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Women in urban areas have specific requirements for their daily mobility. Car sharing services are mostly used by men as shown in studies from different countries. This study aims for understanding specific reasons and requirements of respective trips in women’s every day live to help dismantle hurdles, which hinder women to use carsharing services...
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... following Table 1 give an overview over the variances of characteristics of the five cases: ...Similar publications
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... In Germany, childless women are almost as likely as men to be in fulltime employment; however, women are more likely to opt for part-time employment, and their involvement in household tasks increases significantly with the presence of children (Bachmann et al., 2019;BMFSJ, 2022). Such responsibilities lead to noticeable differences in travel patterns between genders, as demonstrated by numerous studies (Best & Lanzendorf, 2005;Kawgan-Kagan & Popp, 2017;Nobis & Lenz, 2005;Rosenbloom, 2000;Schneebaum & Mader, 2013). Women's travel patterns are characterised by complex trip chains with shorter distances, more often concentrated around the home (Scheiner & Holz-Rau, 2017). ...
... Conversely, women are more likely than men not to travel, and due to caring responsibilities, particularly in the early morning and evening, women, especially mothers, tend to travel less at these times (Kawgan-Kagan, 2022). In addition to the aforementioned pattern differences, studies have identified differences in trip purposes between men and women (de Madariaga, 2016;Kawgan-Kagan & Popp, 2017). Women are more likely to travel with children, and their trips are often motivated by the needs of others, including children and other household members, as well as relatives outside the household (Hamilton et al., 2005). ...
Robin Law introduced a groundbreaking framework for exploring the complex impact of gender on daily mobility. The Gendered Daily Mobility Framework (GDMF), as established by Robin Law, provides a structured theoretical lens through which the influences of gender on the domain of daily mobility can be comprehensively examined. At the time, Law not only established a robust theoretical foundation, but also laid the groundwork for subsequent research by posing related research questions that point out the profound impact of gender on mobility. Building on this fundamental work, the present article (a) fills the framework with contemporary empirical evidence from an extensive literature review, and (b) extends Law's GDMF to include gendered Policy and Governance, examining their role in shaping gendered mobility. It highlights persistent gender inequalities in mobility, driven by socio-cultural norms, economic factors and policy decisions, and proposes the integration of gender-sensitive approaches into transport policy and planning.
... Women and caregivers make 50% more trips than men and non-caregivers, and they also travel more often on foot [1]. Women use cars less frequently than men, rely more on public transport, and have more daily destinations [2,3]. In the UK in 2021, a national travel survey revealed that women made more trips but travelled shorter distances by car (14%), made fewer trips by cycling (308% less), and longer and more trips by walking (7%) than men [4]. ...
Travel safety for women is a concern, particularly in India, where gender-based violence and harassment are significant issues. This study examines how the perception of safety influences women’s travel behaviour and assesses the potential of technology solutions to ensure their safety. Additionally, it explores how AI and machine learning techniques may be leveraged to enhance women’s travel safety. A comprehensive mobility survey was designed to uncover the complex relationship between travel behaviour, reasons for mode choice, built environment, feelings, future mobility, and technological solutions. The responses revealed that security and safety are the most critical factors affecting women’s travel mode choices, with 54% and 41%, respectively. Moreover, over 80% of women indicated a willingness to change their travel behaviour after experiencing fear, anxiety, or danger during their everyday journeys. Participants were 24% less willing to use ride-sharing services than ride-hailing services, which could affect the transition towards more sustainable transportation options. Furthermore, AI-based sentiment analysis revealed that 46% of the respondents exhibited signs of ‘anger’ regarding what could help women feel safer in transient environments. The practical implications of this study’s findings are discussed, highlighting the potential of AI to enhance travel safety and optimise future sustainable transport planning.
... Men perform more morning trips, while women make more noon/evening trips. Altogether, these findings suggest that women do more maintenance chores (shopping or escort trips) with children, as pointed out by many studies [40,71]. ...
Time use during travel has been the subject of considerable research in recent years thanks to its crucial role in determining the utility of travel time. While most of these studies have documented the effects of demographics and trip characteristics on travel time use, the effect of gender is still ambiguous. To understand the role of gender in travel time use, we explore the effect of gender interaction with non-travel time use behavior (daily habits, multitasking and preferences), joint travel (travel companion), and economic situation (income and working hours) on various time use activities (reading, ICT use and talking) during travel. Moreover, we address the mixed and scant evidence from prior studies regarding the effect of sociodemographic, residential and trip characteristics on travel time use. The study used the cross-sectional German Time Use Survey 2012/13 data and employed multi-level binary logistic regression for analysis. The results indicate four important findings: (1) women's socializing during travel is principally influenced by primary time spent on interaction with children and ICT usage, while men’s socializing during travel is positively influenced by traveling with their partners and socializing habits; (2) both women’s and men’s solitary activities during travel (e.g. reading/ICT use) are influenced by their economic situation (e.g. income, working hours) and daily non-travel time use habits (reading habits/ICT use habits); (3) individuals’ solitary time use during travel is positively influenced by other potential determinants such as living in semi-urban areas/East Germany, driving or traveling by public transport; and (4) socializing during travel is positively influenced by living with partners, having young children, evening/night/weekend trips, maintenance/leisure trips, traveling by public transport and walking.
... The study showed a high percentage of white users of these systems [217]. Different studies have found that men use these services more than women [218,219]. ...
Inequality is a problem facing the world community, especially in developing countries, that affects urban transport and vice versa. Which possible urban transportation mode will cause the least inequality? This is a vital question. The development of Autonomous vehicles (AV) has made Shared Autonomous Vehicles (SAV) one of the future transport modes. Active and public transport are also mentioned as applicable future modes, based on the literature. This paper aims to compare inequality in active transportation, public transport and SAV as the most important alternatives to private cars in the future. In this regard, we use doughnut economic concepts as the framework for our comparison. First, the inequality concept is expanded and then literature demonstrates the future desirability of modes. We show why doughnut economics could be a beneficial alternative for comparing that resulted in the superiority of active and public transport over SAV in terms of future inequality.
... Studies have already discussed possible explanations for this. One possible reason could be that car sharing is less interesting for women, as they generally have to cope with more complex travel routes with more stopovers in their daily routine than men (Kawgan-Kagan and Popp, 2018;Prati, 2018). However, gender does not seem to play a role in whether a customer offsets CO 2 or not. ...
... This is noticeable in the LightGBM model in that the gender variable worsens the predictive quality of the model. This does not confirm existing statements in the literature that women are more concerned about the environment than men and consequently act in a more environmentally friendly way (Böcker and Meelen, 2017;Kawgan-Kagan and Popp, 2018). Gender, therefore, does not play a role in this analysis and hypothesis H2 is rejected. ...
Sharing seems a key feature of transforming linear consumption to a more environmentally friendly system. This is especially applicable to car sharing. The aim of this study is to find out which factors influence environmentally friendly behaviour and how strongly. 13,629 journeys of a German car sharing provider specialised in the transport of goods and larger groups of people are evaluated. The focus is on the possibility for customers to offset their carbon footprint by voluntarily making their journeys climate neutral. Considering socio-economic characteristics, a Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) model is applied to analyse variables which influence environmentally friendly behaviour. Age, place of residence, mileage driven, and education level have a statistically significant influence in predicting whether a customer will voluntarily offset CO2 or not, in contrast to gender. These findings have societal and political implications which could be used for future policy making.
... Men and lowerincome individuals tended to choose cars as a part of a sharing system. Previous studies also revealed that car-sharing services are mostly used by men (Kawgan-Kagan & Popp, 2018). The tendency that people with lower income opted for cars to be a part of SMS could be associated with lower car access and ownership rates among this group (Karen et al., 2019). ...
Shared mobility systems (SMS) enable short-term on-demand access to mobility without the costs and responsibilities that come with vehicle ownership. A careful investigation of the motivation, values, and barriers that different socio-demographic groups have towards SMS may shed light on the gaps that mobility providers may still need to fill in order to attract broader population groups. The objective of this paper is an investigation of the conditions under which potential users would adopt sharing services and which vehicles they would prefer in the context of SMS. We explore (i) the willingness of individuals to use SMS, (ii) the preferences of potential users regarding types of vehicles in SMS, and (iii) requirements towards the features and design of SMS. We study the characteristics of potential users and non-users of SMS. Furthermore, we associate socio-demographic and travel behavior attributes of potential users to their SMS preferences and requirements. These effects might be a valuable source of knowledge for tailored system designs and setups for SMS providers. By working with audience segmentation, SMS communicators may develop persuasive messages customized for each group.
... in turn enables individuals' socializing and childcare activities. 39 Importantly for this study, we find a positive association between time use behavior and travel 40 time use. The positive association between the daily primary time use patterns (e.g., time spent on 41 reading/media usage/socializing) and corresponding activities while traveling denotes individuals' habits 42 regarding such activities are reflected during travel. ...
1 Travel-based multitasking is the outcome of individuals seeking to make optimal use of the available 2 time. Previous research on travel-based multitasking is equivocal, suggesting that an individual's time use 3 during travel is mediated by trip characteristics. From the perspective of time use research, there are no 4 previous studies that specifically focus on the effects of (gendered) time use behavior or spatial attributes 5 on travel time use. To address this research gap, we explore how various time use activities (reading, ICT 6 use and talking) during travel are associated with diverse factors such as demographics, employment, 7 spatial attributes, trip / travel behavior and time use characteristics. The study used the cross-sectional 8 German Time Use Survey 2012/13 data and employed multi-level mixed logistic regression for analysis. 9 Results indicate three important findings: 1) solitary (reading/listening to music) time use is driven by 10 monthly income, working hours, living in semi-urban areas / East Germany, driving or traveling by public 11 transport, primary time spent on reading/ICT use, preference for ICT use; 2) socializing is positively 12 determined by female gender, living with partners, having young children, evening/night/weekend trips, 13 maintenance/leisure trips, traveling with partners or others, traveling by public transport, walking, 14 primary time spent on socializing and time spent on secondary activities); 3) gender interaction is evident 15 as travel companions (partners /others) significantly impact men's socializing, while primary time spent 16 on interaction with children positively determines women's socializing during travel. 17 18
... Another fear is about using this service at night, especially for women. This obstacle has been previously identified [29]. Finally, car sharing users may find it difficult to use the mobile app [8]. ...
Car sharing services have expanded in order to meet the new necessities of mobility worldwide in an innovative way. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, car sharing was a very popular mode of transportation among young adults in big cities. However, during this ongoing pandemic and with public transportation considered a super-spreading transmitter, the usage of car sharing is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study, which is explorative in nature, is to investigate the usage, advantages, drivers, and barriers to car sharing during this ongoing pandemic era. To this end, 66 interviews were conducted among users of car sharing during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings provide key information for the planning of car sharing operations and public transportation in the context of avoiding COVID-19 infection and respecting the recommendations of local governments. In addition, new emerging profiles of car sharing users in the ongoing pandemic are identified. This research provides relevant insights for both business practice and policy makers.
... For example, men usually travel linearly to their job place, while women have a more complex home-work path, involving other stops as schools or supermarkets (Jain, Line and Lyons, 2011). This burden does not facilitate travelling by bike, preventing women from being recognized as frequent cyclists ((Kawgan-Kagan and Popp, 2018), (Benedini, Lavieri and Strambi, 2020), (Sottile et al., 2019)). A possible solution would require the development and the improvement of cycling networks to increase the connection among schools, shops and services within local neighborhoods (Bourke, Craike and Hilland, 2019). ...
... Women are commonly (expected to be) more attentive to their appearance, including clothes and hairstyle, mainly at their workplace. Thus, they could perceive cycling as not very useful due to the risk of arriving sweaty at their destination or wet after a ride in a rain shower (Kawgan-Kagan and Popp, 2018). As highlighted so far, gendered sustainable transport planning would require seeing the female cyclists as potential users, not as a minority group (Prati, 2018). ...
European cities have seen an increase in the use of personal means as an effect of the COVID-19 pandemic: they are asked to accelerate the shift towards more sustainable modes, as the active ones. The current paper tries to shed light on how the perception towards these latter modes changes according to gender. In the framework of H2020 TInnGO project, data collected through a survey in three European cities (Turin, Valencia, Paris) are investigated. Results show that women are more worried about safety, both while walking or riding a bike, as female cyclists do not appreciate sharing space with motor vehicles. Moreover, the absence of a dedicated space for children prevents women from starting to use bike-sharing. Comparing the results in the three cities provides interesting indications and suggestions for including the need of all active modes users in transport planning.
... A stated preference survey was applied to investigate the awareness and the acceptance of the service among car sharing members. Subsequently, the correlations between usage and social and demographic factors of users were analysed by logit or linear regressions models (Becker et al., 2017;Ines and Mareike, 2018). By before-and-after behaviour analysis of car-sharing members in Netherlands, San Francisco and Calgary, Amatuni et al. (2020) found emissions could be preserved while using sharing cars. ...
To promote the efficient usage of sharing transport from aspect of demand and supply, this study investigated the users’ travel behaviours and driving determinants of demand in the case of Ningbo. Based on the data of 576 valid samples from a survey in the south and north high education zone of Ningbo in 2018 and 2019, less than 20% of the investigated subjects have used sharing transport. Bicycle sharing is the most popular sharing transport mode, with an average usage rate of 4.9%. The usage of electric bike sharing and car sharing is as low as 2.35% and 2.95%, respectively. College students have the highest usage rate of sharing bicycle and electric bike, but least usage of sharing car compared to other occupations. Socioeconomic factors of individuals and service of sharing car have been investigated to identify the driving determinants. Family size, gender, and household income are very influential to the usage of sharing transport. Meanwhile, vehicle density and cost of service also influence the usage of sharing car significantly. Based on the findings, this study suggests three policy implications. First, socioeconomic factors of individuals should be considered to the demand forecast of sharing transport. Second, density of vehicles should be determined by supply negotiation among companies. Third, introduction of different kinds of credit scores into deposit system is recommended to improve the supply service.
