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Chromatogram peak 1a (α-punicalagin) and peak 1b (β-punicalagin) collected from H2O : MeOH (8 : 2 v/v) at 10 mg/mL of the leaves of T. catappa, eluting at tr 15.29 min (1a) and tr 21.07 min (1b). The flow rate was 1 mL/min with a gradient 5–30% MeOH for 30 minutes using a hydro column. HPLC-PDA (Jasco), 270 nm. The UV spectra of peak 1, eluting at tr 15.29 min (1a) and at tr 21.07 (1b) min, characteristic of the α- and β-punicalagin anomers.
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Terminalia is a genus of Combretaceous plants widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Thus, the aim of this study was to quantify the majority compounds of the hydroalcoholic extract (7 : 3, v/v) of the leaves from T. catappa by HPLC-PDA, chemically characterize by hyphenated techniques (HPLC-ESI-IT-MS(n)) and NMR, and evaluate its...
Citations
... The parts of Terminalia catappa plant, including leaves, bark and fruit, encompass numerous phytochemicals [15] that provide significant biological properties such as antioxidant [16,17], antimicrobial [16][17][18], antidiabetic [19], anthelmintic [20], anti-tumor [21], anti-aging [22] and anti-inflammatory [23] activities, in addition to possessing an exceptional nutritional profile [24], which remains largely unknown to the common people. Moreover, T. catappa has an edible kernel consumed as a nut and tastes like almond [25]. ...
A relationship between humans and nature began with our ancestral reliance on natural resources for survival and health. This relationship has profoundly influenced the field of pharmacology through the discovery and utilization of natural product drugs, demonstrating the enduring importance of nature in medicine and the ongoing exploration of its therapeutic potential. This study investigates the pharmacological potential of the ethanolic extract of Ceylon almond kernel (Terminalia catappa), highlighting its antioxidant (IC50 = 21.68 ± 1.97 µg/mL), anti-inflammatory (IC50 = 180.14 ± 3.99 µg/mL) and α-amylase inhibitory (IC50 = 147.77 ± 4.74 µg/mL) activities. It also showed antibacterial activity against various pathogens and minimal UV protection (SPF = 5.27 ± 0.63). These results suggest that the Ceylon almond kernel could be a promising natural source for pharmaceutical applications and drug development.
... Punicalagin is one of the many polyphenolic substances contained within hydroalcoholic T. catappa extracts, and it has been associated with antiinflammatory effects responsible of diminishing oxidative stress and inhibiting renal cell death. 61 These results were in agreement with a previous finding. 62 that noted that almond leaves could be consumed as part of a diet to relieve symptoms related to oxidative stress and tissue pathologies. ...
The disease of renal stones has been recognized for centuries. It is one of the most common disorders, characterized by calcifications in the kidneys, bladder, or urethra. Phytomolecules are effectively used in traditional medicine. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of high and low doses of Terminalia catappa (T. catappa) leaf extracts on renal stone formation in a rat model of urolithiasis. The rats werehoused individually in metabolic cages and were given drinking water containing 0.75% Ethylene Glycol (EG) and 1% Ammonium Chloride (AC) to induce the production of kidney stones. EG and AC elevated the levels of molecules indicative of renal efficiency, including citrate, oxalate, urobilinogen, and microalbumin. Additionally, they reduced urine volume and urinary pH. After administering (200 or 400 mg/kg body weight) of Cystone or ethanolic extracts of T. catappa leaves orally, renal function parameters returned to normal ranges. Additionally, the urinary electrolytes were diluted, which may have contributed to a reduced risk of calculus formation. Histological analyses were consistent with the biochemical data. This study demonstrated that Cystone and ethanolic extracts of T. catappa leaves exhibited protective properties against urolithiasis induced by EG in rats. The higher dose of T. catappa extracts showed a more significant effect compared to the lower dose.
... The defense role played by hydrolyzable tannins may also be related to the protective mechanism of the plant against the extreme incidence of ultraviolet radiation. The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of ellagitannins shows absorption maxima of 218,260 and 379 nm [11]; this effectively indicates the capacity of these compounds to absorb UV radiation and to protect plant leaves from the damage caused by harmful UV-B radiation (280-315 nm) [74]. ...
Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae) is a medicinal plant that is part of the Brazilian biodiversity; this plant is popularly used for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. To better understand the chemical composition of T. catappa in different seasons, we conducted a thorough study using LC-MS and NMR data analysis techniques. The study helped obtain a chemical profile of the plant ethanolic extracts in different seasons of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter). The dereplication of LC-HRMS data allowed the annotation of 90 compounds in the extracts of T. catappa (hydrolyzable tannins, ellagic acid derivatives, and glycosylated flavonoids). Triterpenes and C-glycosyl flavones were the compounds that significantly contributed to differences observed between T. catappa plant samples harvested in autumn/winter and spring, respectively. The variations observed in the compound composition of the plant leaves may be related to processes induced by environmental stress and leaf development. Data fusion applied in the metabolomic profiling study allowed us to identify metabolites with greater confidence, and provided a better understanding regarding the production of specialized metabolites in T. catappa leaves under different environmental conditions, which may be useful to establish appropriate quality criteria for the standardization of this medicinal plant.
... As plantas medicinais correspondem às mais antigas "armas" empregadas pelo homem no tratamento de enfermidades de todos os tipos, ou seja, a utilização de plantas na prevenção e/ou na cura de doenças é um hábito que sempre existiu na história da humanidade (MORAES; SANTANA, 2001 (SANTOS et al., 2001;RINALDO et al., 2007;MININEL et al., 2014 ...
Brassica napus var. oleífera surgiu do melhoramento genético entre Brassica napus e Brassica campestres para reduzir compostos como o ácido erúcico e glicosinolatos, melhorando sua aceitação pelos consumidores. Conhecida popularmente como canola, pertencente à família das crucíferas e ao gênero Brassica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a presença de metabólitos secundários na raiz e parte aérea de B. napus, utilizando testes fitoquímicos colorimétricos qualitativos e quantitativos apropriados para identificação de flavonoides, saponinas, esteroides/triterpenóides, taninos e alcalóides. Foram realizados testes dos extratos etanólicos e das frações metanólica e hexânica, utilizando reagentes específicos para cada classe de substâncias. Quantificou-se também os flavonóides e fenóis no extrato etanólico, além de avaliar a capacidade antiradicalar por meio da técnica do DPPH (1,1-difenil-1-picril-hidrazila) e submeter o extrato a atividade antimicrobiana. Os resultados referentes aos metabólitos secundários testados nos extratos etanólicos da parte aérea e da raiz da canola apresentaram grande diversidade de metabólitos, pois observou-se presença de todas classes testadas, especialmente flavonoides e alcaloides. Os testes sinalizam que a parte aérea da canola tem melhor potencial antimicrobiano que a raiz da planta. A atividade antirradicalar do extrato foi avaliada utilizando-se o ensaio DPPH utilizando como padrões ácido gálico e quercetina. Este estudo revelou que a atividade antirradicalar dos extratos etanólicos da raiz e parte aérea da canola são muito inferiores em relação aos padrões quercetina e ácido gálico. O teor de fenóis totais (EAG) para a canola foi de 21,58 mg para parte aérea e 20,53 mg para a raiz para cada g do extrato etanólico. A avaliação dos flavonoides totais equivalente a quercetina, revelou as concentrações de 14,98 mg/g para a parte aérea e 7,63 mg/g para a raiz. Na avaliação do potencial antimicrobiano, os extratos etanólicos não apresentaram nenhum resultado significativo para a inibição dos microrganismos patogênicos testados.
... The scale bar represents 50 μm (H&E stain) À indicating the loss of CO 2 and CO, respectively. This is in agreement with the reports ofMininel et al. (2014),Yang et al. (2012) andMullen et al. (2003). Its derivatives showed neutral losses of rhamnosyl (146 amu) and methylene(14 amu) units from the individual deprotonated molecular ions. ...
Despite the use of Terminalia catappa (TC) leaf by traditional fish farmers around the world to improve the health status of cultured fish, there is a paucity of information on comprehensive metabolite profile and the maximum safe dose of the plant. This study aims at profiling the methanol leaf extract of T. catappa, quantifying total phenolic content (TPC) as well as the total flavonoid content (TFC) and evaluating its acute toxicity on blood, plasma biochemical parameters and histopathology of some vital organs in red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). The experimental fish were acclimatised for 2 weeks and divided into six groups. Group (1) served as a control group and was administered 0.2 ml,g⁻¹ of phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Groups 2–6 were orally administered T. catappa leaf extracts (0.2 ml.50 g⁻¹) in the following sequence; 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg.kg⁻¹ body weight. The metabolites identified in T. catappa using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass electrospray ionisation spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐MS/MS) revealed the presence of organic acids, hydrolysable tannins, phenolic acids and flavonoids. Phenolic quantification revealed reasonable quantity of phenolic compounds (217.48 μg GAEmg⁻¹ for TPC and 91.90 μg. QCEmg⁻¹ for TFC). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in all the tested doses in terms of blood parameters and plasma biochemical analysis except for the packed cell volume (PCV) at 500 mg.kg⁻¹ when compared to the control. Significant histopathological changes were observed in groups administered with the extract at 125, 250 and 500 mg.kg⁻¹ doses. To a very large extent it is therefore safe to administer the extract at 31.25 and 62.5 mg.kg⁻¹ in tilapia.
... Chromatographic analysis of P. granatum extract by HPLC-UV (Fig. 1) indicated that the compound with retention time at 12.626 min was ellagic acid by comparison with an authentic standard, as well as by comparison with the literature (UV/Visible λ max and spectra) [39,40]. Ellagic acid derivatives with retention times at 11.895 and 12.257 min were also observed by the similar UV spectra. ...
The use of photoprotection products is indispensable today, due to the potential harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) rays. Textiles are a natural barrier against UV radiation and can be made more effective by applying UV blockers. The present study investigates the photoprotection properties arising from dyeing cotton fabric with pomegranate peel extract. The extract was characterized by TPC, TFC, THT, color, pH, HPLC-UV and including its antiradical activity. The dyed fabric samples were evaluated for color, color fastness to light, rubbing, washing and sweating, along with a determination of SEM, EDS, ATR-FTIR, and UPF properties. The chemical analyses of the P. granatum peel aqueous extract by HPLC-UV indicated the presence of ellagic acid, punicalagin and punicalin derivatives. The extract showed antiradical activity (11.1 ± 0.4 CI50 (mg L⁻¹) which is consistent with a high amount of total phenols 307 ± 26 (mg GAE/g extract), total flavonoids 150.3 ± 2.3 (mg RE/g extract), and condensed tannins 632.6 ± 84.1 (mg TAE/g extract). The dyed fabric samples showed yellowish colors and good color fastness ratings. The evaluation of the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) indicated mostly values from 15 to 24, equivalent to the category of good to very good photoprotection. Bearing in mind that ZnO is often used in combination with other UV-blockers to enhance the coverage of sunscreens, an aspect of this study involved determining the UPF of the pomegranate extract mixed with ZnO. In this case, ZnO addition did not significantly enhance the UPF of the dyed cotton fabric.
... A riqueza da biodiversidade da flora brasileira, associada aos levantamentos etnobotânicos, etnofarmacológicos, farmacognósticos e fitoquímicos, permitiu aos pesquisadores isolar compostos biologicamente ativos a partir de diferentes espécies vegetais, os quais podem se constituir em modelos tanto para a síntese de fármacos quanto de outros produtos para aplicação agrícola ou florestal (Cavalaro e Oliveira 2018). Vários estudos de plantas medicinais do Brasil que tratam especialmente da extração, isolamento, identificação, quantificação e atividade biológica de metabólitos secundários de várias espécies têm sido realizados (Mininel et al. 2014). ...
O estudo químico de plantas classificadas como medicinais desperta o interesse na composição química das mesmas. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar testes fitoquímicos em espécies vegetais medicinais do Bioma Pampa da Microrregião da Campanha Ocidental do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Cascas e folhas foram coletadas, baseado em informações adquiridas com pessoas residentes na região, que utilizam e conhecem plantas usadas para fins medicinais. As características de cada espécie foram anotadas. A triagem fitoquímica das plantas coletadas foi realizada pela metodologia da Prospecção Preliminar, realizando testes para as classes de metabólitos de taninos, saponinas, alcalóides, terpenos, flavonóides, esteróides e triterpenóides. Os extratos foram feitos com etanol 95% e os testes foram realizados com reagentes específicos para cada classe de substâncias pesquisada. Os testes foram considerados positivos por reações de precipitações, coloração e formação de precipitado. Com os dados obtidos, verificou-se a classe de metabólitos que apresentam maior expressividade. Normalmente a população procura plantas que acreditam ter atividades antinflamatória, digestiva, antibacteriana, antifúngica, dentre outras. As classes de metabólitos podem sinalizar preliminarmente as possíveis atividades das plantas medicinais.
... Our study shows that the whole extract fraction of Terminalia catappa L. leaves could be identified as containing: saponins, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and phenols. The results of this study are in accordance with the opinion of (Muthulakshmi & Neelanarayanan, 2021) that Terminalia catappa L. leaves are known to contain chemical compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, triterpenoids, steroids, resins, saponins, quinones, and phenolics (Etienne et al., 2017).. Terminalia catappa L. is known to contain medicinal compounds such as flavonoids (Lin et al., 2000;Tampemawa et al., 2016), triterpenoids (Gao et al., 2004;Mininel et al., 2014), tannins (Ola et al., 2020), alkaloids (Katiki et al., 2017), steroids (Babayi et al., 2004) and fatty acids (Janporn et al., 2014). The phytochemical test of crude extract of Terminalia catappa L leaves in this study was positive for the presence of saponins, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and flavonoids. ...
Terminalia catappa L. is one of the herbal plants that contain flavonoids that play a role in wound healing including to bleeding after tooth extraction. The aim of our study was to identify the chemical compounds contained in Terminalia catappa L. leaves. This type of research was experimental. The sample in this study was the leaves of Terminalia catappa number 3-6 from the base, at a tree height of 6 meters picked as much as 6 kilograms. Data analysis qualitatively and quantitatively. The highest content in ethanol extract of Terminalia catappa L of saponins and alkaloids were fractioned with distilled water and the lowest content were fractioned with hexane. Meanwhile distilled water is also used to fractioned the highest content of tannins and phenol. While ethyl acetate was used to fractioned the lowest content of tannins and the highest content of flavonoid. The lowest flavonoid in distilled water extract was fractioned using hexane. For the lowest content of phenol was fractioned using hexane. The results show the highest content of saponins is 3,787.80 mg/100g, the lowest is 166.67 mg/100g. The highest content of Alkaloids is 1,798.57 mg/100g, and the lowest is 576.80 mg/100g. The highest content of tannins is 53,140.72 mg/100g, the lowest is 8,391,803 mg/100g. The highest content of flavonoids is 2,5964.14 mg/100g, the lowest flavonoid is 462.84 mg/100g. The highest content of phenol 29,968.05 mg/100g, the lowest is 225.46 mg/100g. The highest antioxidant activity with AAI (Antioxidant Activity Index) obtains value of 0.36. This shows the moderate antioxidant ability. Terminalia catappa L. contain saponins, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. The active compound of Terminalia catappa L will generally be produced optimally if a polar solvent is used.
... Terflavin B was not reported before in C. hartmannianum. Terflavin B, which is known to be the biosynthetic precursor of punicalagin, has a unique chemical structure, where the triphenyl (flavogallonoyl) ester group is attached to a glucopyranose part (Fig. 6 E) [152,153]. Terflavin B was found in several Terminalia spp. [138]. ...
In Sudanese traditional medicine, decoctions, macerations, and tonics of the stem and root of Combretum hartmannianum are used for the treatment of persistent cough, a symptom that could be related to tuberculosis (TB). To verify these traditional uses, extracts from the stem wood, stem bark, and roots of C. hartmannianum were screened for their growth inhibitory effects against Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 14468. Methanol Soxhlet and ethyl acetate extracts of the root gave the strongest effects (MIC 312.5 and 625 µg/ml, respectively). HPLC-UV/DAD and UHPLC/QTOF-MS analysis of the ethyl acetate extract of the root led to the detection of 54 compounds, of which most were polyphenols and many characterized for the first time in C. hartmannianum. Among the major compounds were terflavin B and its two isomers, castalagin, corilagin, tellimagrandin I and its derivative, (S)-flavogallonic acid dilactone, punicalagin, and methyl-ellagic acid xylopyranoside. In addition, di-, tri- and tetra-galloyl glucose, combregenin, terminolic acid, cordifoliside D, luteolin, and quercetin-3-O-galactoside-7-O-rhamnoside-(2→1)-O-β-D-arabinopyranoside were characterized. Luteolin gave better growth inhibition against M. smegmatis (MIC 250 µg/ml) than corilagin, ellagic acid, and gallic acid (MIC 500–1000 µg/ml). Our study justifies the use of C. hartmannianum in Sudanese folk medicine against prolonged cough that could be related to TB infection. This study demonstrates that C. hartmannianum should be explored further for new anti-TB drug scaffolds and antibiotic adjuvants.
... Analysis of TCE using the HPLC-MS system revealed one major peak with a retention time of 11.13 min. The main product peak was then subjected to mass spectrometry and ellagic acid (the major peak was at the m/z 301.03); hydrolysable tannins (punicalin and punicaligin) and gallic acid were identified, which were consistent with previous reports [64][65][66]. The results revealed that ellagic acid and hydrolysable tannins are the major chemical constituents of TCE. ...
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and common types of brain tumor. Due to its high proliferation ability, a high lethality rate has been observed with this malignant glial tumor. Terminalia catappa L. (T. catappa) is currently known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenesis effects. However, few studies have examined the mechanisms of the leaf extracts of T. catappa (TCE) on GBM cells. In the current study, we demonstrated that TCE can significantly inhibit the migration and invasion capabilities of GBM cell lines without showing biotoxic effects. Matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) activity and protein expression were attenuated by reducing the p38 phosphorylation involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. By treating with TCE and/or p38 inhibitor (SB203580), we confirmed that p38 MAPK is involved in the inhibition of cell migration. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that TCE inhibits human GBM cell migration and MMP-2 expression by regulating the p38 pathway. These results reveal that TCE contains potent therapeutic compounds which could be applied for treating GBM brain tumors.
