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With the ban on the use of antibiotics in poultry feed, it is required to produce alternative substances to maintain poultry health and performance. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation at various levels of bamboo vinegar (BV) on performance, egg quality, and fecal bacterial population of laying du...
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Context 1
... ducks were fed a basal diet supplemented with BV at the levels of 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, or 0.8% of diet (v/w) until 62 weeks of age. Commercial BV (pH= 3.0) was purchased from a company (Charcoal Home Co., Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand) and select physicochemical characteristics of this bamboo vinegar are shown in Table 2. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the 12 weeks of treatment. ...Context 2
... vinegar contains more than 200 accessory ingredients, including organic acids, phenols, ketones, and aldehydes (Akakabe et al., 2006). Organic acids are the main component in bamboo vinegar (Table 2). The main actions of organic acids in the gut are modifying the pH and controlling the balance of intestinal microflora and pathogens. ...Context 3
... ducks were fed a basal diet supplemented with BV at the levels of 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, or 0.8% of diet (v/w) until 62 weeks of age. Commercial BV (pH= 3.0) was purchased from a company (Charcoal Home Co., Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand) and select physicochemical characteristics of this bamboo vinegar are shown in Table 2. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the 12 weeks of treatment. ...Context 4
... vinegar contains more than 200 accessory ingredients, including organic acids, phenols, ketones, and aldehydes (Akakabe et al., 2006). Organic acids are the main component in bamboo vinegar (Table 2). The main actions of organic acids in the gut are modifying the pH and controlling the balance of intestinal microflora and pathogens. ...Citations
... Gut microflora, playing crucial roles in metabolism regulation and immune responses, is nowadays widely accepted as an important indicator for health status of an animal (Moroni et al., 2021;Zhu et al., 2021). Although it has been suggested that it may enhance immunity and accelerate growth of domestic animals (i.e., pigs, ducks, and chickens) through adjusting gut microflora (Samanya and Yamauchi, 2002;Watarai and Tana, 2005;Wang et al., 2012;Huo et al., 2016;Rattanawut et al., 2018Rattanawut et al., , 2019Yu et al., 2018;Schmidt et al., 2019), to the best of our knowledge, the impact of BVC on gut microflora remains unknown in commercial fish species. In addition, it has been suggested that intestinal morphological characteristics are closely related to nutrition uptake and health of an animal (Kelly and Coutts, 2000); however, whether the intestinal morphology of commercial fish species could be affected by dietary BVC supplementation awaits exploration. ...
... (Rattanawut et al., 2017(Rattanawut et al., , 2018(Rattanawut et al., , 2021Suresh et al., 2020). In addition to modulating the balance of intestinal microflora and pathogens, bamboo vinegar can also enhance the nutrient digestibility of gut through improving the maturation and development of intestines (e.g., increasing the villus height and area, epithelial cell area and cell mitosis), and increasing the secretion of endogenous enzymes (Deng et al., 2013;Rattanawut et al., 2019). ...
Although accumulating data demonstrate that dietary supplementation of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder (BVC) can significantly strengthen the immunity and boost the growth of domestic animals, its application potency still awaits verification in commercial fish species such as the large-scale loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus. The impacts of 90-day dietary supplementation of 1% and 2% BVC on survival and growth performance of the loach, and on the intestinal morphological characteristics and gut microflora were analyzed. Our data show that the large-scale loach supplied with BVC at the experimental doses had significant higher survival rates and better growth performance (indicated by greater weight gain (1.13–1.14 times), higher specific growth rate (1.04 times), and lower feed conversion ratio (0.88–0.89 times)) compared to that of the control (P<0.05). Histological examination revealed significant longer villus (3.22–5.54 times), deeper crypt (1.77–1.87 times), and thicker muscle (1.59–3.17 times) in the intestines of large-scale loach fed with BVC (P<0.05). Furthermore, we found that the gut microflora consisted of significantly fewer proportions of potential pathogenic bacterial species (Aeromonas veronii and Escherichia coli), but significantly greater proportions of beneficial microbes (Lactococus raffinolactis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii). Therefore, dietary intake of BVC can promote intestinal tract development and optimize gut microflora, by which the survival and growth of large-scale loach may be improved.
... Zhang et al. [21] stated that the egg production of ducks was exacerbated mainly by the infiltration of pathogenic bacteria l × × × such as Salmonella enterica. Hence, the provision of ingredients could reduce pathogenic bacteria to improve the productive performance of laying ducks by optimizing the feed metabolism and thus supporting the availability of required nutrients for egg production [22]. Egg production obtained in this study was substantially lower than that in the experiment carried out by Rostini et al. [4], who reported that the egg production of Alabio ducks ranged between 47% and 81%. ...
Objective:
To examine the effects of the salinity level of drinking water on the egg production and quality of Alabio ducks.
Materials and methods:
A total of 60 female Alabio ducks, aged 6 months, were subjected to this study. All ducks were kept in stage-type cages (1 m length × 1 m width × 0.5 m height), where each cage was inhabited by 4 ducks for 56 days of experimentation. All ducks were offered a mixed ration ad libitum for laying ducks, according to the nutritional requirements for egg-type ducks. The treatment in this study was drinking water with five stratified salinity levels, namely P0 = freshwater (0% salinity); P1 = water with a salinity of 0.75 practical salinity unit (PSU) (equal to 0.75 g NaCl/l); P2 = water with a salinity of 1.5 PSU (1.5 gm/l); P3 = water with a salinity of 2.5 PSU (2.5 gm/l); and P4 = water with a salinity of 3 PSU (3.0 gm/l). Observations were made on water intake, feed intake, egg production, and egg quality (egg weight, egg shape index density, shell proportion, shell thickness, yolk index, albumen index, and Haugh unit).
Results:
The results showed that the difference in salinity levels in drinking water from 0.75 PSU to 3 PSU did not affect water intake, feed intake, egg production, or egg quality of Alabio ducks for the first 56 days of the laying period (p > 0.05).
Conclusions:
It was concluded that Alabio ducks have a good tolerance for drinking water salinity of up to 3 PSU, or equal to 3 gm/l NaCl.
... Studies have reported that supplementation of BV in the diet could increase nutrient digestibility, body weight gain and reduce the faecal Escherichia coli population of growing pigs (Ahmed et al. 1970;Wang et al. 2012). Recently, we demonstrated that feeding BV at 0.4% improved production performance in egg-laying ducks (Rattanawut et al. 2019) and reduced damaged egg rate in aged laying hens (Rattanawut et al. 2018). However, there has been little information on the potential effects of BC or BC mixed with BV on layer performance and egg quality. ...
This experiment aimed to determine the effects of bamboo charcoal (BC), bamboo vinegar (BV) and their combinations in laying hen diet on performance, egg quality, intestinal bacterial populations and alteration of intestinal villi. A total of 450 Hy-Line Brown hens aged 40 weeks were divided into 9 treatment groups, with 5 replicates per treatment and 10 hens per replicate. They were fed diets with 0% BC and BV (control), 0.5% BC, 1% BC, 0.3% BV, 0.6% BV, 0.5% BC + 0.3% BV (BCV53), 0.5% BC + 0.6% BV (BCV56), 1% BC + 0.3% BV (BCV13) or 1% BC + 0.6% BV (BCV16) from 40 to 56 weeks of age. The overall feed conversion ratio was better in all supplemented groups than in the control (p < .05). Eggshell strength and shell thickness at week 56 were higher in the 0.3% BV, 0.6% BV, BCV56 and BCV16 groups when compared to the control group (p < .05). In the ileal digesta, population of Salmonella spp. decreased in the 0.3% BV, 0.6% BV, BCV56 and BCV16 groups (p < .05) and the population of Lactobacillus spp. increased in the 0.3% BV, 0.6% BV and BCV56 groups (p < .05). Villus height and areas of the duodenum were higher in the groups receiving BV (p < .05), and villus height and areas of jejunum were higher in all groups receiving BV at 0.6% level (p < .05). The present results indicate that feeding of BV alone at 0.3% level was sufficient to improve feed efficiency, eggshell quality, growth of Lactobacillus spp. and function of duodenal villi in laying hens. Supplementation with BV at 0.6% level, either alone or in combination with BC in the diet, had an additional positive effect in stimulating jejunal villi.
• HIGHLIGHTS
• Supplementation of BV alone in the diet at 0.3% level was sufficient to improve feed efficiency, eggshell quality and intestinal microbial balance
• Supplementation of BV at 0.6% level, either alone or in combination with BC in the diet, had a stimulant effect on the functioning of intestinal villi.
... In recent years, immunomodulatory activities including antioxidation, anti-infl ammation, and anti-virus of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder (BVC) have been increasingly documented (Loo et al., 2007;Marumoto et al., 2012). Although the potential of BVC as immunostimulant has been verifi ed in domestic animals such as pigs, ducks, and chickens (Samanya and Yamauchi, 2002;Watarai and Tana, 2005;Wang et al., 2012;Yan et al., 2012;Huo et al., 2016;Rattanawut et al., 2018Rattanawut et al., , 2019Yu et al., 2018;Schmidt et al., 2019), to the best of our knowledge, it remains elusive in commercial fi sh species such as the African catfi sh. ...
Although the immunomodulatory activity of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder (BVC) has been increasingly documented in domestic animals, the use of BVC as immunostimulant in fish aquaculture awaits verification. In the present study, the immunostimulatory impacts of dietary BVC intake were investigated in an important aquaculture fish species, the African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Results show that the pathogen resistance of African catfish was significantly improved by dietary BVC intake at the tested levels (0.5%–2%), as indicated by higher survival rates (approximately 1.52–1.85 times that without BVC supplementation) upon intraperitoneally injection of bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. In addition, both the count and phagocytic activity of blood cells were significantly up-regulated by a 45-day dietary supplementation of BVC. Moreover, compared to that of the control, fish individuals fed BVC containing diets exhibited significant higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and lysozyme (LYZ). The content of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in serum of African catfish was also induced by dietary BVC supplementation. Furthermore, the expression levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8), toll-like receptor 1 and 5 (TLR1 and TLR5), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) in the head kidney were significantly up-regulated. Our findings indicate BVC could be an effective immunostimulant in teleost species, which may enhance fish immunity through improving hematic parameters, activating bioactive humoral molecules, and up-regulating immune related molecular pathways.
... [125][126][127]129 Souza et al. 130 In veterinary and animal production, PA has also been used as a supplement in animals feeding to inhibit growth of enteropathogenic microbes 51 ; to improve digestibility and nutrient absorption 134 ; to promote beneficial effect on the intestinal microbial population. 135 Rattanawut et al. 136 observed that a level of 0.4% PA when added to laying duck diet in addition to inhibiting the growth of fecal E. coli, enhanced also productive performance of egg laying ducks. In pig creation, PA facilitates composting of pig manure to reduce NH 3 emissions. ...
The wood carbonization is made at an enclosed environment with controlled addition of atmospheric air producing, besides charcoal, other coproducts such as condensable and non‐condensable gases. These gases, which represent 70% of the dry wood mass, are released into the atmosphere, decreasing air quality and producing environmental and social impacts. In this context, it is necessary to develop technologies capable to convert these gases into usable products or transform them into heat and power. The incineration of gases from charcoal kilns opens new opportunities of business because the energy provided by burners can be utilized for drying the wood to be introduced into the kilns and for generation of electricity. On the other hand, condensable gases can also be used on a route to recover and purify the pyroligneous acid. Pyroligneous acid finds application in diverse areas, as antiseptic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, herbicide, pesticide, plant growth enhancer, antitermitic activities; is a source for valuable chemicals; and provides smoked flavor and aroma for food. The main objective of this review is to explore the potential use of wood pyrolysis coproducts, aiming to subsidize and to encourage the technological development of equipment for use of these coproducts. This paper highlights the potential benefits arising from pyroligneous acid application and discusses the charcoal cogeneration technologies.
... Besides, it is necessary to reduce production costs because BCV production takes a lot of time and cost. To our knowledge, no work has yet published on the effect of dietary BC alone feeding in poultry except that the higher than 1% dietary wood (oak) charcoal diet decreased feed intake (Kutlu et al. 2001), although 0.4% dietary BV diet improved performance in egg-laying ducks (Rattanawut et al. 2019). ...
... Laying performance such as feed intake (g), feed efficiency, egg production (%), egg weight (g), egg mass (g per hen per day), and damaged egg rate (%) was measured based on the method of Rattanawut et al. (2018). Egg quality such as whole egg weight (g), eggshell strength (kg per cm 2 ) , 5 g vitamin B 1 , 10 g vitamin B 2 , 6 g vitamin B 6 , 0.06 g vitamin B 12 , 15 g vitamin C, 20 g pantothenic acid, 50 g nicotinic acid, 3 g folic acid, 0.24 g biotin, 23.25 g feed additives, 0.15 g preservatives, up to 1 kg carrier and thickness (mm), eggshell weight (g), albumen weight (g), yolk weight (g), yolk color score, and egg's Haugh unit was measured in accordance with the method of Rattanawut et al. (2019). ...
This experiment examines the effects of bamboo charcoal (BC) powder, bamboo vinegar (BV), and their combination (BCV) in the diet of laying hens on performance, egg quality, relative organ weights, and intestinal bacterial populations. A total of 320 laying hens (36 weeks of age) were divided into 4 treatment groups, with 10 replicates per treatment and 8 hens per replicate. They were fed on a control diet, the control diet supplemented with 0.8% BC, the control diet supplemented with 0.4% BV, or the control diet supplemented with a combination of BC (0.8%) and BV (0.4%) from 36 to 51 weeks of age. Egg production increased in the hens fed the BV and BCV diets during 48 to 51 weeks of age (P < 0.05). Damaged egg rate decreased in the hens fed the BV and BCV diets for the whole experiment (P < 0.05). Shell thickness was highest in the BCV-fed group at week 43, and shell strength was higher in the BV-fed group at week 51 (P < 0.05). Supplementation of BC or BCV in the diet resulted in a decreased abdominal fat pad (P < 0.05). In the ileal content, the population of Salmonella spp. decreased in the BV and BCV groups and the population of Lactobacillus spp. increased in the BV group (P < 0.05). The present results indicate that feeding BV or BCV alleviates damaged egg rate and decreases intestinal pathogenic bacteria, while feeding BC benefits by reducing abdominal fat. These results suggest that the effect of BCV seems to be induced by the synergistic effect of BC and BV, and that the BCV contributes to the effective use of bamboo on the laying hen’s production.
Feed is the most critical factor in animal production and the availability of cheap and high-quality feeds are crucial to sustainable livestock production. With the persistent scarcity and high cost of core feed inputs, the use of additives to increase feed use and economic efficiency through improved animal health and performance has gained popularity over the years. In recent times, non-antibiotic feed supplements, such as prebiotics, probiotics, enzymes, herbal mixtures and clay minerals have been tested as effective feed additives in animal diets. Organic acids and probiotic products are dietary feed additives with growth-promoting abilities similar to antibiotics. However, palm sap, an alcoholic beverage from various palm species has shown promise as a potential source of organic acids and direct-fed microbial products. Thus, this review provides a brief discussion on the microbial and biochemical characteristics of palm wine and its potential benefits to the livestock industry to improve performance, increased digestive efficiency, reduce the proliferation of pathogenic organisms and disease incidence in animal production. From the kinds of literature reviewed, it can be concluded that the metabolic products of palm wine fermentation had bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties to inhibit pathogens while improving the growth performance of animals.
