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Cinnamomi Cortex (CC) is the dried bark of Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl. Modern pharmacological research shows that CC can be used to treat diabetes, breast cancer, leukemia and other diseases. It has been used for more than 2000 years in China, mainly distributed in Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan and Fujian. In this paper, the botany, ethnopharmaco...
Citations
... The drug components entering the bloodstream is a prerequisite for their effectiveness. Referring to previous studies, [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] this study identified a total of 14 blood-entering components of HJT through secondary mass spectra of each component (Figure 1 and Figure S2), and these compounds include boldine, hypaconitine, licorice saponin G2, neoline and talatisamine, etc ( Table 1). The results demonstrated that these 14 blood-entering components may be potential pharmacological active components of HJT therapy for CHD. ...
Objective
To identify the blood-entering components of HanJing Decoction (HJT) after administration based on UPLC-QE-MS/MS, and the key components, therapeutic targets and mechanisms of HJT therapeutic coronary heart disease (CHD) were analyzed using network pharmacology and molecular docking.
Method
The UPLC-QE-MS/MS was used to analyze the blood-entering components of HJT before and after administration. The targets of blood-entering components were predicted by SwissTargetPrediction. Targets related to CHD were collected using multiple databases. The GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were used to predict the mechanisms of HJT therapeutic CHD, and PPI and “Components-Targets-Pathways” network were used to identify and elucidate the core targets. The key blood-entering components aimed at the core target are screened by molecular docking and QSAR analysis.
Results
A total of 14 blood-entering components were detected in serum samples of rat after administration, and the 32 potential targets of HJT therapeutic CHD were screened out. The result of PPI network showed that the core targets of HJT for the treatment of CHD include MMP1, GSK3B, EGFR and PTGS2, and the 5 key components with high degree were screened out. The GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicate that HJT therapy for CHD is associated with the IL-17 and cGMP-PKG signaling pathways. The result of molecular docking indicate that the binding energy of coroglaucigenin to PTGS2 is the largest and it may be the key pharmacological component of HJT, and the QSAR analysis showed that Boldine and Coroglaucigenin had excellent activity in inhibiting PTGS2.
Conclusions
In this study, the blood-entering components of HJT were preliminarily identified, Combined network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses revealed that the PTGS2 may be a core target, and the IL-17 and cGMP-PKG signaling pathways may be the key pathways. Moreover, the coroglaucigenin and boldine may be the key pharmacological components of HJT.
... Terpenes are the main components of volatile oils contained in six spices and have the function of anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer. The α-pinene, 1,8-cineol [55,56] contained in GJ oils, α-myrcene, benzaldehyde in RG oils [57], and anethole, estragole, limonene, α-pinene [58,59] in XHX oils showed excellent anti-inflammatory effects. Among them, α-pinene, α-myrcene, limonene, and sabinene are the common volatile compounds of six spices, which may be the active components of anti-inflammatory and anti-diarrhea. ...
The volatile organic compounds of six spices, including black pepper, dried ginger, cinnamon, fennel, clove, and zanthoxylum, were analyzed by gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and Euclidean distance. In further analyses, the effects of volatile oils in six spices on ulcerative colitis were assayed in a zebrafish model induced by 3-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid. A total of 120 kinds of volatile organic compounds were detected and 80 among them were identified, which included 10 common components and 3 to 24 characteristic components belonging to different spices. The major VOCs in six spices were estimated to be terpenes with the contents of 45.02%, 56.87%, 36.68%, 58.19%, 68.68%, and 30.62%, respectively. Meanwhile, the volatile components of fennel, dried ginger, black pepper, and cinnamon are quite similar, but differ from clove and zanthoxylum. The volatile oils in six spices presented efficient activity to improve ulcerative colitis which can decrease the number of neutrophils, restore the structure of intestinal epithelial and the morphology of the epithelial cells. Our study achieved rapid analysis of the volatile organic compounds and flavors in six spices and further revealed the potential health benefits of their volatile oils on ulcerative colitis, especially for clove and zanthoxylum. This study is expected to provide certain data support for the quality evaluation and the potential use in functional foods of six spices.
... Cinnamaldehyde (CMD) (C 6 H 5 CH = CHCHO) ( Figure 1) is an aldehydic component extracted from the bark of Cinnamomum verum J. Presl. C. cortex is a well-known Chinese herb that is reported to have immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and neurotrophic activities (Liu et al., 2021). Moreover, this herb has been employed to treat osteoporosis in people in China for years (Gao et al., 2013). ...
Background: Cinnamaldehyde (CMD) is a major functional component of Cinnamomum verum and has shown treatment effects against diverse bone diseases. This study aimed to assess the anti-diabetic osteoporosis (DOP) potential of diabetes mellitus (DM) and to explore the underlying mechanism driving the activity of CMD.
Methods: A DOP model was induced via an intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (STZ) into Sprague–Dawley rats, and then two different doses of CMD were administered to the rats. The effects of CMD on the strength, remodeling activity, and histological structure of the bones were assessed. Changes in the netrin-1 related pathways also were detected to elucidate the mechanism of the anti-DOP activity by CMD.
Results: CMD had no significant effect on the body weight or blood glucose level of the model rats. However, the data showed that CMD improved the bone strength and bone remodeling activity as well as attenuating the bone structure destruction in the DOP rats in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of netrin-1, DCC, UNC5B, RANKL, and OPG was suppressed, while the expression of TGF-β1, cathepsin K, TRAP, and RANK was induced by the STZ injection. CMD administration restored the expression of all of these indicators at both the mRNA and protein levels, indicating that the osteoclast activity was inhibited by CMD.
Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that CMD effectively attenuated bone impairments associated with DM in a STZ-induced DOP rat model, and the anti-DOP effects of CMD were associated with the modulation of netrin-1/DCC/UNC5B signal transduction.
... Cinnamomi cortex contained lots of kinds of compounds. Expect for volatile oil, like cinnamaldehyde, the nonvolatile components of Cinnamomi cortex have been identified contained flavonoids and their polyphenolic compounds [11]. Cinnamomi cortex has anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritis [17], anti-oxidant, and anti-tumor [11], and immunomodulatory effects [9]. ...
... Expect for volatile oil, like cinnamaldehyde, the nonvolatile components of Cinnamomi cortex have been identified contained flavonoids and their polyphenolic compounds [11]. Cinnamomi cortex has anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritis [17], anti-oxidant, and anti-tumor [11], and immunomodulatory effects [9]. However, the effect of Cinnamomi cortex on GA has been rarely reported. ...
... The main fraction of CE including polyphenols and flavonoids were found in a previous report [1,11] and PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc) databases, and the molecular structure of the components was confirmed in PubChem ...
Cinnamomi cortex was applied to mitigate joint injury since ancient China. However, the effect of Cinnamomi cortex on gouty arthritis (GA) was rarely reported. This study aimed to explore the effect of Cinnamomi cortex on monosodium urate (MSU)-induced acute GA (AGA) in rats, and clarify the underlying mechanism. The results showed that Cinnamomi cortex extract (CE) containing rich polyphenols and flavonoids alleviated joint swelling and inflammation by reducing programmed cell death in MSU-induced AGA rats. Network pharmacology analysis showed that CE’s predictive inflammatory pathways included nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and necroptosis pathways. CE reduced expression of pyroptosis-related regulators including Gasdermin D and Caspase 1 via regulating NF-κB/NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 signaling pathway in AGA rats. In conclusion, this study provided a theoretical basis for Cinnamomi cortex applied as a new veterinary medicine to protect against GA.
... Cinnamon bark has multiple constituents, including essential oils, polyphenols, diterpenes, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and other compounds. The pharmacological range of cinnamon bark includes antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumor properties; it also has therapeutic effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, mediates neuroprotection, and more [43]. ...
Background
The source of ninjin'yoeito (NYT) is considered the ‘Formulary of Bureau of Taiping People's Welfare Pharmacy’, written around 1241–52 AD. NYT is used to treat patients with chronic fatigue, malaise with qi deficiency, and exhaustion of all five parenchymatous viscera with difficulty in recovering.
Key Findings
NYT formula consists of 12 crude drugs. NYT extract for medical use is covered by the National Health Insurance system of Japan for convalescence after recovery from diseases, fatigue and malaise, anorexia, perspiration during sleep, cold limbs, and anemia. Studies have shown clinical effects of NYT: treatment of anemia, cancer treatment support, frailty, cognitive dysfunction, apathy, fatigue/malaise, anorexia, and lung diseases. Preclinical studies support clinical studies; activating ghrelin‐neuropeptide Y pathway‐mediated appetite‐enhancing effects, inhibiting muscle volume loss through the Akt/mTOR pathway‐mediated hyperphosphorylation of 4E‐BP1 and FoxO1‐mediated Atrogin‐1, suppressing the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis by downregulating the sympathetic‐adrenal‐medullary axis and GABA neurons for improving sociability, promoting recovery from skeletal muscle atrophy through the activation of PGC‐1α, hematopoiesis‐promoting effects, and increasing the number of immune cells in immunocompromised models. The incidence of adverse events of NYT was reported as 3.09 or 2.03%. The most significant adverse effects of NYT are gastrointestinal disorders.
Conclusion
Recently, NYT has been widely used to treat several symptoms and conditions under the National Health Insurance System of Japan. Clinical studies showed the efficacy of NYT to treat anemia, frailty, cognitive dysfunction, anorexia, apathy, and fatigue/malaise, as well as for long‐term cancer treatment support. The pharmacological mechanisms supporting its effects are also being reported.
... Cinnamic acid is one of the key components found in C. cassia bark which promote human health and as an origin of phenylpropanoic acids derived from foods [5,6]. Moreover, C. cassia exhibits a broad range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-tumour, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antityrosinase and neuroprotective as mentioned in previous studies [7,8]. ...
... Many herbal drugs or herbal drug preparations that are used in everyday life manifest antioxidant activity ( Table I). Some of them exert high antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity (ginger rhizome, Zingiberis rhizome; cinnamon bark, Cinnamomi cortex; grape seed extract or French maritime pine bark extract) (40)(41)(42). ...
Oxidative stress can induce the development of many different disorders. Plant secondary metabolites may act as antioxidants by neutralisation of free radicals and by stimulation of endogenous antioxidant mechanisms. One of the important secondary plant metabolites with antioxidant activity are polyphenols. They can exert activity through different mechanisms depending on their structure. Polyphenols are widely present in herbal drugs, and some of the commonly used ones are aronia berry (Aroniae fructus) and bilberry fruit (Myrtilli fructus), both rich in anthocyanins and tannins and with high antioxidant activity. The main compounds in turmeric rhizome (Curcumae rhizome) are curcuminoides that manifest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, tea leaf (Camelliae sinensis folium) and coffee bean (Coffeae semen), highly present in everyday life, significantly contribute to the daily intake of antioxidants and provide necessary protection of the organism from the consequences of oxidative stress.
Oral cancer is a disease with high mortality and rising incidence worldwide. Although fragmentary literature on the anti‐oral cancer effects of plant products has been published, a comprehensive analysis is lacking. In this work, a critical and comprehensive evaluation of oral cancer preventative or therapeutic effects of dietary plants was conducted. An exhaustive analysis of available data supports that numerous dietary plants exert anticancer effects, including suppression of cell proliferation, viability, autophagy, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis while promoting cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Plant extracts and products target several cellular mechanisms, such as the reversal of epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition and the promotion of oxidative stress and mitochondrial membrane dysfunction by modulation of various signaling pathways. These agents were also found to regulate cellular growth signaling pathways by action on extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and mitogen‐activated protein kinase, inflammation via modulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)‐1, COX‐2, and nuclear factor‐κB p65, and metastasis through influence of cadherins and matrix metalloproteinases. In vivo studies support these findings and demonstrate a decrease in tumor burden, incidence, and hyperplastic and dysplastic changes. Clinical studies also showed decreased oral cancer risk. However, high‐quality studies should be conducted to establish the clinical efficacy of these plants. Overall, our study supports the use of dietary plants, especially garlic, green tea, longan, peppermint, purple carrot, saffron, tomato, and turmeric, for oral cancer prevention and intervention. However, further research is required before clinical application of this strategy.
