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Chromosomal aberrations examined in mitotic phases of Allium cepa L. root tip cells. Micronucleus (a), irregular prophase (b), uncoiling chromosome (c), sticky chromosome (d), irregular anaphase (e), bridge in anaphase (f), fault polarization in anaphase (g), vagrant chromosome in anaphase (h), lagging chromosome in anaphase (i), alignment anaphase (j), fault polarization in telophase (k), vagrant chromosome in telophase (l). Scale bar =10 µm.
Source publication
In this work, the effects of potassium nitrate (KNO3) on the seed germination, seedling growth (radicle length, radicle number and fresh weight), mitotic activity and chromosomal aberrations of Allium cepa L. germinated under both normal conditions and salt stress were studied. The final germination percentages, radicle lengths, radical numbers and...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... aberrations observed in all applications were micronu- cleus, irregular prophase, uncoiling chromosome, sticky chromosome, irregular anaphase, bridge in anaphase, fault polarization in anaphase, vagrant chromosome in anaphase, lagging chromosome in anaphase, alignment anaphase, fault polarization in telophase, and vagrant chromosome in telophase (Fig. 3a-l). The majority of chromosomal abnormalities in root tip cells treated with KNO 3 or salt were determined as disorderly prophase (Fig. 3b), uncoiling chromosome ( Fig. 3c) and bridge in anaphase (Fig. ...
Context 2
... bridge in anaphase, fault polarization in anaphase, vagrant chromosome in anaphase, lagging chromosome in anaphase, alignment anaphase, fault polarization in telophase, and vagrant chromosome in telophase (Fig. 3a-l). The majority of chromosomal abnormalities in root tip cells treated with KNO 3 or salt were determined as disorderly prophase (Fig. 3b), uncoiling chromosome ( Fig. 3c) and bridge in anaphase (Fig. ...
Context 3
... in anaphase, vagrant chromosome in anaphase, lagging chromosome in anaphase, alignment anaphase, fault polarization in telophase, and vagrant chromosome in telophase (Fig. 3a-l). The majority of chromosomal abnormalities in root tip cells treated with KNO 3 or salt were determined as disorderly prophase (Fig. 3b), uncoiling chromosome ( Fig. 3c) and bridge in anaphase (Fig. ...
Context 4
... in anaphase, lagging chromosome in anaphase, alignment anaphase, fault polarization in telophase, and vagrant chromosome in telophase (Fig. 3a-l). The majority of chromosomal abnormalities in root tip cells treated with KNO 3 or salt were determined as disorderly prophase (Fig. 3b), uncoiling chromosome ( Fig. 3c) and bridge in anaphase (Fig. ...
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Citations
... Furthermore, there have been no findings published so far demonstrating the genotoxic effects of salinity on this plant's enzymatic parameters. Lathyrus sativus is a fantastic model organism (Cavuşoğlu et al. 2017) for assessing all potential consequences, particularly at the chromosomal level following various levels of stress production caused by high salt (100-500 mM NaCl). ...
Pulse crops are susceptible to salt stress as per different research reports but how far Lathyrus sativus L., responds to increasing salinity has been taken up in this work. Thus, the harmful effects of increasing salinity on plant cells at various phases of chromosomal integrity and nucleolus morphology have been evaluated in Lathyrus sativus L., variety Mahatora. Lathyrus sativus variety Mahatora seeds were subjected to seed priming with serially diluted concentrations of NaCl (500, 400, 300, 200 and 100 mM respectively) and germination percentage (72 hrs), root length inhibition (7 days) normal and abnormal MI (Mitotic Index) with 2% aceto-orcein staining, nucleolar morphometric cum frequency analysis (0.05% hematoxylin staining), total soluble protein vs Peoxidase activity (POX), Electrolyte leakage (EL) from etiolated roots and root metabolic activity/dehydrogenase activity were measured (TTC staining). From 200 mM onwards, significant reduction in germination percentage and root length inhibition resulted and at 300 and 400 mM salt-priming significant reduction in normal MI%, increased Abnormal MI% showing both aneugenic and clastogenic responses were accounted. At 500 mM pre-exposed root tip cells were found to develop gradual blackening and root tip death and very less viable cells with highly necrotic, vacuolated with chromosomal erosions and nuclear dismantling and nuclear blobbing resulted apoptosis in addition to decreased POX and dehydrogenase activity (300–500 mM NaCl-treated test sets). NaCl stands out as a potential cyto-genotoxicant in Lathyrus sativus L., variety Mahatora. The maximum tolerance level (200–300 mM) and at 400–500 mM NaCl has been highly cytotoxic as per cytological and biochemical data. From 200 mM onwards, nucleolar volume and frequency were altered and at 500 mM pretreatment complete degradation of nuclear machinery was encountered. Owing to high salinity significant proportions of C-mitosis and polyploidy were accounted which conclusively established that NaCl surely had a disruptive role to play during spindle fibre formation process in dividing root cells that in turn produced somatic diads and subsequent polyploidy formations (At 200 to 300 mM).
... KNO3 is also a frequently applied priming chemical, known to enhance seed germination by improving both uniformity and speed of germination [103,104]. Moreover, the application of KNO3 has shown utility in mitigating the adverse effects of salts on seed germination, seedling growth, mitotic activity, and chromosomal aberrations [19] and also effective in improving emergence and seedling growth under drought [5]. ...
Production of the quality planting material has got more emphasis under sub-mission on agroforestry (SMAF) with aiming to increase tree cover outside the forest area. Establishment of the tree species depends on the quality of the planting material, available soil, water for irrigation and the adopted protection measures. Most of the tree species get problem with germination of seed due to external and internal factors and causes seed dormancy. Different kind of pre-sowing treatments were tested and applied for the different kind of tree species by researchers of the forestry. Scarification (mechanical, acid), water soaking (hot/cold), the application of chemicals and Review Article Kumar et al.; Asian J. 2 plant growth regulators, or alternate wetting and drying prior to sowing effectively break seed dormancy and improve seed germination for producing required quality planting material. Auxins (IAA, IBA, 2-4D, 4-CPA), Gibberellic acid (GA3), Cytokinins (Kinetin, Zeatin, Benzyl adenine), Ethylene (Etheral) and Abscisic acid (Dormins, Phaseic Acid) are plant growth regulators also used in different concentrations for improving tree seed germination.
... The effect of low KNO3 concentrations on germination is unknown. However, Cavusoglu et al. (2017) reported that high KNO3 applications increased chromosomal aberrations and slowed mitotic activity in shallots (Allium cepa), reduced accumulation of lipids and carbohydrates, disrupted K+ metabolites, as well as increase and uptake of N in cells (Chen et al., 2019). ...
Raspberries are subtropical plants that contain high levels of vitamin C, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. They can potentially be developed as horticultural and medicinal plants. Dormancy is a challenge in the cultivation of raspberries (Rubus fraxinifolius Poir.). This study was conducted as two separate experiments. The first experiment aimed to identify the dormancy mechanism of R. fraxinifolius seed. In a two-factor factorial design, the first factor was seed storage, as unstored and three-month-stored, and the second factor was chemical-immersed treatment consisting of control, H2SO4, acetone, GA3, KNO3, H2SO4-GA3, acetone-GA3, H2SO4-KNO3, acetone-KNO3. The second experiment was aimed at determining dormancy-breaking methods for R. fraxinifolius seeds. In main plots were filter paper and cocopeat germination substrates. The subplots included control, immersed with distilled water, H2SO4, ultrafine bubble water, and temperature treatment at −80 °C, 50 °C, and 70 °C. The germination of unstored and three-month-stored seeds increased after H2SO4 treatment (36 to 82% and 82 to 94%, respectively). Seed germination increased after three months of storage. There was an increase in cytokinin hormone levels along with germination enhancement. The seeds went into physical dormancy because their seed coat was hard, and they went into physiological dormancy because of low cytokinin concentration. Stratification at 50 °C increased germination (78.5 to 93.0%), reduced dormancy intensity (15 to 6.5%), and increased the percentage of the speed of germination (1.99 to 3.12 ) on filter paper substrate.
... Importantly, nitrate is also a major factor affecting the salt tolerance of crops. NO 3 application can promote the growth and yield of rice, wheat, canola, citrus, strawberry, pepper, allium, and other plants under salt stress Domingo et al., 2004;Zheng et al., 2008;Gao et al., 2016;Ç avus xo glu et al., 2017). However, the intrinsic molecular mechanism of NO 3 -mediated alleviation of salt stress has not been reported to date. ...
Salt stress is a major constraint on plant growth and yield. Nitrogen (N) fertilizers are known to alleviate salt stress. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that nitrate-dependent salt tolerance is mediated by OsMADS27 in rice. The expression of OsMADS27 is specifically induced by nitrate. The salt-inducible expression of OsMADS27 is also nitrate dependent. OsMADS27 knockout mutants are more sensitive to salt stress than the wild type, whereas OsMADS27 overexpression lines are more tolerant. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that OsMADS27 upregulates the expression of a number of known stress-responsive genes as well as those involved in ion homeostasis and antioxidation. We demonstrate that OsMADS27 directly binds to the promoters of OsHKT1.1 and OsSPL7 to regulate their expression. Notably, OsMADS27-mediated salt tolerance is nitrate dependent and positively correlated with nitrate concentration. Our results reveal the role of nitrate-responsive OsMADS27 and its downstream target genes in salt tolerance, providing a molecular mechanism for the enhancement of salt tolerance by nitrogen fertilizers in rice. OsMADS27 overexpression increased grain yield under salt stress in the presence of sufficient nitrate, suggesting that OsMADS27 is a promising candidate for the improvement of salt tolerance in rice.
... KNO 3 for optimising germination tests of many species, which show low/shallow dormancy patterns (see chapter "Testing Seed for Quality"). The detrimental effect of salts on seed germination, seedling growth, mitotic activity and chromosomal aberrations were found significantly reduced by the application of KNO 3 (Kursat et al. 2017). Similarly, KNO 3 solutions are among the most commonly applied priming chemicals for enhancing seed germination by improving uniformity and speed of germination (Shin et al. 2009;Thongtip et al. 2022). ...
Seed germination and dormancy are vital components of seed quality; hence, understanding these processes is essential for a sound seed production system. The two processes are closely interrelated and regulated, both by genetic as well as environmental factors. While dormancy provides an inherent mechanism aimed at the survival of the plant species to withstand adverse external conditions by restricting the mature seed from germinating, the ability of the dehydrated seed to remain viable and produce a vigorous seedling upon hydration under favourable conditions is the key to the survival and perpetuation of the plant species. In addition, quality seed is expected to result in timely and uniform germination under favourable field conditions after sowing to establish a healthy crop stand. Therefore, in seed technology, dormancy is not considered a desirable trait in the seed lots used for sowing. Thus, to achieve the highest germination percentage, understanding the factors controlling these two interlinked and contrasting processes is vital. In seed testing and seed trade, knowledge of seed germination and dormancy is needed for a reliable assessment of seed quality and its planting value, and to make right decisions. Though much is yet to be understood, the present status of knowledge on these aspects has made significant advances, especially in genetic control, molecular mechanism, and physiological and environmental factors influencing germination and dormancy. The information compiled in this chapter may help the seed technologists in developing new methods for breaking dormancy and testing germination
... It has been reported that the exogenous application of various growth-regulating agents during germination and seedling growth under normal conditions causes cell disruptions, mitotic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities 87,92,93 . The cytogenetic results of this study are very important as there are no available reports on the effects of COR on mitotic index (MI) micronucleus (MN) frequency and chromosome aberrations (CAs) in root meristem cells of seedlings grown in both normal and saline conditions. ...
Coronatine (COR), a bacterial phytotoxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae, plays important roles in many plant growth processes. Onion bulbs were divided four groups to investigate the effects of COR against sodium chloride (NaCl) stress exposure in Allium cepa L. root tips. While control group bulbs were soaked in tap water medium, treatment group bulbs were grown in 0.15 M NaCl, 0.01 µM COR and 0.01 µM COR + 0.15 M NaCl medium, respectively. NaCl stress seriously inhibited the germination, root lenght, root number and fresh weight of the bulbs. It significantly decreased the mitotic index (MI), whereas dramatically increased the micronucleus (MN) frequency and chromosomal aberrations (CAs). Moreover, in order to determine the level of lipid peroxidation occurring in the cell membrane, malondialdehyde (MDA) content was measured and it was determined that it was at the highest level in the group germinated in NaCl medium alone. Similarly, it was revealed that the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and free proline contents in the group germinated in NaCl medium alone were higher than the other groups. On the other hand, NaCl stress caused significant injuries such as epidermis/cortex cell damage, MN formation in epidermis/cortex cells, flattened cells nuclei, unclear vascular tissue, cortex cell wall thickening, accumulation of certain chemical compounds in cortex cells and necrotic areas in the anatomical structure of bulb roots. However, exogenous COR application significantly alleviated the negative effects of NaCl stress on bulb germination and growth, antioxidant defense system, cytogenetic and anatomical structure. Thus, it has been proven that COR can be used as a protective agent against the harmful effects of NaCl on onion.
... Importantly, nitrate is also a major factor affecting the salt tolerance of crops. NO 3 application can promote the growth and yield of rice, wheat, canola, citrus, strawberry, pepper, allium, and other plants under salt stress (Kaya et al., 2003;Kaya and Higgs, 2003;Domingo et al., 2004;Zheng et al., 2008;Gao et al., 2016;Ç avus xo glu et al., 2017). However, the intrinsic molecular mechanism of NO 3 -mediated alleviation of salt stress has not been reported to date. ...
Salt stress is a major constraint on plant growth and yield. Nitrogen (N) fertilizers are known to alleviate salt stress. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that nitrate-dependent salt tolerance is mediated by OsMADS27 in rice. The expression of OsMADS27 is specifically induced by nitrate. The salt-inducible expression of OsMADS27 is also nitrate-dependent. The OsMADS27 knockout mutants are more sensitive to salt stress than the wild type, whereas the OsMADS27 overexpression lines are more tolerant. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that OsMADS27 upregulates the expression of a number of known stress-responsive genes as well as those involved in ion homeostasis and antioxidation. We demonstrated that OsMADS27 directly binds to the promoters of OsHKT1.1 and OsSPL7 to regulate their expression. Notably, OsMADS27-mediated salt tolerance is nitrate-dependent and positively correlated with nitrate concentration. Our results reveal the role of nitrate-responsive OsMADS27 and its downstream target genes in salt tolerance, providing a molecular mechanism for nitrogen fertilizers-enhanced salt tolerance in rice. Moreover, OsMADS27 overexpression increased grain yield under salt stress in the presence of sufficient nitrate, suggesting that OsMADS27 is a promising candidate for the improvement of salt tolerance in rice.
... Hydrogen peroxide with two different concentration 1% and 2 % for 4 hrs. as well as 8 hrs.; after washing seeds were transferred for germination [13], [19] (Fig. 6). Some seed were subjected to normal tap water as a Control for reference purpose. ...
Increase the germination of seed and breakdown the dormancy is the major issue among plants of Cucurbitaceae family due to the presence of hard seed coat. Seeds of both Luffa cylindrica and Momordica charantia have hard seed coat with thick seed structure. Also, deposition of phenolic compounds including pectin and/or suberin on the surface of the seed coat, restrict water uptake into the seed. Seed germination treatments are helpful to increase the germination rate. Therefore, batches of seeds for both plants subjected to various seed germination treatments: Physical treatments such as Nicking, Chilling, Soaking and Pre- Soaking, Moist Cloth Bag were applied and Chemical Treatments such as soaking in Acetone, Hydrogen Peroxide, Potassium nitrate with their variables in respect to control. After germination the seedling were transferred to the sapling-bags for further growth and development of the vegetative parts to observe the changes occurred due to the treatments. After the seedling growth, internal structure of stem as well as root were observed. Noticeable changes were observed in the development of vascular bundles. Treatments such as Hydrogen peroxide, Potassium nitrate, Moist cloth bag and soaking in distilled water and boiled water gives good results for higher germination rate.
... The squashed onion root tips were thereafter imaged using a LEICA DM-750 light microscope at 400× and 1000× magnification. Qualitative analysis was carried out by observing the abnormalities of the onion chromosomes as reported by Çavuşoglu et al. [28] and comparing them to control chromosomes. ...
... This result revealed an aberration in the mitotic stage of the onion cell when compared to the control. This aberration was referred to as 'irregular anaphase' by Çavuşoğlu et al. [28]. The effects of lamivudine on Allium cepa Figure 5a showed untreated onion root tips exposed to tap water (control) compared to onion root tips treated with 100 µg/L lamivudine test solution in Figure 5b. ...
... This result revealed an aberration in the mitotic stage of the onion cell when compared to the control. This aberration was referred to as 'irregular anaphase' by Çavuşoglu et al. [28]. The effects of lamivudine on Allium cepa were observed at macroscopic and chromosomal levels. ...
Antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other viral infections are among the emerging contaminants considered for ecological risk assessment. These compounds have been reported to be widely distributed in water bodies and other aquatic environments, while data concerning the risk they may pose to unintended non-target species in a different ecosystem (environment) is scanty. In South Africa and other developing countries, lamivudine is one of the common antiretrovirals applied. Despite this, little is known about its environmental impacts as an emerging contaminant. The present study employed a battery of ecotoxicity bioassays to assess the environmental threat lamivudine poses to aquatic fauna and flora. Daphnia magna (filter feeders), the Ames bacterial mutagenicity test, Lactuca sativa (lettuce) germination test, and the Allium cepa root tip assay were conducted, testing lamivudine at two concentrations (10 and 100 µg/L), with environmental relevance. The Daphnia magna toxicity test revealed a statistically significant response (p
... Our results indicated that the shoot length, number of leaves and leaf area of treated plants were generally amplified in comparison to the control. It was stated previously that saline conditions harmfully affect growth and development actions in general, even in halophytes (Çavuşoğlu et al., 2017;Ghoulam and Fares, 2001). The seedling growth and germination of P.sativum seeds, as anticipated, were prevented under saline conditions (Table 1). ...
