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The application of nutrients to assist and accelerate naturally occurring biodegradation processes was studied at field scale on contaminated shoreline in Prince William Sound as part of the effort to recover from the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Selection of fertilizer forms and means to apply the nutrients comprised a major part of the evaluation proj...
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... 자연계에서 미생물은 유류화합물을 분해하는 다양한 종들 이 존재하나 [2] 유류오염으로 인한 과량의 탄소에 비해 질소와 인의 상대적인 고갈은 토착미생물에 의한 생물분해를 제한하 곤 한다 [3,13]. 따라서 생물정화기술에서 다양한 형태의 무기 영양원 공급은 미생물의 성장을 촉진하고 유류화합물의 생분 해를 향상시킬 수 있다 [5,7,8,10,[14][15][16]25]. ...
To evaluate the effects of microorganism agents on oil biodegradation, treatability and microcosm studies were conducted. Petroleum oil degrading bacteria were isolated from enriched cultures of oil-contaminated sediment samples using a mineral salts medium (MSM) containing 0.5% Arabian heavy crude oil as the sole carbon source. After a 5 day-incubation period using MSM, mixed microorganisms of three species (strains BS1, BS2 and BS4) degraded 48.4% of aliphatic hydrocarbons and 30.5% of aromatic hydrocarbons. Treatability and microcosm tests were performed in the three different treatment conditions (AO: Arabian heavy crude oil, AO+IN: Arabian heavy crude oil+inorganic nutrient, AO+IN+MM: Arabian heavy crude oil+inorganic nutrient+mixed microorganism agents). Among these, significantly enhanced biodegradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons were observed in AO+IN and AO+IN+MM conditions, without showing any different biodegradation rates in either condition. However, the degradation rates of aromatic hydrocarbons in an AO+IN+MM condition were increased by 50% in the treatability test and by 13% in the microcosm test compared to those in an AO+IN condition. Taken together, it can be concluded that mixed microorganism agents enhance the biodegradation of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in laboratory, a treatability test, and a microcosm test. This agent could especially be a useful tool in the application of bioremediation for removal of aromatic hydrocarbons.
... The physical forms of fertilizers are also critical in determination of appropriate nutrient application methods. Generally, available fertilizers can be classified into four types in terms of their physical forms: (1) slow release fertilizer briquettes, (2) dry granular fertilizers, (3) liquid oleophilic fertilizers, and (4) water-soluble inorganic nutrient solutions (Glaser et al., 1991;Swannell et al., 1996). The application of the briquette forms is problematic in regards to buoyancy of the briquettes and redistribution by tide and wave action (Glaser et al., 1991). ...
... Generally, available fertilizers can be classified into four types in terms of their physical forms: (1) slow release fertilizer briquettes, (2) dry granular fertilizers, (3) liquid oleophilic fertilizers, and (4) water-soluble inorganic nutrient solutions (Glaser et al., 1991;Swannell et al., 1996). The application of the briquette forms is problematic in regards to buoyancy of the briquettes and redistribution by tide and wave action (Glaser et al., 1991). The method used during the Exxon Valdez spill involved packing the briquettes in mesh bags tethered to steel bars driven into the beach subsurface. ...
... Liquid oleophilic nutrients, such as Inipol EAP 22, are also relatively easy to apply by using hand-held or backpack sprayers. One of the problems when using Inipol EAP 22 during the Exxon Valdez spill cleanup was its low pour point (11°C), which led to clogging of spraying nozzles and poor uniformity of application (Glaser et al., 1991). The problem was later resolved by warming the product. ...
... Six plots were established, three on mixed sand and gravel and three on cobble. Typically, each plot was at least 12 m wide and 21 m long across the intertidal zone (32). ...
... The nutrients were selected on the basis of laboratory assessments (87). Exactly the same treatment strategy was used on the portion of the beach containing sand and gravel (32). Inipol EAP 22 was administered via backpack sprayers, just after the tide had passed below the lowest point on the plots. ...
... The bags in the upper part of the plot were repositioned 10 days after the start of the test, because they were not being submerged regularly at high tide. An extra four bags of Woodace were also added at this point (32), increasing the total added nitrogen to 58.5 kg and the phosphate to 14.4 kg. ...
Bioremediation is defined as the act of adding or improving the availability of materials (e.g., nutrients, microorganisms, or oxygen) to contaminated environments to cause an acceleration of natural biodegradative processes. The results of field experiments and trials following actual spill incidents have been reviewed to evaluate the feasibility of this approach as a treatment for oil contamination in the marine environment. The ubiquity of oil-degrading microorganisms in the marine environment is well established, and research has demonstrated the capability of the indigenous microflora to degrade many components of petroleum shortly after exposure. Studies have identified numerous factors which affect the natural biodegradation rates of oil, such as the origin and concentration of oil, the availability of oil-degrading microorganisms, nutrient concentrations, oxygen levels, climatic conditions, and sediment characteristics. Bioremediation strategies based on the application of fertilizers have been shown to stimulate the biodegradation rates of oil in aerobic intertidal sediments such as sand and cobble. The ratio of oil loading to nitrogen concentration within the interstitial water has been identified to be the principal controlling factor influencing the success of this bioremediation strategy. However, the need for the seeding of natural environments with hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria has not been clearly demonstrated under natural environmental conditions. It is suggested that bioremediation should now take its place among the many techniques available for the treatment of oil spills, although there is still a clear need to set operational limits for its use. On the basis of the available evidence, we have proposed preliminary operational guidelines for bioremediation on shoreline environments.
... Nutrient enrichment significantly enhanced the degradation of components up to n-Q^t-These results support the preliminary conclusions of a study conducted in Prince William Sound in 1989 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, which indicated that the application of granular slow-release nutrient mixture (Customblen, a granular slow-release nutrient mixture composed of ammonium nitrate, calcium phosphate, and ammonium phosphate encased in polymerized vegetable oil) enhanced the biodégradation of oil stranded on shorelines. 17 In addition, the current study demonstrates the operational advantage of the slow-release fertilizer (sulfur-coated urea) in comparison to the soluble inorganic fertilizer (ammonium nitrate) when applied at the similar N and P concentrations. In terms of the n-alkanes, after 167 days, 52.4 percent of the oil remained in the control (nonfertilized) oiled enclosure. ...
In situ biodegradation, the activation of microbial processes capable of destroying contaminants where they are found in the environment, is a biological process that responds rapidly to changing environmental factors. Accordingly, in situ sediment enclosures were used to test the efficacy of selected nutrient formulations to enhance the biodegradation of a waxy crude oil in a low-energy shoreline environment. The addition of soluble inorganic fertilizers (ammonium nitrate and triple superphosphate) and slow-release nutrient formulations (sulfur coated urea) stimulated microbial activity and prolonged the period of oil degradation, despite a decline in seasonal temperatures. Low temperatures reduced the permeability of the coating on the slow release fertilizers, effectively suppressing nutrient release. Of the nutrient formulations evaluated, we recommend the application of granular slow-release fertilizers (such as sulfur-coated urea) when the overlying water temperatures are above 15 °C, and the application of soluble inorganic fertilizers (such as ammonium nitrate) at lower temperatures. Comprehensive analysis of the experimental results indicate that application protocols for bioremediation (form and type of fertilizer or type and frequency of application), be specifically tailored to account for differences in environmental parameters (including oil characteristics) at each contaminated site.
... Field trials conducted following the Exxon Valdez spill evaluated two types of slow release nutrients: isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) briquettes and Customblen granules. The application of the briquettes was problematic in regards to buoyancy of the briquettes and redistribution by tide and wave action (Glaser, 1994;Glaser et al., 1991). The method used during the Exxon Valdez spill involved packing the briquettes in mesh bags tethered to steel bars driven into the beach subsurface. ...
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL POTENTIAL of BACTERIA ISOLATED from TURKISH MARINE AREAS
Gülşen ALTUĞ
Istanbul University, Fisheries Faculty, Department of Marine Biology Istanbul, Turkey
galtug@istanbul.edu.tr
ABSTRACT
Some peculiarities (such as anti-bacterial activities, tolerances against oil hydrocarbons and heavy metal, produces industrially important amines) of bacteria isolated from various marine areas of Turkey were detected with our previous studies at different time periods between 2000 and 2016. The project, which was combined just one title, consists of three parts. The holistic aim of the study is obtain increased knowledge on the applicability of the stocked bacterial isolates with various aim detailed below;
1. In 2013, we concluded the study of the epibiotic bacteria by isolating the sponges collected by diving in the Sea of Marmara and around Gökçeada (Aegean Sea). Within these projects (TUBITAK 112Y236 and I.U. BAP 39553) we found out that the methanolic extracts of these sponges have anti-bacterial effects. In this project, using the qualitative and quantitative analyzes of the methanolic extracts (the relevance of the active substances and chemical properties which determines their structure) the data obtained that enables the clinical use of the anti-bacterial characteristics.
2. In our previous various tests we determined the bacteria that are resistant to oil hydrocarbons and which were adapted to the higher concentration of oil. In this project the effect of these single and mixed consortium of isolated bacteria that reduce the oil quantity in the system and ideal conditions (for these isolates) to switch from laboratory-scale production to the product were researched.
3. The adaptation studies were made to increase activity capacity oriented to metabolic characteristic of some isolates that we predicted for industrial purposes in our previous marine researches in the past 16 years and we stocked at -80 °C. In this study, the indigenous isolates the state of being completely workable in ecological characteristics of the geography where they are isolated, makes our data unique. Parallel to these unique data, it has the significant potential that contributes to a scientific literature. I
n this project adapted bacteria cultures were improved. Additionally, the database to convert these cultures into products and patents were obtained. Obtained processes with high added value; created a base for new projects which will provide the products that will increase our national competitiveness. In this article the data obtained from the 114Y690 TÜBİTAK project was evaulated regarding uses of marine biotechnology in the world.
Key words: Bacteria, sponge, oil hydrocarbon, degaradation, heavy metal
Much of the early work on the microbial utilization of petroleum hydrocarbons, conducted in the 1950s and 1960s, was done with the goal of using hydrocarbons as substrates for producing microbial biomass (Shennan, 1984; Champagnat, 1964; Champagnat and Llewelyn, 1962; Cooney et al., 1980; Ballerini, 1978). Petroleum was viewed as an inexpensive carbon source and single cell protein (microbial biomass) was considered as a possible solution to the perceived impending world food shortage for the predicted global population explosion. Applied studies focused on optimizing microbial growth on low- to middle-molecular-weight hydrocarbons. These studies developed fermentor designs for large-scale single cell protein production with agitation and aeration systems that permitted high rates of microbial growth on soluble and highly emulsified hydrocarbon substrates. High-speed impellers (>800 rpm) were used to mix the hydrocarbon substrates and high rates of forced aeration with baffles within the fermentors were used to supply the molecular oxygen necessary for the microbial utilization of hydrocarbons (Hatch, 1975; Prokop and Sobotka, 1975). Optimized microbial growth in these fermentors consumes as much as 100,000 g hydrocarbon/m3 per day (Kanazawa, 1975).
Salt marsh ecosystems in Louisiana are at high risk of an oil contamination event while remediation of these systems is mainly limited to intrinsic bioremediation due to the physical sensitivity of salt marshes. This study investigated both the intrinsic and nutrient enhanced rates of crude oil degradation both in microcosm and core studies. In addition, limiting elements, loading rates and optimum nitrogen forms (NH
4
+
or NO
3
-
) were determined. Salt marshes have relatively low intrinsic degradation rates (0–3.9% day-1) of the alkane component (C11-C44) but high rates (8–16% day-1) of degradation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fraction (naphthalene, C1, and C2-Naphthalene and Phenanthrene, C1, and C2-Phenanthrene). Additions of nitrogen statistically enhanced degradation of many alkanes and total PAHs while naturally present phosphorous was found to be sufficient. Nitrogen was found to be most effective if applied as NH
4
+
in the range of 100-500-N mg kg-1 of soil producing a pore water range of 100-670-N mg L-1. Core studies indicate that similar trends are observed when applying fertilizers to intact portions of salt marsh.
The use of bioremediation as a supplemental cleanup technology in the Exxon Valdez oil spill, in Prince William Sound, Alaska, has proven to be a good example of the problems and successes associated with the practical application of this technology. Field studies conducted by scientists from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have demonstrated that oil degradation by indigenous microflora on the beaches of Prince William Sound was accelerated by adding fertilizer directly to the surfaces of oil-contaminated beaches. Although several types of fertilizers were used in the studies, only the results from the application of an oleophilic fertilizer are presented. The fertilizer enhanced biodegradation of the oil, as measured by changes in hydrocarbon composition and bulk oil weight per unit of beach material, by approximately two-fold relative to untreated controls. Laboratory studies verified the usefulness of the oleophilic fertilizer as a nutrient source, but the contribution of its oleophilic components towards enhancing biodegradation is still unclear.
These studies supported bioremediation as a useful cleanup strategy that was subsequently used by Exxon on a large scale. The Exxon Valdez experience has also provided a number of informative lessons that have significant relevance to future oil bioremediation efforts. This paper discusses these lessons and the difficulties in assessing the effectiveness of bioremediation in the field.
