Table 3 - uploaded by Karen T Boulanger
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Although there is evidence that client expectations influence client outcomes, a valid and reliable scale for measuring the range of client expectations for both massage therapy and the behaviors of their massage therapists does not exist. Understanding how client expectations influence client outcomes would provide insight into how massage achieve...
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Citations
... There are only a few measurement tools developed in the literature to evaluate massage therapy. One of these tools is a scale developed in the US, which examines the relationship between clients' expectations from massage and its outcomes [11]. Another tool is The Inpatient Belief, Expectation, and Attitude toward Reflexology (IBEAR-16) scale, which was created by Attias et al. (2018) to examine inpatients' beliefs, attitudes, and expectations toward reflexology massage [12]. ...
Introduction
The use of massage, which may be part of the care administered to an individual, is increasing. Massage is known to affect physiological and psychological factors. Individuals' attitudes and expectations also affect care outcomes. However, there is no validated tool to evaluate these factors. In this study, the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the attitudes toward massage (ATOM) scale were evaluated.
Methods
The sampleconsisted of 250 undergraduate nursing students. The language, content validity, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to assess the validity of the scale. The reliability of the scale was tested using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, a paired samples t-test, and item-total and item-subdimensions score correlation, and Hotelling's T-squared test.
Results
The scale consisted of two sub-dimensions, which explained 53.80% of the variance. All the factor loadings were >0.30 in the factor analysis. In CFA, all the fit indices were >0.90, and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was 0.063. Cronbach's alpha was 0.76 for the overall scale. It was determined that the instrument had invariance according to time (p > 0.05). The instrument involved no response bias (Hotelling's T-squared = 699.586, p < 0.001).
Conclusions
The results of the study show that the Attitudes towards Massage Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool for a Turkish sample.
... 21 Another tool worthy of mention, also developed in the USA, is the CEMS (Client Expectations of Massage Scale) that examines the association between massage expectations and results. 22 Due to the lack of specific assessment tools addressing inpatient attitudes and expectations regarding reflexology during their hospitalization, our aim was to design and validate such a tool, namely the Inpatient Belief, Expectation and Attitude toward Reflexology (IBEAR) self-administered questionnaire. Such a tool will help in characterizing the target population for reflexology treatment in terms of sociodemographic attributes and with respect to beliefs and attitudes regarding treatment effectiveness. ...
Background
The integration of manual therapies, including reflexology, into conventional care settings is growing extensively. Patients’ beliefs, attitudes and expectations toward these therapies interact with their outcomes, but currently there are no validated tools to evaluate these factors. We aimed to design and to validate such a tool specifically targeted into reflexology.
Methods
Following input of a multidisciplinary team of experts, the self-administered Inpatient Beliefs, Expectations and Attitudes toward Reflexology (IBEAR) questionnaire was constructed, containing 25 items, 8 referring to demographics and 17 specifically addressing reflexology. Cronbach’s alpha was computed to evaluate the questionnaire’s internal reliability, and factor analysis was used for further validation (232 patients). Pearson coefficient and Kappa tests were used to test and retest (within 48 hours) the questionnaire on a group of 199 patients, to assure clarity and reliability.
Results
For the 232 questionnaires collected, the computed Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.716 (acceptable reliability). Factor analysis pointed to two content areas separated into four items addressing attitudes and expectations and five items focusing on beliefs and attitudes. In the test-retest stage, 199 participants filled in the questionnaire for a second time. The Pearson coefficient for all questions ranged between 0.73 and 0.94 (good to excellent correlation) and Kappa scores ranged between 0.66 and 1.0 (moderate to high reliability). Consequently, one of the questions was removed from the IBEAR.
Conclusions
The present study provides evidence that the proposed IBEAR questionnaire with 16 items is a valid and reliable tool for evaluation of inpatients’ beliefs, expectations and attitudes toward reflexology.
... To determine the degree of perceived pain before and after treatment, the numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) was administered. The Patient Global Impression of Change scale (PGIC), which has been used in previous studies on massage effect (Ferreira-Valente and Pais-Ribeiro, 2011;Jensen et al., 1999;Wang and Keck, 2004;Boulanger et al., 2012) to measure the degree of subjective perceived improvement at post-treatment (Guy, 1976), was used in this study. The PGIC has also been used to determine the correlations between the clinically important differences and the NPRS (Farrar et al., 2001). ...
... Only continuing education costs (and not accumulated costs) had physiological client benefits: reduced musculoskeletal pain, lower arthritic pain, and reduction of lymphedema. (5) Boulanger et al. (21) found that massage therapy clients had high expectations regarding the benefits of massage. Such high expectations can place great demands on M & Bs. ...
Injury-forced work reduction (IFWR) has been acknowledged as an all-too-common occurrence for massage therapists and bodywork practitioners (M & Bs). However, little prior research has specifically investigated demographic, work attitude, and perceptual correlates of IFWR among M & Bs.
To test two hypotheses, H1 and H2. H1 is that the accumulated cost variables set ( e.g., accumulated costs, continuing education costs) will account for a significant amount of IFWR variance beyond control/demographic (e.g., social desirability response bias, gender, years in practice, highest education level) and work attitude/perception variables (e.g., job satisfaction, affective occupation commitment, occupation identification, limited occupation alternatives) sets. H2 is that the two exhaustion variables (i.e., physical exhaustion, work exhaustion) set will account for significant IFWR variance beyond control/demographic, work attitude/perception, and accumulated cost variables sets.
An online survey sample of 2,079 complete-data M & Bs was collected. Stepwise regression analysis was used to test the study hypotheses. The research design first controlled for control/demographic (Step1) and work attitude/perception variables sets (Step 2), before then testing for the successive incremental impact of two variable sets, accumulated costs (Step 3) and exhaustion variables (Step 4) for explaining IFWR.
RESULTS SUPPORTED BOTH STUDY HYPOTHESES: accumulated cost variables set (H1) and exhaustion variables set (H2) each significantly explained IFWR after the control/demographic and work attitude/perception variables sets. The most important correlate for explaining IFWR was higher physical exhaustion, but work exhaustion was also significant. It is not just physical "wear and tear", but also "mental fatigue", that can lead to IFWR for M & Bs. Being female, having more years in practice, and having higher continuing education costs were also significant correlates of IFWR.
Lower overall levels of work exhaustion, physical exhaustion, and IFWR were found in the present sample. However, since both types of exhaustion significantly and positively impact IFWR, taking sufficient time between massages and, if possible, varying one's massage technique to replenish one's physical and mental energy seem important. Failure to take required continuing education units, due to high costs, also increases risk for IFWR. Study limitations and future research issues are discussed.
... The outcomes list was generated from prior research that supported the relationship between massage therapy and improvements in pain, concentration, stress, sleep, immunity, mood, and blood pressure. (12,(26)(27)(28)(29)(30) ...
... The 17 behaviors that were included are complementary to items that were written for a scale measuring client expectations of massage. (30) For example, if the client version read, "I expect that my massage therapist may assess my muscles to understand my condition," then the complementary item on the survey in this study was, "As a massage therapist, I assess my clients' muscles to understand their condition." ...
Social Cognitive Theory suggests that characteristics of health professionals, such as their beliefs in the effectiveness of their care, influence their behavior. Studying the characteristics of massage therapists may, therefore, provide insight into their clinical, educational and interpersonal behavior, which ultimately affects their client interactions.
To examine the association of three personal factors (outcome expectations, expectancies, and practice experience) of the massage therapist and the practice environment with the frequency of three interventional behaviors (clinical, educational, and interpersonal) using Social Cognitive Theory as a theoretical framework.
A random sample of licensed massage therapists in Iowa completed a mailed questionnaire. Questions included training in massage, use of specific massage techniques and practices, 11 outcome expectations, and 17 different behaviors with their respective expectancies for contributing to favorable client outcomes. Factor analyses were conducted on the behavior and expectancy items. Regression analyses were used to examine the relationship of massage therapist characteristics to the different categories of behavior.
The response rate was 40% (N = 151). The most common techniques employed were Swedish massage, trigger point therapy, and stretching. The most common practices recommended to clients were encouraging water intake, heat application, stretching, stress management, and exercise counseling. Expectancies was the only Social Cognitive Theory variable that significantly predicted the frequency of every category of behavior (clinical, interpersonal, education; all ps < .01). Outcome expectations predicted clinical (p = .03) and educational (p < .01), but not interpersonal behavior. No other associations reached statistical significance.
Massage therapists' belief in massage to enact a favorable change in a client is strongly associated with their clinical, educational, and interpersonal behavior. Massage therapists were optimistic regarding the ability of massage to provide a favorable outcome, especially if the desired outcome was supported by research.
OBJECTIVE
Ascertain the effects of visceral mobilization in low back painmanagement.METHODSA 33 years old female with complaint of acute low back painreferred for physiotherapy treatment, during her physical examination,we failed to correlate her pain with any neuro-musculoskeletalreference. So we extended our palpation on abdominalregion and found tender points on bilateral iliac regions. Her painwas recorded on VAS pain scale that was 8-9/10. So, we decidedto proceed through visceral mobilization on her reproductivesystem and at the end of the session she had no pain ordiscomfort.RESULTSThere is a remarkable recovery in low back and leg pain by usingVM only twice. It’s not only resolved completely but the effectssustained for more than a month. According to her, she observedgreat improvement in her walking. She regained the ability to siton and get up from floor. She felt these differences right after thefirst session of treatment.CONCLUSION
Visceral mobilization is found to have short term as well as longterm effects in treating individuals with back pain history. Morestudies are required to determine the efficacy of VM therapy, asit is found to be a very low cost alternative choice to theexpensive invasive treatments
Background and purpose
A massage therapy program was implemented to address the psychological well-being of family caregivers to patients in a rehabilitation hospital. The impact of massage “dosage” on caregiver stress and psychological well-being was examined in this study. Participants’ perspectives on the program were also explored.
Materials and methods
Thirty-eight family caregivers were randomized to receive either one massage per week or three massages per week for two weeks. Caregivers reported psychological symptoms and stress pre- and post-program. Program acceptability was assessed via responses on an exit survey.
Results
Overall, 79% of massages were received (89% among program completers). Post-program symptom scores were lower than baseline scores for both groups (F (1, 31) = 8.74 - 24.50, P < 0.01). Exit surveys indicated high program acceptability and perceived benefits.
Conclusion
Findings suggest that massage services would be welcomed, utilized, and beneficial for improving the psychological well-being of family caregivers in a rehabilitation hospital.
Objectives
To study the effects of massage on chronic low-back pain in a patient with four different diagnoses: osteoarthritis, scoliosis, spinal stenosis, and degenerative disc disease. The patient’s goal was to cut down on the amount of pain medication he takes.
Methods
A 63-year-old man with chronic back pain received four massages across a twenty-day period. Progress was recorded using the Oswestry Low Back Pain Scale, as he self-reported on levels of pain and interference with his activities of daily living.
Results
Improvement was noted in 9 out of 10 measurements of self-reported pain and activities of daily living, with the only exception being his ability to lift heavy objects, which remained unchanged. The most dramatic differences were improvements in his ability to walk, and in the changing degrees of pain. The client also self-reported being able to decrease his pain medication and the ability to ride his bicycle for the first time in years.
Conclusions
Massage therapy is a promising treatment for chronic low-back pain for patients who may have multiple pathologies, any one of which could be responsible for the condition. Further study is encouraged to determine the efficacy of massage therapy as a readily accessible, lower-cost alternative to more invasive therapies and as an adjunct to regular medical care, when appropriate.
