research is to study the development as well as the known cases of military applications of laser technologies – from the first lasers employed in auxiliary systems to modern complex independent laser systems. For better understanding and systematization of knowledge about development of historical applications in the military field, an analysis of publicly known knowledge about their historical applications in the leading world countries was conducted. The study focuses on development that was carried out by the superpowers of the Cold War and the present era, namely the United States, the Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China, and were built in metal. Multiple avenues of various applications of laser technology in military applications were studied, namely: military laser rangefinders; ground and aviation target designators; precision ammunition guidance systems; non-lethal anti-personnel systems; systems, designed to disable optoelectronics of military vehicles; as well as strategic and tactical anti-air and missile defense systems. To summarize and compare the results, an analysis of a number of previous works was considered, which considered the historical development, prospects and problems of the laser weaponry development. The issues of ethical use of laser weapons and the risks of their use in armed conflicts, which led to an international consensus in the form of conventions of the United Nations and the International Committee of the Red Cross, were also considered. As a result of the analysis, a systematic approach to the classification of applications of laser technology in military products by three main areas of development was proposed: ancillary applications, non-lethal direct action on the human body and optical devices of military equipment, and anti-aircraft and anti-missile defensive systems. Due to the constant comprehensive modernization of laser technology systems in use, it was decided not to use the periodic classification model, but to indicate important and key events that indicated the main directions of further developmental work. However, it is important to note that the main focus of historical development of laser weapons depended not only on the technological limitations of the time, but also on the military-geopolitical situation in the world.
