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Chicago's State Street corridor public housing. During the 1960s and 1970s, the Chicago Housing Authority completed construction of a series of projects along State Street including Robert Taylor Homes, making for the longest contiguous expanse of public housing in the United States. Source: © Alex S. MacLean/Landslides 2012 (www.alexmaclean.com), reproduced with permission.
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Problem, research strategy, and findings: American public housing since 1937 is often viewed as a single failed experiment of architecture, management, and policy. This view masks a much more highly differentiated experience for residents and housing authorities, rooted in a long-term moral and ideological struggle over the place of the poorest res...
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... Without safe, affordable, and stable housing, the ability of people to maintain employment and adequately provide for themselves and their families is compromised. In high-income countries social housing is an important social safety net; however, the landscape of social housing has changed over the years and differs considerably depending on context [3][4][5][6]. While social housing was traditionally built for working families in inner-city industrial areas, now it often exclusively houses people experiencing significant disadvantages, including individuals living with poor health or disability, who are impoverished, under or unemployed, racially marginalised, or singleparent families. ...
... Following the first and then second World Wars, social housing developed significantly in many countries, particularly Europe, and was primarily designed to provide decent homes for working families and former servicemen [26,27]. However, broadly speaking, in the 1970s, with the rise of neoliberalism, deregulation and reduced government spending and economic influence, federal governments in Europe, the US, United Kingdom (UK), Canada and Australia began reducing support for social housing projects and relinquished responsibility to local administrators and private investors, including charities, non-profit organisations and for-profit companies [6,9,[28][29][30]. Globally, social housing policy has changed considerably with decreasing public investment in housing and a movement towards housing allowances or community housing rather than social housing provision. ...
Adequate housing is a social determinant of health and well-being, providing stability from which people can engage in important life activities, including self-care and productivity. Social housing is a system-level intervention that aims to provide affordable housing to people vulnerable to experiencing social and economic marginalisation. Given the importance of employment to social-economic status and overall health and well-being, we sought to better understand the available knowledge and research related to employment and living in a social housing environment. We used scoping review methodology to explore peer-reviewed research published between 2012–2022 regarding social housing and employment, identifying 29 relevant articles. Using the Psychology of Working Theory and neighbourhood effects as interpretive theoretical frameworks, we analysed the extracted data. Overall, the results affirmed that social housing residents have low employment rates conceptualised as related to the complex interplay of a range of personal and environmental factors. Most published literature was quantitative and originated from the United States. Policy and research implications are discussed, including the need for more multifaceted, person-centred interventions that support employment and ultimately promote health and quality of life for social housing residents.
... in the cities, the construction of high-rise public housing buildings was prohibited (McCarty 2014). In the 1960s, new programs were developed to subsidize privately owned units for low-income families and seniors (Vale and Freemark 2012) and to make the segregation of public housing based on race illegal through the Fair Housing Act (McCarty 2014). In the early 1970s, The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) shifted the program from primarily constructing new units to using and subsidizing the existing units in the housing market with Section 8 vouchers. ...
... In the early 1970s, The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) shifted the program from primarily constructing new units to using and subsidizing the existing units in the housing market with Section 8 vouchers. In the mid-1990s, the construction of new public housing units ended because of a decision by the federal government to stop funding new developments (McCarty 2014;Vale and Freemark 2012). Despite the benefits public housing provides in terms of access to social support, employment, and health services for poor populations (Fertig and Reingold 2007), its residents face unique challenges that can be addressed with policy and investment. ...
The floods caused by Hurricane Matthew in 2016 affected Lumberton, a socioeconomically diverse city in North Carolina with 729 public housing units. Public housing residents face unique challenges in accessing resources and post-disaster temporary accommodations, further delaying their recovery compared to other survivors. This paper investigates the obstacles to public housing recovery and the residents’ recovery challenges using descriptive statistics, mapping, and qualitative analysis in Lumberton. Findings show the dependency of public housing units’ recovery on assistance policies and decisions of various organizations, including local housing authorities. Multiple changes in recovery plans and limited, uncertain, delayed funding and bureaucratic obstacles to funding allocation slow the units’ recovery and prolong the residents’ displacement, adversely affecting their recovery. Hence, pre-disaster resilience initiatives should address these vulnerabilities and the recovery policy's limitations to support public housing units and residents’ recovery. Moreover, affordable housing recovery must become a priority in national housing recovery policies.
... dictated the demographic gradients of urban places, doing lasting harm to poor and minority households (Aaronson, Hartley, and Mazumder 2020;Massey and Denton 1993;Taylor 2019;Vale and Freemark 2012). All together, these studies have greatly enriched our understanding of how both the public and private sector drive residential patterns in ways that conflict with residential preferences (DeLuca and Jang-Trettien 2020). ...
Building on theories of symbolic boundaries, this article explores the role of the state as gatekeeper to social programs, such as public housing. Using interviews with 75 randomly sampled households living in public housing in Honolulu County, we link contemporary research on gatekeeping with decades of work on how housing policy drives residential outcomes for marginalized groups. In particular, we consider the largely unexamined case of “local preferences,” which fast-track certain individuals into social programs based on locally established criteria. Our data suggest that these prioritization categories have evolved over time and are now largely focused on providing housing to those experiencing homelessness and victims of domestic violence. Ultimately, this apparently mundane bureaucratic process mediates relationships between social service agencies, individual needs, and overwhelming housing demand, all collaborating to construct symbolic boundaries across which deservingness is defined and adjudicated. We find that waitlist prioritization criteria cannot be reduced to a basic assessment of need as it necessarily instigates issues of definition (e.g., what is homelessness?) and legibility (e.g., how does one prove homelessness?). These collateral issues amplify the importance of institutional social capital and, in some cases, generate conflict between and within eligible communities.
... Selain itu, program Housing Provident Fund (HPF) diperkenalkan di China bertujuan memberi bantuan kewangan dalam bentuk tunai kepada golongan berpendapatan rendah untuk membeli rumah di pasaran. Baucar perumahan diberikan kepada golongan berpendapatan rendah yang tidak mampu memiliki rumah di bandar disebabkan harga rumah yang tinggi (Vale & Freemark, 2012). HPF ialah program tabungan untuk perumahan yang melibatkan sumbangan daripada majikan dan gaji pekerja ke dalam akaun yang diuruskan oleh China Construction Bank. ...
... Selain itu, perumahan awam telah menjadi instrumen penting mengatasi isu perumahan golongan berpendapatan rendah selaras hasrat kerajaan untuk mengurangkan kadar kemiskinan (Mohd Razali, 2001;Sulong, 1984). Pengurangan intervensi kerajaan menjejaskan penyediaan perumahan awam kepada golongan berpendapatan rendah di Amerika Syarikat dan negara Eropah (Vale & Freemark, 2012) dan memberi impak penting kepada isu kemampuan pemilikan rumah oleh golongan berpendapatan rendah di negara terlibat. Namun kini, bentuk bantuan perumahan kepada golongan berpendapatan rendah telah diubah hingga sebahagian negara mengurangkan atau menghentikan pembinaan perumahan awam dan menggantikan kepada beberapa bentuk program lain. ...
Perumahan golongan berpendapatan rendah dibangunkan untuk memastikan setiap isi rumah mendapat akses kepada perumahan yang mencukupi, berkualiti dan mampu dimiliki. Namun, isu kemampuan golongan berpendapatan rendah mendapatkan akses perumahan masih sukar kerana golongan ini amat terdedah kepada pengaruh pasaran ekonomi semasa. Oleh itu, kajian ini menjelaskan bentuk intervensi polisi, intervensi polisi dari aspek pembiayaan perumahan di negara terpilih, intervensi polisi dalam penyediaan perumahan awam, dan intervensi polisi perumahan untuk golongan berpendapatan rendah di Malaysia. Isu kemampuan memerlukan kerangka nasional yang melibatkan kerjasama semua pihak bermula dari kerajaan pusat, negeri, pihak berkuasa tempatan berlandaskan koordinasi yang menyeluruh seiring objektif yang sama dari semua pihak selain isu kemampuan ini memerlukan masa panjang untuk ditangani. Polisi yang dibentuk seharusnya lebih fleksibel dan responsif untuk menangani keperluan dan kehendak segmen isi rumah yang pelbagai.
... At the center of the diagram are four fragmented rings representing the research findings for each of the four generations: The first generation is the outermost (pink) and the fourth generation is the innermost (green). (mid-1940s-1960s) Following World War II, severe housing shortages plagued the United States and many Western European countries, making housing production a pressing concern for their governments (Vale & Freemark, 2012;von Hoffman, 2000). The reconstruction of the devastated cities and the improvement of the housing standard were set as top-priority policy objectives (Scanlon et al., 2014). ...
... In the postwar era, modern urban planning was perceived as a remedy for war-destroyed cities (Vale & Freemark, 2012). Rational-procedural planning, that is, a professional procedure equivalent to a scientific methodology, was the dominant approach in planning theory and practice (Faludi, 1973;Meyerson & Banfield, 1995, 312-322). ...
Urban planning, like any other public policy, is inseparable from the political, economic, and social climate. This study periodizes urban renewal policies on the basis of changes over time in the political-economy regime. The research findings indicate that shifts in the political-economy have had a significant impact on planning and housing policy design and outcomes. Furthermore, the findings show that in the new millennium, following re-centralization processes, a fourth generation of urban renewal policies has emerged. The study discusses the relationship between the four generations and points to potential ramifications of the current policies for various urban groups, especially the most disadvantaged.
... Political and policy shifts detrimental to the growth and sustenance of the public housing sector can adversely impact public housing affordability. Notably, Vale and Freemark's (2012) comprehensive study of the public housing sector in the US found that the weakened influence of the public sector has limited the growth of highly subsidised housing availability to the lowest income earners in the US. Similarly, Goetz's (2012) US-based historical case study found that political changes in the 1990s threatened the department of housing and urban development, as well as the economic growth in many central urban areas, led to the extensive demolition of public housing, resulting in fewer affordable public housing for the highly low-income groups in the long term. ...
Hi all,
The PDF copy of this sample chapter can be accessed via the abovementioned DOI number or via this link: https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/9789811238871_0012
I sincerely hope this helps.
Thank you very much,
Kai Xiang Kwa (Dr.)
... Tenants who qualify for public housing are likely at heightened risk of falling behind on rent payments in the private housing market, the most common reason for eviction filings (Desmond, 2012). In public housing, rent payments are set at roughly 30% of monthly income (Schwartz & Wilson, 2008;Vale & Freemark, 2012). Despite this, a 20year survey of a Hawaiian public housing board found that approximately three of every four eviction cases were filed for nonpayment (Monsma & Lempert, 1992), and a recent study of eviction cases in Philadelphia demonstrated that most cases filed against tenants in public housing buildings included nonpayment of rent as a reason for filing (Preston & Reina, 2021). ...
Neither academic researchers nor the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development have studied evictions from public housing in national perspective. Combining federal registers of public housing authorities (PHAs) with individual-level records from >25 million eviction filings issued between 2006 and 2016, this is the first national-level study to estimate the prevalence and dynamics of eviction in public housing units. We find that the average PHA files roughly 40 evictions each year or 7.6 cases for every 100 public housing households. Public housing complexes were responsible for approximately 5.8 out of every 100 eviction filings in our sample, while only 3.5 in 100 renting households resided in public housing. Controlling for socioeconomic factors, we show that PHAs with a higher percentage of Black residents have significantly higher eviction filing rates. Eviction filing rates in PHAs are associated with those in the surrounding private rental market, indicating that PHAs do not function independently from the social contexts in which they are embedded. These findings reveal significant variation in eviction filing rates across local PHAs and highlight the need for clear policies on lease terminations and improved documentation of eviction actions in public housing at the federal and local levels.
... The PHM halted funding for all new public housing projects, excluding those devoted to elderly residency. 33 Public housing had been an important contributor to new housing construction in the U.S. since the Federal Housing Acts of 1949 and 1954. These Housing Acts also had other influences on housing stocks and markets, through large-scale demolition of buildings in city centers, and limiting access to mortgages in older and minority neighborhoods. ...
Residential energy demand can be greatly influenced by the types of housing structures that households live in, but few studies have assessed changes in the composition of housing stocks as a strategy for reducing residential energy demand or greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this paper we examine the effects of three sequenced federal policies on the share of new housing construction by type in the U.S., and estimate the cumulative influence of those policies on the composition of the 2015 housing stock. In a counterfactual 2015 housing stock without the policy effects, 14 million housing units exist as multifamily rather than single-family, equal to 14.1% of urban housing. Accompanied by floor area reductions of 0–50%, the switch from single- to multifamily housing reduces energy demand by 27–47% per household, and total urban residential energy by 4.6–8.3%. This paper is the first to link federal policies to housing outcomes by type and estimate associated effects on residential energy and GHG emissions. Removing policy barriers and disincentives to multifamily housing can unlock a large potential for reducing residential energy demand and GHG emissions in the coming decades.
... The spatial concentration of disadvantaged groups in social housing areas has reshaped urban poverty as problem of 'concentrated poverty' (Kasarda 1993), where social opportunity is reduced and a special poverty culture is created, as literature suggests (Brophy and Smith 1997;Smith 2002;Kleinhans 2004;Goetz 2012;Goetz and Chapple 2010;Newman 2004;Wassenberg 2004;Vale and Freemark 2012;Musterd 2014;Ostendorf et al. 2001). In a bid to resolve the problem of concentrated poverty in social housing areas, two approaches have been adopted: The construction of mix housing through the demolition of social housing areas, and the relocation of some groups to more integrated zones within metropolitan areas (Goetz 2012;Crump 2002). ...
In the mid-1990s, one of the main objectives of housing policy in the Netherlands was to stimulate the integration of diverse socio-economic groups through housing strategies, with the goal being to create social cohesion and to address the problems encountered in low-income neighborhoods. Existing literature has studied the impact of social mix policies and policy interventions, concentrating on such outcomes as the spatial consequences of these policies in post-war neighborhoods; macro scale transformations in social mix areas; or shared perceptions of community in gentrifying neighborhoods. Taking a different perspective, this paper studies the impact of such policies at the individual interaction level to assess whether social mix policies can lead to new forms of interaction between the existing residents and newcomers, and consequently, to further cohesion in the area or city from a broader perspective. The paper studies the interaction between new and former neighbors inside out in a special area, Amsterdam Nieuw West neighborhood, Kolenkitbuurt Zuidelijk Veld 1–2, which is recognized as being one of the most deprived neighborhoods in the country. The research of the Kolenkitbuurt case shows clearly that social interactions between the Dutch-Turkish and the new native Dutch residents have been limited to more casual or neither positive nor negative interactions.
... Arguments were made that public housing was sited in ways that created or reinforced race and income segregation. Advocates argued for public housing to be scattered across urban areas or favored removing the state's role in housing construction and providing residents with vouchers to support their rent in the private market (Vale & Freemark, 2012;Winnick, 1995). Although the genesis of mobility reforms was in the 1960s, wholesale changes did not occur until the 1990s. ...
Whereas federal aid to the poor has traditionally focused on support for families, a central contradiction in these policies is the degree to which the state employs antifamily modes of regulation and punishment, a finding consistent across welfare, health, and child services. I extend this analysis to Housing Choice Vouchers, the nation’s largest rental assistance program. Interviews with voucher renters show how, like welfare’s early man in the house rules, the public–private regulation of the program turns personal bonds into eviction liabilities. I trace these vulnerabilities to two rules: one banning unauthorized tenants from residing in the home, and another banning drug- and crime-related activity. After documenting how the enforcement of these rules forces tenants to choose between family and housing, I suggest that these dynamics illustrate similarities between the punitive regulation of housing and other safety net programs.