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Weeds, as one of the biggest challenges in the nursery industry, have been controlled by various methods, such as chemical and non-chemical practices. Although these practices have been widely established and tested to control weeds, there is no systematic or meta-analysis review to provide quantitative weed control efficacy information of these pr...
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... Over time, weeding technology has gradually developed from manual hand weeding to chemical methods using herbicides. Although many growers realize the benefits of integrating a diversity of weed management approaches [3,4], the use of preemergence herbicides is the predominate method of weed management in container nurseries, primarily due to a lack of postemergence options and crop safety concerns, paired with the high labor costs associated with hand weeding [2,[5][6][7][8]. ...
The use of preemergence herbicides is the primary method of controlling weeds in container-grown ornamental plants, but it may cause injury to common popular ornamentals. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of overhead irrigation to reduce phytotoxicity in ornamental plants. Dimethenamid-P and flumioxazin were applied at standard label rates to container-grown coneflower (Echinacea purpurea), lady fern (Anthyrium filix-femina), and blue plumbago (Plumbago auriculata). Plants were subjected to one of four irrigation regimes at the time of herbicide treatment, including receiving 1.3 cm of overhead irrigation before treatment, immediately after treatment, both immediately before and after treatment, and no irrigation until the next irrigation cycle resumed at 4 h after treatment. For all three species, irrigation timing had minimal effect on visual injury ratings following treatment with dimethenamid-P, as injury was minimal overall. Severe injury was observed following treatment with flumioxazin, but significant recovery was noted in both lady ferns and echinacea when irrigation was applied immediately after treatment. The results indicate that irrigating plants immediately after treatment could improve crop tolerance to preemergence herbicide applications and should be further investigated as an injury management strategy for container-grown ornamental plants.
... All investigated treatments reduced the fresh broadleaved weed biomass when compared to the control. Also, other investigations of the application of herbicides in forestry found that using chemical measures reduced the biomass of weeds [42,43]. Although the measured fresh weed biomass was larger in the plots with manual weeding, it was not significantly different when compared with the fresh weed biomasses obtained in the herbicide treatments. ...
In regenerated oak forests, weeds are present throughout the year, with the ones appearing in early spring representing a major problem. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine herbicides for early spring broadleaved weed control in regenerated oak forests while the seedlings are in a dormant stage. During 2019 and 2020, two experiments were set up in regenerated pedunculate oak forests with 2- and 3-year-old seedlings, and two herbicides were applied in two doses: fluroxypyr at doses of 360 g a.i. ha⁻¹ and 540 g a.i. ha⁻¹ and clopyralid at doses of 100 g a.i. ha⁻¹ and 120 g a.i. ha⁻¹. Fluroxypyr and clopyralid significantly reduced early spring broadleaved weeds in the regenerated pedunculate oak forests, but both doses of fluroxypyr provided greater control of the presented weeds than the applied doses of clopyralid. Manual weeding reduced broadleaved weeds in the experiments, but that method did not have a long-term effect on the reduction in weeds. The applied doses of the herbicides fluroxypyr and clopyralid did not cause phytotoxicity symptoms in the dormant oak seedlings. All investigated treatments significantly reduced fresh broadleaved weed biomass compared to the control. Fluroxypyr and clopyralid can be successfully used for the control of many early spring broadleaved weeds in regenerated pedunculate oak forests, but 2- and 3-year-old oak seedlings must be in the dormant stage.
... All investigated treatments reduced fresh broadleaved weed biomass when comparation to the control. Also, other investigations of the application of herbicides in forestry found that using chemical measures reduced the biomass of weeds [27,28]. Although the measured fresh weed biomass was larger in the plots with manual weeding, it was not significantly different when compared with fresh weed biomass obtained in herbicide treatments. ...
In regenerated oak forests, weeds are present throughout the year, the ones appearing in early spring representing a major problem. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine herbicides for early spring broadleaved weed control in the regenerated oak forests while the seedlings are in a dormant stage. During 2019 and 2020 two experiments were set up in regenerated pedunculate oak forests with 2-yar and 3-year-old seedlings and two herbicides were applied in two doses: fluroxypyr at dose 360 g a.i. ha-1 and 540 g a.i. ha-1 and clopyralid at dose 100 g a.i. ha-1 and 120 g a.i. ha-1. The results from the two-year investigations showed that fluroxypyr and clopyralid significantly reduced early spring broadleaved weeds in the regenerated pedunculate oak forests but both doses of fluroxypyr provided greater control of presented weeds than the applied doses of clopyralid. The manual weeding reduced broadleaved weeds in experiments, but that method did not have a long-term effect on the reduction of weeds. Applied doses of herbicides fluroxypyr and clopyralid did not cause phytotoxicity symptoms in dormant oak seedlings. All investigated treatments significantly reduced fresh broadleaved weed biomass compared to the control. Generally, it can be concluded that fluroxypyr and clopyralid can be successfully used for control of many early spring broadleaved weeds in the regenerated pedunculate oak forests, but oak seedlings must be in the dormant stage.
... Weeds pose one of the biggest challenges facing nursery industry globally, hence understanding their growth traits and period of flowering is vital for their effective control [1]. They significantly affect nursery tree values by adversely reducing their growth and salability, thus marketability [2,3]. Weedy plants have a considerable plasticity; adaptability, environmental resistance, periodic germination and large seed quantities [4]. ...
... Weedy plants have a considerable plasticity; adaptability, environmental resistance, periodic germination and large seed quantities [4]. Weedy plants in tree nurseries are usually different from those in forest plantations; they resemble those found in crop farms [2]. Weeds in forestry are mostly herbs, shrubs and trees which in nurseries, stands and deforested areas, adversely threatens the growth and establishment of cultivated tree species. ...
... Weeds in forestry are mostly herbs, shrubs and trees which in nurseries, stands and deforested areas, adversely threatens the growth and establishment of cultivated tree species. As a control method, various ways have been considered; chemical control [3], non-chemical control practices or even the combined [2]. The efficacy of weed control differs greatly depending on the weed species as well as the control criteria. ...
Weeding for young tree seedlings is critical for their growth. Weeds offer stiff competition for water, nutrients, light and space with the companion crops. Most tree nurseries do not have a formal weeding interval, hence the need for the current research. A nursery experiment was set up to investigate the best weeding interval for Grevillea robusta seedlings for a period of 8 months in Njoro, Kenya. The experiment was laid down in a RCBD with 4 treatments replicated 3 times. The treatments were as follows: Continuous weeding, 1-month weeding interval, 2-months weeding interval and non-weeding. Data was analyzed using ANOVA while LSD was applied to separate the significantly different treatments at P<.05. Results showed that survival for non-weeding (83.33%) was significantly lower (P =.04) compared with 1-month and 2-months weeding interval (100.00 and 96.67%) respectively. Continuous weeding and 1-month weeding interval showed significantly higher height (23.00 and 25.27cm) respectively compared with 2-months weeding interval and non-weeding (17.67 and 13.83cm) respectively. On the other hand, 1-month weeding interval showed the highest root length (22.67cm) which was significantly different (P=.05) compared with non-weeding (15.67cm). Root biomass was significantly higher (P=.02) for 1-month weeding interval (4.67g) compared with non-weeding (2.50g). Grevillea robusta seedlings should be weeded at an interval of one month during the nursery period in order to attain favorable growth. Non-weeding compromises the seedling growth due to severe competition from weeds. Even though continuous weeding favors seedling growth, it is not economical due to high labor demand. Further research should be conducted using different soil mixtures and other species.
... This control over the substrate and fertilizer can be modified to control weeds. At present, cultural or nonchemical practices, such as mulching (Altland et al., 2016;Bartley et al., 2017;Marble et al., 2019;Richardson et al., 2008) and strategic fertilizer placement (Fain et al., 2003;Khamare et al., 2020;Saha et al., 2019) have garnered a renewed interest from researchers for developing weed management strategies that could be combined with herbicides to develop an integrated program (Yu and Marble, 2022). ...
Substrate stratification is a new research area in which multiple substrates, or the same substrate with differing physical properties, are layered within a container to accomplish a production goal, such as decreasing water use, nutrient leaching, or potentially reducing weed growth. Previous research using stratification with pine ( Pinus sp.) bark screened to ≤1/2 or 3/4 inch reduced the growth of bittercress ( Cardamine flexuosa ) by 80% to 97%, whereas liverwort ( Marchantia polymorpha ) coverage was reduced by 95% to 99%. The objective of this study was to evaluate substrate stratification with pine bark screened to remove all fine particles as the top strata of the substrate and determine its effect on common nursery weeds and ornamental plants. Stratified treatments consisted of pine bark screened to either 1/8 to 1/4 inch, 1/4 to 1/2 inch, or 3/8 to 3/4 inch, applied at depths of either 1 or 2 inches on top of a standard ≤1/2-inch pine bark substrate. An industry-standard treatment was also included in which the substrate was not stratified but consisted of only ≤1/2-inch pine bark throughout the container. A controlled-release fertilizer was incorporated at the bottom strata in all stratified treatments (no fertilizer in the top 1 or 2 inches of the container media), whereas the industry standard treatment had fertilizer incorporated throughout. Compared with the nonstratified industry standard, substrate stratification decreased spotted spurge ( Euphorbia maculata ) counts by 30% to 84% and bittercress counts by 57% to 94% after seeding containers. The shoot dry weight of spotted spurge was reduced by 14% to 55%, and bittercress shoot dry weight was reduced by 71% to 93% in stratified treatments. Liverwort coverage was reduced by nearly 100% in all the stratified substrate treatments. Compared with the industry standard substrate, stratified treatments reduced shoot dry weight of ligustrum ( Ligustrum japonicum ) by up to 20%, but no differences were observed in growth index, nor were any growth differences observed in blue plumbago ( Plumbago auriculata ).
... Bittercress (Cardamine sp.) are cool-season annual weeds but grow year-round in nursery and greenhouse production conditions (Crone and Taylor, 1996). It is one of the most common and difficult weed species in container nurseries because it reproduces rapidly, transports easily, and may harbor pests (Cross and Skroch, 1992;Gallitano and Skroch, 1993;Yu and Marble, 2022). For example, Pennsylvania bittercress (Cardamine pensylvanica) can forcibly dehisce seeds up to 5 m and produce up to 5000 seeds that germinate within 2 weeks (Altland et al., 2016;Bachman and Whitwell, 1994;Vaughn et al., 2011). ...
... However, the wide use of herbicides can create problems, such as herbicide-resistant weeds, environmental concerns, and economic losses (Briggs et al., 2002;Case and Mathers, 2006;Derr et al., 2020;Powles and Yu, 2010;Riley, 2003). Thus, nonchemical (mainly mulches) and integrated weed control method (herbicide 1 mulches) need to be further evaluated (Yu and Marble, 2022). In recent years, researchers have again been exploring using nonchemical or integrated weed control methods for weed control (Giaccone et al., 2018;Masilamany et al., 2017;Shen and Zheng, 2017;Somireddy, 2011;Witcher and Poudel, 2020). ...
Pennsylvania bittercress ( Cardamine pensylvanica ) and other bittercress ( Cardamine ) species are among the most common and difficult-to-control weed species in container nurseries, and they have been vouched in most counties in Florida. Preemergence herbicides can provide control, but concerns over potential resistance development, environmental issues, and crop injury problems associated with herbicide use create the need for alternative weed control methods to be explored. Previous studies have shown the potential of mulch materials for controlling weeds in nurseries, but their use along with preemergence herbicides has not been extensively investigated. To compare the effects of different mulch materials and herbicides on Pennsylvania bittercress control, a full factorial designed greenhouse study was conducted. Three mulch treatments including no mulch, pine ( Pinus sp.) bark, and rice ( Oryza sativa ) hulls were evaluated with three herbicide treatments, including water (i.e., no herbicide), isoxaben, and prodiamine applied at label rates. Twenty-five seeds of Pennsylvania bittercress were sown on the surface of each container and emergence (percent), coverage (square centimeters), seedhead number, and biomass (grams) were measured. The results showed that Pennsylvania bittercress in containers mulched with rice hulls had the lowest emergence throughout the experiment. For coverage, seedhead, and biomass parameters, Pennsylvania bittercress seeded in rice hulls treatments had significantly lower coverage, fewer seedheads, and lower biomass compared with those in nonmulched or pine bark treatments, regardless of herbicide treatment. With isoxaben and the water check, nonmulched treatments had the highest coverage/seedhead/biomass, whereas with prodiamine, Pennsylvania bittercress in pine bark mulched containers had the highest coverage/seedhead/biomass. In conclusion, applying rice hulls alone can provide better Pennsylvania bittercress control compared with isoxaben or prodiamine applied alone.
Hundreds of new woody ornamental plant cultivars are introduced into the nursery industry each year which have many desirable aesthetic traits. However, in recent years growers have reported a higher level of herbicide sensitivity with certain cultivars compared with older cultivars that have been in the trade for multiple years. The objective of this research was to determine the tolerance of 12 different cultivars of five ornamental species including four cultivars of Loropetalum chinense [‘Ruby’, ‘Shang-hi’ PP18331 (Purple Diamond®), ‘Irodori’ USPP 27713 (Jazz Hands®), and ‘PIILC-I’ (Crimson Fire™), and two cultivars of Gardenia jasminoides (‘Frostproof’ and ‘Buttons’), Lagerstroemia indica [‘JM7’ PP34092 (Thunderstruck™ Ruby) and ‘Tuscarora’], Rhododendron [‘Conlet’ PP12111 (Autumn Carnival Encore®) and ‘Fashion’], and Ligustrum sinense Sunshine (‘Sunshine’ PP20379 and ‘Variegatum’) to spray-applied applications of dimethenamid-P or isoxaben + prodiamine and granular applications of dimethenamid-P + pendimethalin and indaziflam. While little to no injury was observed in gardenia or crape myrtles, significant injury and differences among cultivars of the same species were observed in azalea, loropetalum, and ligustrum. Results indicate that all new cultivars should be evaluated for herbicide tolerance by growers prior to wide scale application as significant differences in both growth and injury ratings were observed between different cultivars of the same species.
Species used in this study: Ruby Loropetalum (Loropetalum chinense (R.Br.) Oliv. ‘Ruby’); Purple Diamond® loropetalum (Loropetalum chinense ‘Shang-hi’ PP18331); Jazz Hands loropetalum (Loropetalum chinense ‘Irodori’ USPP 27713); Crimson Fire™ loropetalum (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum ‘PIILC-I’); Frostproof gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis ‘Frostproof’); Buttons gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides ‘Buttons’); Thunderstruck™ Ruby crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia × ‘JM7’ PP34092); Tuscarora crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L. ‘Tuscarora’); Autumn Carnival Encore® azalea (Rhododendron ‘Conlet’ PP12111); Fashion azalea (Rhododendron × ‘Fashion’); Sunshine ligustrum (Ligustrum sinense Lour. ‘Sunshine’ PP20379); Variegated ligustrum (Ligustrum sinense ‘Variegatum’).
Chemicals used in this study: dimethenamid-P (Tower®), (S)-2-chloro-N-(2,4-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)-acetamide; dimethenamid-P+ pendimethalin (FreeHand®) (S)-2-chloro-N-[(1-methyl-2-methoxy)ethyl]-N-(2,4-dimethyl-thien-3-yl)-acetamide + N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenam; indaziflam (Marengo®G) N-[(1R,2S)-2,3-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1H-inden-1-yl]-6-[(1RS)-1 fluoroethyl]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine; prodiamine + isoxaben (Gemini® SC) 2,6-Dinitro-N1,N1-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene-1,3-diamine + 2,6-Dimethoxy-N-[3-(3-methylpentan-3-yl)-1,2-oxazol-5-yl]benzamide.
