FIGURE 1 - uploaded by Axel Schönhofer
Content may be subject to copyright.
Cladogram summarising the classification and systematics of the Dyspnoi to genus level, incorporating hypotheses of this study, Giribet et al. 2010, Richart and Hedin in press, Shear 1986 and Schönhofer and Martens 2010a, 2012. The tree is a compilation and not based on a phylogenetic reconstruction. All genera are listed on the right, with corresponding species numbers in parentheses; family level lineages are indicated by bold branches.
Source publication
An update of the systematics and determination key of the Opiliones suborder Dyspnoi is provided. The included catalogue
represents the first comprehensive species and synonymy listing since Roewer (1923). It summarises all taxonomic
changes to date and attempts to be a sound basis against the exponential growing number of online errors, for which...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... diagnoses of all new or emended family level taxa in the Ischyropsalidoidea are given in the taxonomic section, followed by listing the genera and species included. A systematic overview, featuring a summary of all phylogenetic results and hypotheses presently available for the Dyspnoi, is given in Fig. ...
Context 2
... Sabacon Simon, 1879a (35 species, 4 Spain, Prieto (2008) stated that Gruber had corrected the endings. Additional mandatory changes made for the first time according to Gruber are indicated by "new ending". ...
Context 3
... (2010: 353) SCHÖNHOFER 32 · Zootaxa 3679 (1) © 2013 Magnolia Press had no females to compare pamiricum with Starengovia which both occur in geographic proximity in an area with no other known members of the family. stussineri (Simon, 1885a); loc. typ.: Greece, Ossa Mountains, Kokkino Vracho Cave. ...
Similar publications
Wollen wir eine Tiergruppe nicht nur klassifizieren, sondern ihre Teilgruppen korrekt in ihren phylogenetischen Beziehungen erkennen, so sind an die verwendeten Merkmale bestimmte Anforderungen zu stellen. Sie müssen uns erlauben, monophyletische Einheiten nachzuweisen, die allein wir dem System zugrunde legen dürfen. Geht es um die basalen Verzwei...
The harvestmen Dicranopalpus ramosus (Simon, 1909) (Arachnida: Opiliones) is reported from Poland for the first time. It was found in the Dąbrówka near Poznań (Wielkopolska Lowland), more than 400 km East of the nearest known localities of this species in Germany.
Se han estudiado 1099 arañas procedentes de la zona culminal (roquedales del Montcau) del Parc Natural de Sant Llo-renç del Munt i l´Obac. La mayor parte de las arañas se obtuvieron mediante trampas de caída diseñadas al efecto, y se recogieron con una periodicidad aproximadamente quincenal entre los meses de mayo a octubre de 2010 y 2011, exceptua...
Citations
... El género Ischyropsalis C.L.Koch, 1836, único representante europeo de la familia Ischyropsalididae, alberga dos docenas de especies, la mayoría siendo endemismos de muy escasa extensión geográfica (Martens 1969(Martens , 1978Schönhofer 2013). Se distribuyen por las regiones montañosas del sur de Europa, desde los Cárpatos hasta el noroeste de la península Ibérica (Schönhofer et al. 2015); casi todas las especies parecen capaces de mantener poblaciones en cavidades cársticas, y muchas especies son estrictamente troglobias. ...
First observations of predation by troglobitic Ischyropsalis (Opiliones: Ischyropsalididae) on oligochaetes.
The first observations of predation on lumbricids by two troglobitic species of the genus Ischyropsalis C.L.Koch, 1839, I. magdalenae Simon, 1881 and I. sp. aff. dispar Simon, 1872, respectively from two caves in Bizkaia (Cueva de Pedro González in Galdames and Cueva de Armiñeta in Zeberio). And from Cueva del Sumidero (Puente Viesgo, Cantabria) another observation of the troglophilic species Ischyropsalis nodifera Simon, 1879 feeding on a lumbricid is reported.
... The genus Calathocratus, erected for Trogulus africanus Lucas, 1846 from Algiers (Algeria) and later cited from Sicily (Marcellino 1965) and Tunisia (Roewer 1950 as Trogulocratus tunetanus Roewer, 1950), presently includes further eight species (Table I, Figure 1): C. sinuosus (Sørensen, 1873) from the surroundings of Rome (Italy) and the whole Italian Peninsula (Schönhofer & Martens 2010); C. singularis (Roewer, 1940) from Crete Island (Greece) and reported, as Platybessobius cf. singularis, from Greece and Anatolia by Schönhofer & Martens (2010); C. intermedius (Roewer, 1940), also from Crete Island although Schönhofer (2013) states that its type locality is "likely erroneous" because it was never collected again on Crete; C. rhodiensis (Gruber, 1963) from the island of Rhodes, C. caucasicus (Šilhavý, 1966) from the Russian Southwest Caucasus, and C. beieri Gruber, 1968 from Southeast Anatolia (Gruber 1963(Gruber , 1968Šilhavý 1966); C. hirsutus Snegovaya, 2011 andC. minutus Snegovaya, 2011, both from Krasnodar Krai in the Russian Caucasus (Snegovaya & Chumachenko 2011). ...
The genus Calathocratus is reliably recorded from the Iberian Peninsula, encompassing two new species described herein. Both species are small, have a similar overall morphology, like a dorsal median area devoid of papillae, but they are very different in penial morphology. Calathocratus zaragozai sp. nov. from the Valencian-Alicante mountains in Spain has a unique subapical stylus and a glans with large setae, while Calathocratus algarvensis sp. nov. from the Algarve region in Portugal, has a stout apical stylus and a glans with short, robust setae. Descriptions are complemented with the first record of teratological anophthalmia in Tro-gulidae and several observations of citizen science. A discussion on related species is included.
... Its origin is unknown and no current faunal list includes this species. See Schönhofer (2013 Martens, 1965 Comment. This species was described from Karpathos Island, Greece (Martens 1965). ...
Specimens of the genus Phalangium Linnaeus, 1758 (Phalangiidae Latreille, 1802) are reported from northern Iraq and wereidentified as Phalangium punctipes (L. Koch, 1878). These represent the first record of both, genus and species, for the Iraqi Opiliones fau-na. The characteristic features of the species and illustrations of their habitat are presented. This record increases the number of knownOpiliones in Iraq to six species, which is a very low number compared to the Opiliones checklists from two nearby countries, namely Iranwith 28 species and Türkiye with 89 species and five subspecies. Nineteen species and two subspecies records from the Türkiye checklistare considered misidentifications and therefore omitted in our revised checklist.
... Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833 is a family within the harvestman suborder Dyspnoi Hansen & Sørensen, 1904, and involves the genera Anarthrotarsus Šilhavý, 1967, Anelasmocephalus Simon, 1879, Calathocratus Simon, 1879, Kofiniotis Roewer, 1940and Trogulus Latreille, 1802 (Martens 1978;Schönhofer 2009Schönhofer , 2013. All trogulids are litter-and soil-dwelling and display a conserved morphology adapted to the habitat and, consequently, are prone to a large degree of cryptic diversity (Schönhofer 2009(Schönhofer , 2013. ...
... Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833 is a family within the harvestman suborder Dyspnoi Hansen & Sørensen, 1904, and involves the genera Anarthrotarsus Šilhavý, 1967, Anelasmocephalus Simon, 1879, Calathocratus Simon, 1879, Kofiniotis Roewer, 1940and Trogulus Latreille, 1802 (Martens 1978;Schönhofer 2009Schönhofer , 2013. All trogulids are litter-and soil-dwelling and display a conserved morphology adapted to the habitat and, consequently, are prone to a large degree of cryptic diversity (Schönhofer 2009(Schönhofer , 2013. Additionally, and in Trogulus in particular, several external shapes and structures are hard to research. ...
... Acarus Nepeformis Scopoli, 1763 was placed in the correct arachnid order, Opiliones, by Latreille (1802) who in accordance with the present edition of the Code Art. 24.2.3 (ICZN 1999) acted as the First Reviser and renamed it as Trogulus nepaeformis (Scopoli, 1763) (Schönhofer 2013). Trogulus nepaeformis s. s. is very similar to an until now unresolved number of additional species belonging to the nepaeformis species-group sensu Schönhofer (2008) and Schönhofer & Martens (2010), which have constantly been cited under this name. ...
In terms of taxonomy and systematics the harvestman genus Trogulus Latreille, 1802 is one of the most complex arachnid taxa in Europe. Although many problems have been resolved and a number of new species were described since 2008, so far, the diversity within several species subgroups within the genus has not been satisfactorily disentangled. One such understudied subgroup is the nepaeformis species-group of medium-sized troguli, partly because we are still missing a thorough reconsideration of the first described species. Trogulus nepaeformis Scopoli, 1763 is at the same time the first harvestman species described from the territory of Slovenia. Here we provide the redescription of Scopoli’s species to set a firm base for revising the whole nepaeformis species-group.
... Algunos de los numerosos cambios producidos desde entonces se reflejan en catálogos más recientes, pero en su mayoría se encuentran dispersos en la literatura. Se han publicado diversos catálogos y checklists acotados a determinados grupos, por ejemplo, Phalangioidea (Crawford, 1992), Cyphophthalmi (Giribet, 2020), Laniatores del Nuevo Mundo (Kury, 2003), Dyspnoi (Schönhofer, 2013), Travunioidea y Triaenonychoidea , y Samooidea, Zalmoxoidea y "Grassatores incertae sedis" . Un catálogo de los tipos de las especies de Pachylinae descriptas por Roewer fue publicado por Acosta (1996b). ...
An updated overview of the Argentinean harvestman fauna, comprising 101 species (99 named and two under study), reunited in three suborders and 11 families, is provided. The richest family, Gonyleptidae, is represented by eight subfamilies, whose record in Argentina is partially the result of systematic advances of the last decade. A commented checklist of the Argentinean species, as well as an updated regional identification key up to family level are given (the latter was a missing resource in the literature for the last 60 years). The new synonymy Parapachyloides
uncinatus = Apophysigerus fontanensis is proposed. Some basic biological features of the group are presented, which differs from other arachnids in their onmivorous habits, the scent glands, the direct spermatic transfer, and in some cases, the parental care of eggs. Harvestmen show clear preferences for humid habitats, what in Argentina is reflected by the higher richness in the Paraná forests, the Yungas and the Andean-Patagonian forests. Advances on the study of the bioclimatic preferences by means of the Species Distribution Modeling, as well as on paleobiogeographic research, in which distributional hypotheses were tested by combining paleodistribution models and phylogeographic analyses, are summarized. Comments on the conservation status of vulnerable species (troglobites and high-altitude relicts) are also addressed.
... The family Trogulidae has a paleo-Mediterranean distribution and occurs all over this region from northern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula eastwards to the Near East, i.e. to the Caucasus countries (Šilhavý, 1966;Staręga, 1966) and Turkey (Gruber, 1968;Schönhofer et al., 2013), and northwards to the Alps and central Europe (Martens, 1978). Eastwards the species' diversity fades out in the Iranian Alborz Mts (Snegovaya et al., 2021), Kyrgystan (Tchemeris, 2013) and Tajikistan (specimens in CJM) where only isolated species from widely separated localities are present. ...
... Eastwards the species' diversity fades out in the Iranian Alborz Mts (Snegovaya et al., 2021), Kyrgystan (Tchemeris, 2013) and Tajikistan (specimens in CJM) where only isolated species from widely separated localities are present. To date the family comprises fi ve genera and 56 species (Schönhofer, 2013). Three genera include the majority of species, especially Trogulus Latreille, 1802 (32 species), Anelasmocephalus Simon, 1879 (13 spp.) and Calathocratus Simon, 1879 (9 spp.). ...
Anarthrotarsus trichasi sp. nov., a second species of the genus Anarthrotarsus Šilhavý, 1967 is described based on fresh material from the northeastern part of the island of Crete, Greece. The male holotype of the type species of the genus Anarthrotarsus was discovered on the island of Corfu, Ionian Islands, Greece, but no other conspecific specimens were found there ever since. This also holds true for the population from Crete, from where a female paratype was collected. Genital morphology of male specimens from both populations markedly differs, and that of the holotype from Corfu is even unique among Trogulidae. Though the tarsal formula (1-1-1-1 in the four walking legs) is identical in both populations, penis morphology, the main generic character of Anarthrotarsus, clearly separates them. A close relationship of A. trichasi sp. nov. with species of the genus Calathocratus Simon, 1879 is supposed but awaits molecular genetic affirmation.
... Numbering 22 species, all geographically limited to Europe, Ischyropsalis species are characterized by a high level of endemism. They are often restricted to a single mountain chain (Schönhofer 2013;Schönhofer et al. 2015). They frequently show frigophilic and hygrophilic habits, having marked preferences for microhabitats with low temperature and constantly high humidity (Martens 1969;Schönhofer et al. 2015). ...
We explore the population of the troglophilic harvestman Ischyropsalis ravasinii inhabiting the Buso del Valon ice cave located in the Italian Prealps. Spatial and temporal distributions of the specimens are investigated in relation to the variation of environmental abiotic conditions in the cave, such as the seasonal temperature and substrate surface typology. Our results show that I. ravasinii is distributed unevenly in the cave, most of individuals being present in the scree-covered section of the cave with superficial activities limited to the warm seasons only. In addition, our data suggests that the presence of a thick layer of rocky debris, together with high humidity and cold temperatures, are important limiting factors for the species. Seven additional species of harvestman are recorded in the cave, including the congeneric troglophilic species Ischyropsalis strandi. This is the first known record of these two troglophilic Ischyropsalis species coexisting within the same cave. An updated map of the distribution of I. ravasinii and I. strandi in the Italian Prealps is provided.
... More recent data on harvestmen of Primorsky Krai are available from the works of A.N. Chemeris Chemeris, 2000], where several species are redescribed and Mitopus morio (Fabricius, 1779) and Psathyropus tenuipes Koch, 1878 are added to the regional check-list. The record of Nipponopsalis coreana Suzuki, 1966 in Primorsky Krai (high number of specimens was collected in the vicinity of Vladivostok) is erroneous and should be referred to T. birsteini [Schönhofer, 2013]. ...
An annotated list of 8 Opiliones species within 3 families, Caddidae (1 sp.), Sclerosomatidae (3 spp.) and Phalangiidae (4 spp.), recorded from the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve, the Far East Marine Reserve and Russky Island of the Russian Far East is presented. 7 Opiliones species are recorded for the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve, 5 species for the Far Eastern Marine Reserve, and one species, Oligolophus tienmushanensis Wang, 1941 (Phalangiidae), is recorded for Russky Island. All species are distributed in the Far East, except Caddo agilis Banks, 1892, also known from North-East America and Japan. A rare and locally distributed species, Homolophus albofasciatus (Kulczyński, 1901), is briefly described and illustrated.
... Remarks. The extinct genus Parahistricostoma is morphologically closest to the recent genus Histricostoma Kratochvíl, which can be found today from the Alps through to the Balkans, Turkey and the Caucasus, and includes eight species (Kratochvíl 1958;Staręga 1976b;Martens 1978Martens , 2006Snegovaya & Marusik 2012;Schönhofer 2013;Iorio & Delfoss 2015). The traditional assignment of Koch and Berendt's (1854) amber species Nemastoma tuberculatum to the genus Histricostoma was initially based on the presence of false articulations on the leg femora (see Staręga, 2002: 602), and later largely based on its dorsal ornament (Dunlop 2006;Dunlop & Mitov 2009). ...
Six species of harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) are documented from the Eocene Rovno amber in Ukraine. From the suborder Eupnoi we record Caddo dentipalpus (C. L. Koch & Berendt, 1854) (Caddidae), Amilenus deltshevi Dunlop & Mitov, 2009 (Phalangiidae) and Dicranopalpus ramiger (C. L. Koch & Berendt, 1854) (family incertae sedis). To these we add a new phalangiid, Metaphalangium martensi sp. n., which is the oldest representative of the Recent genus Metaphalangium Roewer, 1911 and new genus for the amber fauna. From Dyspnoi we record Sabacon claviger (Menge, 1854) (Sabaconidae) and propose Parahistricostoma gen. n. (Nemastomatidae), to accommodate Nemastoma tuberculatum C. L. Koch & Berendt, 1854, yielding Parahistricostoma tuberculatum (C. L. Koch & Berendt, 1854) comb. n. The Rovno harvestman fauna is briefly compared to both Baltic and Bitterfeld amber. The fossil species, C. dentipalpus, A. deltshevi, D. ramiger and P. tuberculatum occur in all three ambers, and S. claviger is found in Baltic and Rovno amber. The only genus and species unique to Rovno amber is thus our new taxon M. martensi. The composition of the Rovno opilionid fauna is discussed in the context of late Eocene palaeoenvironment and ecological preferences and the fossils are compared to the distribution of extant harvestman taxa. The oribatid mite Platyliodes ensigerus Sellnick, 1919 (Acari: Neoliodidae) is reported from Rovno amber for the first time.
... Among the rich opilionid fauna of the Caucasus region, the subfamily Nemastomatinae of family Nemastomatidae plays an important role. From that area, representatives of nine genera (out of a total of 18) are presently accepted (Schönhofer 2013) and 25 species have been described (Martens 2006;Snegovaya & Chumachenko 2011;Martens 2016). The fauna is relatively well known though certainly not fully determined. ...
... This opilionid family of predominantly small species shows a holarctic distribution. The nominate subfamily, Nemastomatinae Simon, 1879 has its strongholds in the West Palearctic with a distributional focus in central and southern Europe, Turkey and the Caucasus (Schönhofer 2013); a few recently discovered outliers extend the area to Central Asia and western China (Snegovaya 2010;Martens 2016Martens , 2017Zhang & Martens 2018). The subfamily comprises about 120 species (Schönhofer 2013;Martens 2016). ...
... The nominate subfamily, Nemastomatinae Simon, 1879 has its strongholds in the West Palearctic with a distributional focus in central and southern Europe, Turkey and the Caucasus (Schönhofer 2013); a few recently discovered outliers extend the area to Central Asia and western China (Snegovaya 2010;Martens 2016Martens , 2017Zhang & Martens 2018). The subfamily comprises about 120 species (Schönhofer 2013;Martens 2016). The second subfamily, Ortholasmatinae Shear & Gruber, 1983(Shear & Gruber 1983Shear 2006Shear , 2010 is distributed in East Asia including Japan (Martens 2019;Schwendinger & Gruber 1992), and the west coast of North America. ...
Two highly specialized endemic troglobiotic harvestman species of the genus Nemaspela Šilhavý, 1966 are described. N. melouri sp. nov. from Melouri Cave and N. prometheus sp. nov. from Prometheus Cave (Sataplia-Tskaltubo karst massif, Imereti region, western Georgia), respectively. Despite the fact that the entrances of the caves are positioned only 2.5 km apart, the new taxa differ from each other distinctly by presence vs. absence of male cheliceral apophysis, which is lacking in the second species. A key to the Caucasian species of the genus is provided. Relationships of Nemaspela species within the genus and with hypothetical epigean ancestors are discussed.
