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Biodegradation studies of natural rubber composites reinforced with natural resource fillers like peanut shell powder and coconut shell powder of 10 and 40 parts per hundred part of rubber (phr) filler loadings were carried out under soil burial conditions for three/six months. The extent of biodegradation of natural rubber and natural rubber compo...
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... serious attempt has been made so far to evaluate the use of peanut shell powder (PSP) and coconut shell powder (CSP) as reinforcing fillers for NR matrix. Tables 1 and 2 show the chemical com- positions of peanut shell and coconut shell, respect- ively. Biodegradable polymers are designed to degrade upon disposal after use by the action of microorganisms. ...
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Citations
... By limiting the access of these microorganisms to moisture, via the coating of PSF with hydrophobic polymer, we slow down the biodegradation process. (Sareena, 2014). As discussed above, the coating of PSF by VVN15 and VVN30 showed a significant decrease in the amount of water absorbed by SAF and SBF composites in comparison with that absorbed by SUF. ...
... The SBF composites showed a lower weight loss value than the corresponding SAF composites, which is attributed to that the VVN30 is more hydrophobic than VVN15 as indicated by the water absorption study. The results showed that the biodegradation of SBR participated to a small extent in the weight loss, where the weight loss is mainly due to the degradation of PSF, especially at high fiber loading levels (Sareena, 2014;Bras, 2010). The biodegradation is reflected in the mechanical properties of the composites, where the mechanical properties decrease as the biodegradation increase (Abraham, 2012). ...
... Fig. 10 shows the impact of three months of burial in the soil on the TS of S0, SUF, SAF and SBF composites. It can be seen that the results of loss in TS after burial in the soil for three months confirm the results obtained from weight loss and are close to those reported by Sareena et al.(Sareena, 2014). The So sample exhibited the lowest loss in TS (12.53%) after three months. ...
Hydrophobic nanoparticle copolymers of vinyl acetate and different ratios of veova10 were used to coat Pisum sativum L. fibers (PSF). The impact of coating process on the reinforcement efficiency of PSF of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) was investigated. The morphology study, indicated that, the coating with hydrophobic nanoparticle copolymers improved the interfacial adhesion between the PSF and SBR. The tensile strength (TS) of the composites containing coated fibers recorded the highest tensile properties, the lowest Mullins effect and the highest resistance to water absorption. The coating process improved the TS of PSF/SBR composite up to 35.3% after incorporation of 10 phr of coated PSF. The PSF/SBR composite containing 20 phr of coated fibers recorded water uptake of 14.18% compared to 23.24% for composites containing uncoated fibers. The PSF/SBR composites exhibited more biodegradation rate than that of neat SBR. The results indicated that the PSF coated with the prepared hydrophobic polymers had a beneficial impact on the physicomechanical properties of the PSF/SBR composites.
... Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, protein, and ash are all components of the chemical structure of peanut shells [42]. The primary structural element of plant cell walls is cellulose. ...
Peanut-shell-based polymer composites have gained significant attention as sustainable and cost-effective materials with potential applications as food packaging films, ceiling tiles, insulation panels, supercapacitors, and electrodes in various industries like the packaging industry, construction, furniture, and electronics. This review article presents a systematic roadmap of the mechanical properties of peanut-shell-based polymer composites, analyzing the influence of factors such as filler content, surface modification techniques, interfacial adhesion, and processing methods. Through an extensive literature review, we highlight the mechanical properties of peanut-shell-based polymer composites. Furthermore, challenges and ongoing research efforts in this field are discussed. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights for researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers, promoting the development and utilization of peanut-shell-based polymer composites for various applications.
... Peanuts, also known as groundnuts, have the main residue form of peanut shells representing between 25% to 30% of the total weight which has the potential to become a source of 2D material of nanocellulose [66], carbon nanosheets [54,55], GO, and graphite papers [67]. The chemical composition of peanut shells is a combination of lignin (36.1 wt%), cellulose (44.8 wt%), proteins (5.4 wt%), hemicellulose biopolymers (5.6 wt%), and other compounds such as minerals, pectin, and tannins with several polar functional groups i.e. hydroxyl, methoxy, and carboxyl groups on the surface [68][69][70]. Recently, carbon-based supercapacitors made from peanut shells have garnered considerable interest [55,67,71]. ...
The development of two-dimensional (2D) materials for biomedical applications has accelerated exponentially. Contrary to their bulk counterparts, the exceptional properties of 2D materials make them highly prospective for contrast agents for bioimage, drug, and heat delivery in biomedical treatment. Nevertheless, empty space in the integration and utilization of 2D materials in living biological systems, potential toxicity, as well as required complicated synthesis and high-cost production limit the real application of 2D materials in those advance medical treatments. On the other hand, green technology appears to be one of strategy to shed a light on the blurred employment of 2D in medical applications, thus, with the increasing reports of green technology that promote advanced technologies, here, we compile, summarize, and synthesize information on the biomedical technology of 2D materials through green technology point of view. Beginning with a fundamental understanding, of crystal structures, the working mechanism, and novel properties, this article examines the recent development of 2D materials. As well as 2D materials made from natural and biogenic resources, a recent development in green-related synthesis was also discussed. The biotechnology and biomedical-related application constraints are also discussed. The challenges, solutions, and prospects of the so-called green 2D materials are outlined.
... Various methods have been developed to treat Batik liquid waste so that it may be safely released into the surrounding environment, one of which is adsorption using activated carbon which can be derived from natural materials [6][7][8]. Peanut shells have a fairly high cellulose content of 44.80% with active -OH groups that can bind harmful pollutants in Batik liquid waste [9]. However, it should be noted that adsorbents can lack effectiveness and efficiency in terms of their recovery and time required for the adsorption process. ...
... The bands at 1419.90 cm −1 , 1313.14 cm −1 , and 1030.80 cm −1 were ascribed to -CH 3 , -CH 2 -, and C-O groups, respectively. This is in accordance with previous research stating that peanut shells contain -OH, C]O, C-H, and C-O functional groups[9]. Significant changes in the intensity and shifts of the absorption wave numbers of the -OH and C]O groups in the Fe 3 O 4 /TiO 2 /AC spectra indicated successful modification by Fe 3 O 4 and TiO 2 on the activated carbon surface[20].The XRD profile inFigure 3showed a diffraction peak of amorphous activated carbon at 2θ = 21.89°(002) and 51.15°(100).Fe 3 O 4 /AC diffraction peaks at 2θ = 30.12°( 220); 35.79°(311); 43.32°(400); 53.56°(422); 57.32°(511); and 62.78°(440) satisfy the diffractions of the cubic and orthorhombic phase of magnetic materials (JCPDS No. 19e0629). ...
The composite of magnetic activated carbon derived from peanut shells functionalized titanium dioxide (Fe3O4/TiO2/AC) has been successfully synthesized. The composite was employed to remove indigosol green and Cr(vi) under ultraviolet (UV) and visible light. In this work, the activated carbon was synthesized from a sustainable source of peanut shell by carbonization and activation method employing NaOH as the activating agent. Magnetite was prepared by chemical co-precipitation technique using FeCl3·6H2O and FeSO4·7H2O, and then, the deposition of TiO2 was performed under ultrasonic irradiation. A variety of material characterization, consisting of Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray, was used to analyze the physicochemical properties of the composite. The effects of pH, irradiation time, and composite mass during optimization performance were investigated. The characterizations represent the dispersed TiO2 in the anatase phase with the existence of magnetic particles. The activity tests revealed the superiority of the composite for applications involving adsorption and photocatalysis under visible light source compared to UV light. It was found that Fe3O4/TiO2/AC yields the efficiency for the removal of indigosol green and Cr(vi) from Batik liquid waste of 92.91 and 76.92%, respectively.
... The use of chitin and chitosan as fillers is known [28,29]. The shells of crustaceans and insects are the main source of chitin, from which, in turn, chitosan is obtained. ...
The growing amount of synthetic polymeric materials is a great environmental problem that has to be solved as soon as possible. The main factor aggravating this problem is the abundance of products made from traditional synthetic polymer, such as packaging materials, cases, containers and other equipment with a short period of use, which quickly turns into polymer waste that pollutes the ecosystem for decades. In this paper, we consider the possibility of solving this problem by the development of biodegradable compositions based on polyolefins and elastomers. The addition of a natural component (natural rubber) to the matrix of the synthetic polymeric (polyethylene) leads to the significant changes in structure and properties of the material. Different aspects of mixing semicrystalline and amorphous polymers are discussed in the article. It was shown that addition of 10–50% wt. of the elastomers to the synthetic polymer increases wettability of the material, slightly reduces the mechanical properties, significantly affects the supramolecular structure of the crystalline phase of polyethylene and initiates microbiological degradation. In particular, in this work, the acquisition, structure and properties of biodegradable binary composites based on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and natural rubber (NR) were studied. It has been shown that such compositions are biodegradable in soil under standard conditions.
... Many countries are undertaking campaigns of diminution of the coal reserves for preparation of industrial activated carbon. A typical peanut shell has a carbon content, ash content, crude protein, crude fat, lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose [22] in composition of 92, 3.8, 5.4, 0.1, 36.1, 5.6, and 44.8 wt% [23]. This high carbon content positions peanut shell as an alternative to the expensive commercial source of activated carbon. ...
Peanut shell was used to prepare activated carbon (PSAC) by the hydrothermal activation in KOH. The synthesized PSAC was
modified using PANI. The functionalized waste peanut shell activated carbon/polyaniline (PANI/PSAC) composite was used
for wastewater treatment. The impact of PANI acid doping and the synergistic effect of activated carbon of the adsorbents on
MB dye removal were investigated. HCl, H 2 SO 4 and CH 3 COOH were used as dopants for the composite functionalization.
The composites were characterized using SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, and FTIR. The acid dopants formed nanorods, nanofib-
ers, and nanotubes PANI structures. The PSAC had a surface area of 582 m 2 /g and pore diameter of 1.9052 nm. Adsorption
parameters: contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, and solution temperature, were examined. The HCl-P/PSAC had the highest
adsorption capacity of 220 mg/g and about 90% removal of the 100 mg/L within 60 min which is 2.3 times the adsorption
capacity of PSAC (94.67 mg/g). The adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics were investigated. All the prepared
composites followed both Langmuir, Freundlich isotherm and the PSO model. The adsorption mechanisms were explained
using FTIR. To the author’s knowledge, this study represents the first examination of doping acids impact on the PANI/
PSAC composite for dye removal
... The nature of the adsorbent depends mainly on the chemical composition of the adsorbent, but the surface primarily which is responsible for the adsorption of influenced by the presence of pores, edges, cracks, attached functional groups and the pre-treatment. A typical peanut shell has an organic matter content, ash content, crude protein, crud fat, lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose in composition of 92, 3.8, 5.4, 0.1, 36.1, 5.6, and 44.8 wt% [27]. ...
Carbon-based materials are widely used in various fields such as wastewater treatment, gas sensing, and energy storage applications. In this study, waste peanut shell (PSH), available in Egypt, were transformed into useful materials by physical, chemical, and thermal treatments. The physical properties of materials from the different processing combinations were investigated. The activated (APSH), carbonized (CPSH), and activated/carbonized (A/CPSH) forms were successfully prepared. The prepared solids were characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, and nitrogen gas adsorption. Ball milling at 5 runs for 45 min resulted in 84 wt% of the ground PSH passing through the 212 μm mesh. Accordingly, the activation, carbonization, and activation/carbonization increased the surface areas of resulting solids by 6, 34, and 580 times, respectively. Among the materials prepared, the activated/carbonized PSH had a mean pore diameter of 1.9 nm, mesoporous material, and the highest electrical conductivity of 0.0042 Ω-1 cm-1. This PSH is available as adsorbent in water treatment and materials for gas sensing and energy storage.
... Sulfonated peanut shells were used previously as biodiesel catalysts due to the porous nature of the carbonaceous material (Zeng et al., 2014). Peanut shells consist of 44.8% cellulose, 36.1% lignin, and 5.6% hemicelluloses (Sareena et al., 2013). According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, the estimated global peanut production reached 43.98 million metric tons in 2016 and is only expected to increase in the coming years (Perea-Moreno et al., 2018). ...
... In Fig. 1a, the XRD spectra reveal a tall, broad peak between 2-theta (2θ) values of 15 • and 30 • . This peak corresponds to the amorphous base structure of PSC composed of lignin and hemicellulose, which was slightly disrupted by crystalline cellulose that made up 44.8 wt% of peanut shells (Sareena et al., 2013). The amorphous structure may also be due to the exposure of peanut shell powder to sulfuric acid. ...
... PSC-1 and PSC-5 were also examined for their applicability in biomass to HMF conversion. Considering that the cellulose content of peanut shells is almost half of its total weight, it is selected as representative biomass in the parametric study (Sareena et al., 2013). HMF mass yields at different time and temperature settings are shown in Fig. 3. Based on the time-series plots of PSC-1 (Fig. 3a), longer reaction times merit an increase in HMF yields. ...
In this study, waste peanut shells were sulfur-impregnated and used as acid catalysts in the presence of an ionic liquid for the conversion of fructose, glucose, and cellulose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, a useful chemical intermediate for biofuel production. Effects of sulfur-doping duration (1 h and 5 h), solvent type and proportion, reaction temperature (130 °C, 140 °C, and 150 °C), time (30–240 min), catalyst-to-substrate ratio (1–2.5 m/m), and agricultural residue (peanut shell, Canada wheat straw, water hyacinth, stalk, and reed) on HMF yields were investigated. Monophasic and biphasic ionic liquids such as [amim]Cl, [bmim]HSO4, and [emim]Cl were employed in combination with choline chloride and dimethyl sulfoxide to improve HMF yields. Results show that peanut shells subjected to prolonged sulfur impregnation produced higher HMF yields. At 130 °C and 2 h, HMF yields from fructose and glucose reached 94.6% and 55.1%, respectively. Higher reaction temperatures improved HMF yields and accelerated conversion rates for the sugar substrates. Moreover, HMF production from waste biomass namely, peanut shells, peanut stalk, Canadian wheat straw, reed, and water hyacinth were examined in separate one-pot catalytic reactions. Overall, the study showed the effectiveness of sulfur-doped peanut shells as solid acid catalysts for the synthesis of HMF from various sources and the results may be used in designing large-scale production of furanic biofuel precursors from agricultural wastes.
... St blend at composition 70/30 that the grafting degree of NRL-g-AAm and NRL/P.ST-g-AAm was higher than that in case of NRL-g-AAc and (NR/P.St)-g-AAc. These results are reflected on the biodegradation test, where it is noticed that the weight loss of NRL-g-AAm and NRL/P.ST-g-AAm (Fig. 8a) was higher than the weight loss in case of NRL-g-AAc and NRL/P.ST-g-AAc (Fig. 8b). Figure 8 also shows that the weight loss has increased nearly up to 40 days and then started to level off with time [16,32]. Also it is noticed that NRL (100%) nearly expresses no weight loss as expected. ...
Grafting by pre-irradiation technique is rarely reported in recent literature. In this respect, natural rubber latex (NRL) films and its blends with potato starch (NRL/P.St) were prepared at various compositions using solution casting technique. Pre-irradiated NRL films with gamma radiation at doses from 30 to 100 kGy were grafted with hydrophilic monomers namely, acrylic acid (AAc) and acrylamide (AAm) to enhance NRL hydrophilicity. The grafted films of NRL and NRL/P.St blends were structurally and morphologically characterized by different techniques including FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Hydrophilicity properties of grafted films were studied intensively through evaluating water absorption percentage of the grafted films. The water absorption study concluded that NRL and NRL/P.St blend films grafted with acrylamide have higher water affinity than those grafted with acrylic acid monomer. Enhancing the hydrophilicity of NRL and NRL/P.St blend films make it possible to study the biodegradability of the prepared films. Studying the effect of incubation time in soil on the weight loss of samples showed that the biodegradability of NRL-g-AAm and NRL/P.St (70/30)-g-AAm is higher than their counterparts grafted with AAc. The results showed that the microbial activity inside the specimens in the case of grafted NRL films with AAm monomer was accelerated in the first 10 days in soil burial test. Calculation of the weight loss and digital photographs of the films showed significant differences after 90 days of incubation in soil and the films grafted with AAm have higher weight loss than those grafted with AAc.Graphic abstract
... As per FAOSTAT, India is second largest producer of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) along with shells in world with a number of 6.7 million tonnes per year, more production means more generation of by-products. Peanut shells are natural composite of cellulose and hemicellulose fiber embedded in lignin matrix (Sareena et al., 2014) and as per the literature survey also no study was found using peanut (A. hypogaea) shells for removal of Auramine dye. ...
In the present article, an attempt is made for simple, low‐cost, and efficient removal of Auramine dye using peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) shells as adsorbents. Two different forms of adsorbents distilled water washed peanut shells (DPS) and NaOH treated peanut shells (NPS) were used as adsorbents. Both the adsorbents were studied using BET, pH PZC , FTIR, SEM, TGA, and XRD characterization techniques. Adsorption parameters such as effect of contact time, pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, and temperature were also assessed. Isotherm analysis at optimum conditions showed Langmuir fitted better with a q m value of 96.15 mg/g for DPS and 294.12 mg/g for NPS; while in kinetic analysis, pseudo‐second order was superior. Thermodynamics study stated that adsorption process was endothermic in nature. Overall outcomes establish that the two forms of peanut shells, DPS, and NPS were excellent in removal of Auramine dye and are low cost also as preparation cost of DPS and NPS is 68.73 INR and 106.19 INR per kg, respectively.
Practitioner points
Removal of Auramine dye from aqueous media using different forms of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) shells as adsorbents is discussed.
q m (Langmuir) using DPS and NPS were found to be 96.15 and 294.12 mg/g, respectively.
Preparation cost of DPS was 68.73 INR per 1 kg, whereas for NPS it was 106.19 INR per 1 kg.
