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... of B. borianiana EO revealed that it consists of single major compound, trans-β-ocimene (31.58%) (Table 4). Other important compounds like germacrene D (5.87%), cis-β-ocimene (5.06 %), myrcene (5.05%), the β-terpinene + limonene (3.80%), p-menthatriene (3.58%) and sabinene (2.14%) were also identified. ...

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... Immature pods can be damaged by moth beetle (Piezotraachelus ugandum), while larvae of Rivellia causes damage to the root nodules. Reports of insect infestation on the crop mainly during storage has been reported in the works of Kabir et al. (2017); Nyamador et al. (2017), Mahama et al. (2018), and Moussa et al. (2018). ...
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Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius), also known as the cowpea beetle or pulse beetle, is the most important pest of stored cowpea. The beetle causes both qualitative and quantitative losses in the grains, all of which result in low crop yields. The objective of this work was to investigate the insecticidal effect of rose essential oil (REO) on adult Callosobruchus maculatus in terms of mortality and oviposition. In addition, the viable mesophilic aerobic bacteria of C. maculatus were evaluated, and surface molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps were examined to determine the interaction domains of the bioactive components of REO. The interaction mechanism between the AChE enzyme (PDB ID: 6XXY, 4EY6, 4EY7 and 6O4W) and the REO components was investigated using the molecular docking method. The highest mortality of 92.40 ± 0.03% was obtained at 16 μL within 72 h of exposure. Higher concentrations of the essential oil decreased the laying performance of C. maculatus. A significant decrease of 91.33% in the number of eggs laid was observed. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) results showed that the major constituents of Rosa damascena Miller essential oil (REO) were citronellol (46.15%), geraniol (16.19%), nonadecane (8.80%) and nerol (7.43%). Treatments of 4, 8, 12 and 16 μL of REO significantly reduced the viable mesophilic aerobic bacteria of C. maculatus samples compared with the control. It was found that the most effective binding was between the REO components and the 4EY7 protein, with binding energies ranging from −6.9 to −8.9 kcal/mol. Although the major component of REO was citronellol (46.15%), the best interaction was observed with farnesol isomer B (0.80%). Overall, these results suggest that REO has the potential to control C. maculatus as an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides.
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Purpose Cowpea is an essential pulse food in several regions throughout the world. Essential oil isolated from Thuja orientalis unripe fruits exposed to gamma radiation at dose levels of 0, 1, 3 and 5 kGy was evaluated as cowpea seed protectant against Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis. Materials and methods Cowpea seeds were treated with three rates of the oils from non-irradiated and irradiated fruits, 0.5, 1.5 and 3.0 g kg -1. Mortality of C. maculatus and C. chinensis adults after 3 and 7 days, progeny reduction and weight loss of cowpea seeds after 45 days were recorded for all treatments. Results The pronounced mortality of C. maculatus adults was achieved at the highest rate 3.0 g kg -1 of the irradiated oil with 5 kGy (98.3%). While in the case C. chinensis, all tested application rates induced marked adult mortality and a complete mortality (100%) resulted at two application rates (0.5 and 1.5 g kg −1) of irradiated oil with 5 kGy and 3.0 g kg −1 after 7 days. Strong progeny suppression of C. maculatus and C. chinensis was resulted at the highest rate of 3.0 g kg -1 of irradiated oil with 5 kGy (11.3 ± 0.3) and (8.5 ± 3.8) after 45 days of treatment, respectively. High protection of cowpea seeds with weight loss 0.5 and 1.4% for C. maculatus and C. chinensis was achieved at 3.0 g kg −1 of irradiated oil dose of 5 kGy, respectively after 45 days. Conclusions Our results indicate that gamma irradiation of T. orientalis fruits improve the protective activity of their essential oil against C. maculatus and C. chinensis on stored cowpea seeds and the irradiated oil could be successfully used for management of these bruchid insects.
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Depolanmış baklagillerde kayıplara yol açan zararlılara karşı mücadelede sentetik organik insektisitlere alternatif kimyasallar belirlemek amacıyla, biberiye (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) uçucu yağı Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)’ a karşı laboratuvar koşullarında test edilmiştir. Biberiye uçucu yağının erginlere rezidüyel (kalıntı) etkisi ve dişilerin yumurta bırakmasını engelleme etkisi araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca dişilerin yumurta bırakma tercihine etkisi de Free-choice (serbest-seçenekli) testi ile belirlenmiştir. Toksisite denemesinde uçucu yağ püskürtme şeklinde uygulanmıştır. Tüm denemelerde biberiye uçucu yağının % 0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 (w/w) olmak üzere 4 farklı konsantrasyonu kullanmıştır. Toksisite denemesinin sonucunda erginlerde LC50 değeri 24 saat sonunda % 0.368; 48 saat sonunda ise % 0.148 olarak belirlenmiştir. Biberiye uçucu yağının konsantrasyonu arttıkça dişilerin daha az yumurta bıraktığı gözlenmiş ve en yüksek konsantrasyonda yumurta bırakmayı engelleme oranı %19.11 olarak belirlenmiştir. Yumurta bırakma tercihi denemelerinde ise biberiye uçucu yağının en yüksek konsantrasyonunda yumurta sayısı düşükken, en düşük konsantrasyonda daha fazla bulunmuştur. Elde edilen bu veriler, C. maculatus’un mücadelesinde biberiye uçucu yağının kimyasal mücadeleye alternatif olabilecek bileşiklerin geliştirmesinde veri kaynağı oluşturabileceğini göstermiştir.
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Background Fumes from high-temperature heated plant leaves containing volatile phytochemicals generated from Lantana camara, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Azadirachta indica and Ocimum sanctum were tested for their insecticidal activity against adult southern cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) and their F1 progeny production/emergence. Volatile phytochemicals containing fume was generated using a flameless dry heat extraction method similar to pyrolysis combustion without air supplement at 180 ± 5 °C. Insect mortalities were assessed up to 72 h after exposure to the different treatments of fumigation by plant-fume and control. Results All volatile plant-fume samples contained average of 16.3 ± 1.5% O2 and 5.8 ± 0.5% CO2 in the test jars. The F1 progeny emergence was estimated 30 days after treatment. After 36 h of exposure, L. camara showed the highest toxicity against C. chinensis, followed by O. sanctum, A. indica and C. zeylanicum, with LT50 values of 7.3, 9.4, 14.7 and 20.6 h, respectively. The volatile phytochemical containing plant-fume generated by A. indica and C. zeylanicum produced LT99 values that were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from each other. The F1 adult emergence from treated mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) samples was significantly inhibited by L. camara and A. indica volatile plant-fume compared to C. zeylanicum fume. However, plant-fume generated from all four plants exhibited effective direct toxicity and F1 progeny inhibition of more than 86%. Conclusion From the study, it can be concluded that volatile plant-fume treatment was highly lethal to C. chinensis and significantly reduced F1 progeny emergence. Therefore, phytochemicals obtained from thermal extraction technique can be used as an alternative technique to chemical fumigation of stored mungbean.