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Characteristics of Cyclamen persicum cultivars, wild C. purpurascens, their interspecific hybrids, and ion-beam-derived mutants. (A) Diploid C. persicum 'Strauss'. (B) Diploid C. persicum 'Pure White'. (C) Diploid C. persicum 'Golden Boy'. (D) Diploid C. purpurascens. (E) Autotetraploid C. persicum 'Vuurbaak'. (F) Autotetraploid C. persicum 'Victoria'. (G) Autotetraploid C. persicum 'Harlequin'. (H) Autotetraploid C. purpurascens. (I) Allotetraploid of autotetraploid 'Vuurbaak' × autotetraploid C. purpurascens. (J) Allotetraploid of autotetraploid 'Victoria' × autotetraploid C. purpurascens. (K) Allotetraploid of autotetraploid 'Harlequin' × autotetraploid C. purpurascens. (L) Fragrant 'Uruwashi-no-Kaori'. (M) Fragrant 'Kaori-no-Mai'. (N) Fragrant 'Kokou-no-Kaori'. (O) Allotetraploid "GBCP" derived by chromosome doubling of allodiploid of diploid 'Golden Boy' × diploid C. purpurascens. (P) Ion-beam-derived mutant 'Tennyo-no-Mai'. (Q) Ion-beam-derived mutant 'Miyabi-no-Mai'. (R) Ion-beam-derived mutant with a red-purple flower due to delphinidin. (S) Mutant with a white flower derived from fragrant 'Kokou-noKaori' irradiated by ion beam. (T) Mutant with a pale yellow flower derived from the mutant of dihaploid of GBCP irradiated by ion beam. (U) Allotetraploid mutant with a pale yellow flower derived from dihaploid of GBCP. (V) Sterile mutant with a white flower derived from dihaploid of GBCP irradiated by ion beam. Bars = 20 mm. Black arrow, "eye"; white arrow, "slip".
Source publication
Conventional breeding of cyclamen has relied on crossings among Cyclamen persicum cultivars without consideration of the scent of the flowers. Cyclamen purpurascens is a wild species with the most fragrant flowers in the genus Cyclamen. Allodiploid (2n = 2x = 41, AB) and allotriploid (2n = 3x = 65, AAB) plants have been produced from crosses of dip...
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... the purposes of this review, C. persicum has the A ge- nome and C. purpurascens has the B genome. Fig. 1D) have been used as pollen par- ents, but reciprocal crossing has not been performed, be- cause C. purpurascens plants have very few flowers. Histo- logical observations reveal that ovules fertilized in these cross combinations contain weak hybrid embryos without endosperm, which eventually collapse. This suggests a post-fertilization ...
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... in the pollen mother cells, resulting in abnormal cell division (Ishizaka, unpublished). Consequently, the allo- triploids produce few fertile pollen grains, which produce very few viable seeds by self-pollination or by backcrosses yellow) that have not appeared in the progeny of allotetra- ploids of these cultivars × diploid C. purpurascens ( Fig. 1L-1O: pinks and purples). These phenotypes imply that in the allotetraploids, the expression of genes regulating flower colors of C. persicum cultivars is suppressed by the presence of genes derived from C. purpurascens. Accord- ingly, the flower colors of C. persicum cultivars should ap- pear in the allotetraploids if the C. purpurascens ...
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... have been irradiated with ion beams, and M 1 populations have been regenerated from cultures of the irradiated plants. Mutants with a salmon pink flower appeared in M 1 popula- tions derived from a dihaploid of 'Uruwashi-no-Kaori'. Mutants with a pale yellow flower and a white flower ap- peared in M 1 populations derived from a dihaploid of GBCP (Fig. 1O, 1T, 1V). The appearance of these mutants sug- gests that mutated genotypes appear directly as phenotypes in these dihaploids. These three mutants are sterile because of their haploidy. Fertile mutants with a salmon pink flower have been obtained from cultures of the mutants of a dihap- loid of 'Uruwashi-no-Kaori' re-irradiated with ion beams ...
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... with ion beams (Ishizaka et al. 2012), probably owing to chromosome dou- bling by somaclonal variation, or perhaps to the ion beams. Fertile mutants with pale yellow flowers have been obtained from dihaploid mutants of GBCP by artificial chromosome doubling using colchicine in vitro, but those with white flowers have not yet been obtained ( Fig. 1T-1V; Ishizaka, unpublished). Because no mutants have been obtained among M 1 plants of allotetraploid 'Kaori-no-Mai' and 'Kokou-no-Kaori', M 2 populations were produced by self- pollination of the M 1 plants. The appearance of a mutant with a red-purple flower in M 2 of 'Kaori-no-Mai' and one with a white flower in M 2 of 'Kokou-no-Kaori' ...
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... fertile mutant with the salmon pink flower has been developed into the commercial cultivar 'Tennyo-no-Mai' (Fig. 1P). That with the red-purple flower due to malvidin 3-glucoside has been developed as 'Miyabi-no-Mai' (Fig. 1Q), but that with the red-purple flower due to del- phinidin 3,5-diglucoside has not yet been developed into a commercial cultivar (Fig. 1R). The fertile mutant with the white flower derived from 'Kokou-no-Kaori' and that with the ...
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... fertile mutant with the salmon pink flower has been developed into the commercial cultivar 'Tennyo-no-Mai' (Fig. 1P). That with the red-purple flower due to malvidin 3-glucoside has been developed as 'Miyabi-no-Mai' (Fig. 1Q), but that with the red-purple flower due to del- phinidin 3,5-diglucoside has not yet been developed into a commercial cultivar (Fig. 1R). The fertile mutant with the white flower derived from 'Kokou-no-Kaori' and that with the pale yellow flower derived from GBCP are currently under commercial development (Fig. 1S, 1U). However, the ...
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... mutant with the salmon pink flower has been developed into the commercial cultivar 'Tennyo-no-Mai' (Fig. 1P). That with the red-purple flower due to malvidin 3-glucoside has been developed as 'Miyabi-no-Mai' (Fig. 1Q), but that with the red-purple flower due to del- phinidin 3,5-diglucoside has not yet been developed into a commercial cultivar (Fig. 1R). The fertile mutant with the white flower derived from 'Kokou-no-Kaori' and that with the pale yellow flower derived from GBCP are currently under commercial development (Fig. 1S, 1U). However, the sterile mutant with the white flower derived from a dihap- loid of GBCP has not been used for further breeding (Fig. 1V). chromosome ...
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... developed as 'Miyabi-no-Mai' (Fig. 1Q), but that with the red-purple flower due to del- phinidin 3,5-diglucoside has not yet been developed into a commercial cultivar (Fig. 1R). The fertile mutant with the white flower derived from 'Kokou-no-Kaori' and that with the pale yellow flower derived from GBCP are currently under commercial development (Fig. 1S, 1U). However, the sterile mutant with the white flower derived from a dihap- loid of GBCP has not been used for further breeding (Fig. 1V). chromosome doubling. In vitro colchicine treatment of placenta-attached ovules derived from crosses of C. persicum 'Strauss', 'Pure White', and 'Golden Boy' (all 2n = 2x = 48, AA) × C. purpurascens (2n ...
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... into a commercial cultivar (Fig. 1R). The fertile mutant with the white flower derived from 'Kokou-no-Kaori' and that with the pale yellow flower derived from GBCP are currently under commercial development (Fig. 1S, 1U). However, the sterile mutant with the white flower derived from a dihap- loid of GBCP has not been used for further breeding (Fig. 1V). chromosome doubling. In vitro colchicine treatment of placenta-attached ovules derived from crosses of C. persicum 'Strauss', 'Pure White', and 'Golden Boy' (all 2n = 2x = 48, AA) × C. purpurascens (2n = 2x = 34, BB) has produced allotetraploids (2n = 4x = 82, AABB) owing to chromosome doubling ( Uematsu 1995b, Kameari et al. 2010). ...
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... also have flowers with a pink slip and a deep purple eye. The F 2 population has various flower colors, with a pink, pale pink, pale purple, purple, or deep-purple slip and a purple or deep-purple eye (Ishizaka, unpublished). Fragrant progeny selected from the F 2 population have been developed into three cultivars: 'Uruwashi-no-Kaori' (Fig. 1L), 'Kaori-no- Mai' (Fig. 1M), and 'Kokou-no-Kaori' (Fig. 1N). Other allotetraploids (AABB) produced by chromosome doubling of allodiploids of diploid C. persicum 'Golden Boy' (AA) × C. purpurascens (BB), referred to here as "GBCP" (Fig. 1O) , have not yet been developed into commercial cultivars, but GBCP is useful breeding material for ...
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... with a pink slip and a deep purple eye. The F 2 population has various flower colors, with a pink, pale pink, pale purple, purple, or deep-purple slip and a purple or deep-purple eye (Ishizaka, unpublished). Fragrant progeny selected from the F 2 population have been developed into three cultivars: 'Uruwashi-no-Kaori' (Fig. 1L), 'Kaori-no- Mai' (Fig. 1M), and 'Kokou-no-Kaori' (Fig. 1N). Other allotetraploids (AABB) produced by chromosome doubling of allodiploids of diploid C. persicum 'Golden Boy' (AA) × C. purpurascens (BB), referred to here as "GBCP" (Fig. 1O) , have not yet been developed into commercial cultivars, but GBCP is useful breeding material for creating fragrant cyclamens ...
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... eye. The F 2 population has various flower colors, with a pink, pale pink, pale purple, purple, or deep-purple slip and a purple or deep-purple eye (Ishizaka, unpublished). Fragrant progeny selected from the F 2 population have been developed into three cultivars: 'Uruwashi-no-Kaori' (Fig. 1L), 'Kaori-no- Mai' (Fig. 1M), and 'Kokou-no-Kaori' (Fig. 1N). Other allotetraploids (AABB) produced by chromosome doubling of allodiploids of diploid C. persicum 'Golden Boy' (AA) × C. purpurascens (BB), referred to here as "GBCP" (Fig. 1O) , have not yet been developed into commercial cultivars, but GBCP is useful breeding material for creating fragrant cyclamens with yellow flowers by mutation ...
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... progeny selected from the F 2 population have been developed into three cultivars: 'Uruwashi-no-Kaori' (Fig. 1L), 'Kaori-no- Mai' (Fig. 1M), and 'Kokou-no-Kaori' (Fig. 1N). Other allotetraploids (AABB) produced by chromosome doubling of allodiploids of diploid C. persicum 'Golden Boy' (AA) × C. purpurascens (BB), referred to here as "GBCP" (Fig. 1O) , have not yet been developed into commercial cultivars, but GBCP is useful breeding material for creating fragrant cyclamens with yellow flowers by mutation breed- ing ( Kameari et al. ...
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... with different genomes. Autotetraploid C. purpurascens has not been found in wild populations, but has been produced by chromosome doubling in vitro (Ishizaka and Kondo 2004). Allotetraploids (2n = 4x = 82, AABB) were produced by crosses among autotetraploid C. persicum 'Vuurbaak', 'Victoria', and 'Harlequin' (all 2n = 4x = 96, AAAA, Fig. 1E-1G) and autotetraploid C. purpurascens (2n = 4x = 68, BBBB, Fig. 1H). The post-fertilization barrier involving the abortion of hybrid embryos in these cross combinations can be overcome by ovule culture. Chromosome analysis of root tip cells, mor- phological observation, and seed fertility confirm that the resultant plants are ...
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... has not been found in wild populations, but has been produced by chromosome doubling in vitro (Ishizaka and Kondo 2004). Allotetraploids (2n = 4x = 82, AABB) were produced by crosses among autotetraploid C. persicum 'Vuurbaak', 'Victoria', and 'Harlequin' (all 2n = 4x = 96, AAAA, Fig. 1E-1G) and autotetraploid C. purpurascens (2n = 4x = 68, BBBB, Fig. 1H). The post-fertilization barrier involving the abortion of hybrid embryos in these cross combinations can be overcome by ovule culture. Chromosome analysis of root tip cells, mor- phological observation, and seed fertility confirm that the resultant plants are allotetraploid ( Ishizaka and Kondo 2004). Two allotetraploids (Fig. 1J, 1K) ...
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... = 4x = 68, BBBB, Fig. 1H). The post-fertilization barrier involving the abortion of hybrid embryos in these cross combinations can be overcome by ovule culture. Chromosome analysis of root tip cells, mor- phological observation, and seed fertility confirm that the resultant plants are allotetraploid ( Ishizaka and Kondo 2004). Two allotetraploids (Fig. 1J, 1K) are valuable candi- dates for developing novel fragrant cyclamens with unique flowers like those of 'Victoria' (Fig. 1F) and 'Harlequin' (Fig. 1G), but another is very similar to 'Uruwashi-no- Kaori' (Fig. 1I, ...
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... can be overcome by ovule culture. Chromosome analysis of root tip cells, mor- phological observation, and seed fertility confirm that the resultant plants are allotetraploid ( Ishizaka and Kondo 2004). Two allotetraploids (Fig. 1J, 1K) are valuable candi- dates for developing novel fragrant cyclamens with unique flowers like those of 'Victoria' (Fig. 1F) and 'Harlequin' (Fig. 1G), but another is very similar to 'Uruwashi-no- Kaori' (Fig. 1I, ...
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... culture. Chromosome analysis of root tip cells, mor- phological observation, and seed fertility confirm that the resultant plants are allotetraploid ( Ishizaka and Kondo 2004). Two allotetraploids (Fig. 1J, 1K) are valuable candi- dates for developing novel fragrant cyclamens with unique flowers like those of 'Victoria' (Fig. 1F) and 'Harlequin' (Fig. 1G), but another is very similar to 'Uruwashi-no- Kaori' (Fig. 1I, ...
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... observation, and seed fertility confirm that the resultant plants are allotetraploid ( Ishizaka and Kondo 2004). Two allotetraploids (Fig. 1J, 1K) are valuable candi- dates for developing novel fragrant cyclamens with unique flowers like those of 'Victoria' (Fig. 1F) and 'Harlequin' (Fig. 1G), but another is very similar to 'Uruwashi-no- Kaori' (Fig. 1I, ...
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... diploid cultivars of C. persicum described here have desirable flower colors (e.g., Fig. 1A-1C: red, white and BS 28 derived anthocyanins have not been detected (Boase et al. 2010, Miyajima et al. 1991, Takamura and Sugimura 2008, Takamura et al. 1997, Van Bragt 1962. Cyclamen persicum 'Strauss' (AA) and 'Vuurbaak' (AAAA) have flowers with a red slip and a dark red eye (Fig. 1A, 1E). The slip has peon- idin 3-glucoside or ...
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... persicum described here have desirable flower colors (e.g., Fig. 1A-1C: red, white and BS 28 derived anthocyanins have not been detected (Boase et al. 2010, Miyajima et al. 1991, Takamura and Sugimura 2008, Takamura et al. 1997, Van Bragt 1962. Cyclamen persicum 'Strauss' (AA) and 'Vuurbaak' (AAAA) have flowers with a red slip and a dark red eye (Fig. 1A, 1E). The slip has peon- idin 3-glucoside or peonidin 3-neohesperidoside and the eye has malvidin 3-glucoside as major anthocyanins. 'Pure White' (AA), lacking anthocyanins, has a white flower with quercetin and kaempferol glycosides (Fig. 1B). 'Golden Boy' (AA), lacking anthocyanins, has a pale yellow flower with chalcone 2′-glucoside as ...
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... Cyclamen persicum 'Strauss' (AA) and 'Vuurbaak' (AAAA) have flowers with a red slip and a dark red eye (Fig. 1A, 1E). The slip has peon- idin 3-glucoside or peonidin 3-neohesperidoside and the eye has malvidin 3-glucoside as major anthocyanins. 'Pure White' (AA), lacking anthocyanins, has a white flower with quercetin and kaempferol glycosides (Fig. 1B). 'Golden Boy' (AA), lacking anthocyanins, has a pale yellow flower with chalcone 2′-glucoside as a major pigment (Fig. 1C). 'Victoria' (AAAA) and 'Harlequin' (AAAA) have red- purple flowers with unique patterns, containing malvidin 3-glucoside (Fig. 1F, 1G). Flowers of C. purpurascens (BB and BBBB) have a purple slip and a deep purple ...
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... slip has peon- idin 3-glucoside or peonidin 3-neohesperidoside and the eye has malvidin 3-glucoside as major anthocyanins. 'Pure White' (AA), lacking anthocyanins, has a white flower with quercetin and kaempferol glycosides (Fig. 1B). 'Golden Boy' (AA), lacking anthocyanins, has a pale yellow flower with chalcone 2′-glucoside as a major pigment (Fig. 1C). 'Victoria' (AAAA) and 'Harlequin' (AAAA) have red- purple flowers with unique patterns, containing malvidin 3-glucoside (Fig. 1F, 1G). Flowers of C. purpurascens (BB and BBBB) have a purple slip and a deep purple eye con- taining malvidin 3,5-diglucoside (Fig. 1D, 1H). Flowers of these cultivars and C. purpurascens also accumulate ...
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... White' (AA), lacking anthocyanins, has a white flower with quercetin and kaempferol glycosides (Fig. 1B). 'Golden Boy' (AA), lacking anthocyanins, has a pale yellow flower with chalcone 2′-glucoside as a major pigment (Fig. 1C). 'Victoria' (AAAA) and 'Harlequin' (AAAA) have red- purple flowers with unique patterns, containing malvidin 3-glucoside (Fig. 1F, 1G). Flowers of C. purpurascens (BB and BBBB) have a purple slip and a deep purple eye con- taining malvidin 3,5-diglucoside (Fig. 1D, 1H). Flowers of these cultivars and C. purpurascens also accumulate querce- tin and kaempferol glycosides as major flavonols (Ishizaka et al. 2006, Miyajima et al. 1991, Takamura and Sugimura 2008, Takamura ...
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... has a pale yellow flower with chalcone 2′-glucoside as a major pigment (Fig. 1C). 'Victoria' (AAAA) and 'Harlequin' (AAAA) have red- purple flowers with unique patterns, containing malvidin 3-glucoside (Fig. 1F, 1G). Flowers of C. purpurascens (BB and BBBB) have a purple slip and a deep purple eye con- taining malvidin 3,5-diglucoside (Fig. 1D, 1H). Flowers of these cultivars and C. purpurascens also accumulate querce- tin and kaempferol glycosides as major flavonols (Ishizaka et al. 2006, Miyajima et al. 1991, Takamura and Sugimura 2008, Takamura et al. 2005, Van Bragt 1962, Webby and Boase ...
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... mutants derived from 'Kaori-no-Mai' have a red- purple flower with malvidin 3-glucoside (Fig. 1Q) or del- phinidin 3,5-diglucoside (Fig. 1R), as well as quercetin and kaempferol glycosides (Ishizaka et al. 2012, Kondo et al. 2009a, 2009b). The former mutant is probably induced by deletion of the 5-glucosyltransferase gene. Cyclamen persicum 'Pure White', which provided the A genome of 'Kaori-no-Mai' (AABB), has a white flower owing ...
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... mutants derived from 'Kaori-no-Mai' have a red- purple flower with malvidin 3-glucoside (Fig. 1Q) or del- phinidin 3,5-diglucoside (Fig. 1R), as well as quercetin and kaempferol glycosides (Ishizaka et al. 2012, Kondo et al. 2009a, 2009b). The former mutant is probably induced by deletion of the 5-glucosyltransferase gene. Cyclamen persicum 'Pure White', which provided the A genome of 'Kaori-no-Mai' (AABB), has a white flower owing to inac- tivation of the gene encoding ...
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... the glycosylation of the anthocyanidins in the slip and eye are probably due to genes from the C. purpurascens genome. Future studies could investigate which genome controls the biosynthesis of malvidin 3,5-diglucoside in the eye and of flavonol glycosides in the slip and eye. 'Vuurbaak' has similar flower color and pigments to those of 'Strauss' (Fig. 1A, 1E), and allotetraploid (AABB) prog- eny of 'Vuurbaak' (AAAA) × C. purpurascens (BBBB) have color and pigments similar to those of 'Uruwashi-no-Kaori' (Fig. 1I, 1L). Thus, the discussion of the color and pigments of 'Uruwashi-no-Kaori' also applies to this ...
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... controls the biosynthesis of malvidin 3,5-diglucoside in the eye and of flavonol glycosides in the slip and eye. 'Vuurbaak' has similar flower color and pigments to those of 'Strauss' (Fig. 1A, 1E), and allotetraploid (AABB) prog- eny of 'Vuurbaak' (AAAA) × C. purpurascens (BBBB) have color and pigments similar to those of 'Uruwashi-no-Kaori' (Fig. 1I, 1L). Thus, the discussion of the color and pigments of 'Uruwashi-no-Kaori' also applies to this ...
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... contrast, 'Tennyo-no-Mai', with a salmon pink flower, has been derived from a dihaploid of 'Uruwashi-no-Kaori' with a pink flower by ion-beam irradiation (Fig. 1L, 1P). Flowers of both have the same anthocyanins and flavonol glycosides, but 'Tennyo-no-Mai', with a deeper color, has more anthocyanins and less flavonol glycosides than 'Uruwashi-no-Kaori' (Nakayama et al. 2012). From the fla- vonoid biosynthesis pathway (Boase et al. 2010, Rausher 2006) and types of anthocyanins and flavonol glycosides ...
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... (AABB) has a purple slip and a deep purple eye, and 'Kokou-no-Kaori' (AABB) has a light pur- ple slip and a purple eye (Fig. 1M, 1N). Both accumulate malvidin 3,5-diglucoside, quercetin glycosides, and kaempf- erol glycosides in the slip and eye ( Kondo et al. 2009aKondo et al. , 2009b. From these pigments and the breeding process de- scribed in this section, it can be determined that both have the C. persicum 'Pure White' genome (AA) and the C. purpurascens (BB) ...
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... its dihaploid (AB), de- rived from 'Golden Boy' (AA) and C. purpurascens (BB), have a light purple flower with malvidin 3,5-diglucoside. Surplus chalcone is converted to malvidin 3,5-diglucoside, as well as quercetin and kaempferol glycosides, by a series of enzymes, including chalcone isomerase derived from C. purpurascens. A pale yellow mutant (Fig. 1T) derived from the dihaploid accumulates chalcone 2′-glucoside, probably because of the accrual of surplus chalcone owing to radiation damage to the chalcone isomerase gene derived from C. purpurascens after glycosylation, as in 'Golden Boy' ). The discussion of the biosynthe- sis of chalcone 2′-glucoside in the pale yellow mutant also ...
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... accumulates chalcone 2′-glucoside, probably because of the accrual of surplus chalcone owing to radiation damage to the chalcone isomerase gene derived from C. purpurascens after glycosylation, as in 'Golden Boy' ). The discussion of the biosynthe- sis of chalcone 2′-glucoside in the pale yellow mutant also applies to the allotetraploid mutant (Fig. 1U). On the other hand, from the analysis of pigments in the white-flower mutant of 'Kokou-no-Kaori', it is reasonable to assume that the white mutant (Fig. 1V) derived from the dihaploid of GBCP lacks malvidin 3,5-diglucoside and accumulates flavonol glycosides. These steps can be clarified by analyz- ing genes for the biosynthesis of ...
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... C. purpurascens after glycosylation, as in 'Golden Boy' ). The discussion of the biosynthe- sis of chalcone 2′-glucoside in the pale yellow mutant also applies to the allotetraploid mutant (Fig. 1U). On the other hand, from the analysis of pigments in the white-flower mutant of 'Kokou-no-Kaori', it is reasonable to assume that the white mutant (Fig. 1V) derived from the dihaploid of GBCP lacks malvidin 3,5-diglucoside and accumulates flavonol glycosides. These steps can be clarified by analyz- ing genes for the biosynthesis of flavonol glycosides and malvidin 3,5-diglucoside, with attention to those for 3- glucosyltransferase and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase as can- ...
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... It is a genus of 22 species of perennial flowering plants consisting of various parts in the family Primulaceae ( Figure 1). Every species in this family develops a tuber and can reproduce through seed, although they never do so through natural splitting [18]. Horticulture must generate high and stable seed numbers, and they are pollinated only once per week [19,20]. ...
... C. libanoticum is endemic to the Lebanese flora [27]. The geographic distribution of various Cyclamen species is shown in Figure 2. Every species in this family develops a tuber and can reproduce through seed, although they never do so through natural splitting [18]. Horticulture must generate high and stable seed numbers, and they are pollinated only once per week [19,20]. ...
Plants are being researched as potential sources of novel drugs, which has led to a recent acceleration in the discovery of new bioactive compounds. Research on tissue culture technology for the synthesis and processing of plant compounds has skyrocketed, surpassing all expectations. These plants can be bought either raw or as extracts, where some of the chemicals are extracted by mashing the plant in water, alcohol, or another solvent. The use of herbal medicine may open new chances for reducing the onset of infections and treating different diseases including cancer. A perennial plant that blooms in the winter, Cyclamen, is one of the most widely used potted flowers in many nations. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, sterols, and glycosides are the main active components of Cyclamen. Analgesic, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties have all been demonstrated as potential effects of various extracts of Cyclamen tubers. However, the use of this medicinal plant in official medicine will require further research in the areas of pharmacology. Furthermore, it is necessary to create standard operating procedures for a crude herbal medication. In this regard, this review aims to highlight the key characteristics of the Cyclamen plant, such as its various parts, species, stages of development, and geographic range; pinpoint its intriguing bioactivities, its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and its anti-cancerous effects; and ascertain its potential medicinal uses and the main future perspectives.
... Ishizaka [253,254] extensively reviewed interspecific hybridization in the genus Cyclamen used to obtain new cultivars with valuable morphological traits (e.g., new flower color and fragrant blooming). The recovery of fertility through chromosome doubling of the sterile hybrid to obtain fertile amphidiploids was also analyzed [253]. ...
... The recovery of fertility through chromosome doubling of the sterile hybrid to obtain fertile amphidiploids was also analyzed [253]. In addition, the aseptic in vitro culture of placenta-attached ovules containing hybrid embryos allowed the production of allotriploid and allotetraploid plantlets, which were subsequently grown to mature plants in a greenhouse [254]. For instance, an interspecific hybridization between the diploid species C. persicum (2n = 2x = 48) and C. hederifolium (2n = 2x = 34) resulted in a sterile interspecific hybrid with a delay in corolla senescence. ...
... By recovering fertility, this material could serve as a starting point for the establishment of new varieties [255]. Interesting features derived from C. hederifolium were transferred into these amphidiploids, such as cold hardiness, flower fragrance, and more attractive leaves [254]. Ishizaka [253] described obtaining other amphidiploids in the Cyclamen genus and the introgression of key characteristics into C. persicum from wild species [256,257]. ...
Embryo rescue (ER) techniques are among the oldest and most successful in vitro tissue culture protocols used with plant species. ER refers to a series of methods that promote the development of an immature or lethal embryo into a viable plant. Intraspecific, interspecific, or intergeneric crosses allow the introgression of important alleles of agricultural interest from wild species, such as resistance or tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses or morphological traits in crops. However, pre-zygotic and post-zygotic reproductive barriers often present challenges in achieving successful hybridization. Pre-zygotic barriers manifest as incompatibility reactions that hinder pollen germination, pollen tube growth, or penetration into the ovule occurring in various tissues, such as the stigma, style, or ovary. To overcome these barriers, several strategies are employed, including cut-style or graft-on-style techniques, the utilization of mixed pollen from distinct species, placenta pollination, and in vitro ovule pollination. On the other hand, post-zygotic barriers act at different tissues and stages ranging from early embryo development to the subsequent growth and reproduction of the offspring. Many crosses among different genera result in embryo abortion due to the failure of endosperm development. In such cases, ER techniques are needed to rescue these hybrids. ER holds great promise for not only facilitating successful crosses but also for obtaining haploids, doubled haploids, and manipulating the ploidy levels for chromosome engineering by monosomic and disomic addition as well substitution lines. Furthermore, ER can be used to shorten the reproductive cycle and for the propagation of rare plants. Additionally, it has been repeatedly used to study the stages of embryonic development, especially in embryo-lethal mutants. The most widely used ER procedure is the culture of immature embryos taken and placed directly on culture media. In certain cases, the in vitro culture of ovule, ovaries or placentas enables the successful development of young embryos from the zygote stage to maturity.
... In addition, plant tissue culture often induces genetic and epigenetic instabilities, and it has been reported that the propagation of garlic seedlings by tissue culture can improve the breeding efficiency [24]. IR combined with plant tissue culture has been used for the development of new cultivars in numerous plants [25,26]. Therefore, it is a promising strategy to combine HIB radiation and the tissue culture technique for TKS germplasm improvement. ...
Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin (TKS) has great potential as an alternative natural-rubber (NR)-producing crop. The germplasm innovation of TKS still faces great challenges due to its self-incompatibility. Carbon-ion beam (CIB) irradiation is a powerful and non-species-specific physical method for mutation creation. Thus far, the CIB has not been utilized in TKS. To better inform future mutation breeding for TKS by the CIB and provide a basis for dose-selection, adventitious buds, which not only can avoid high levels of heterozygosity, but also further improve breeding efficiency, were irradiated here, and the dynamic changes of the growth and physiologic parameters, as well as gene expression pattern were profiled, comprehensively. The results showed that the CIB (5–40 Gy) caused significant biological effects on TKS, exhibiting inhibitory effects on the fresh weight and the number of regenerated buds and roots. Then,15 Gy was chosen for further study after comprehensive consideration. CIB-15 Gy resulted in significant oxidative damages (hydroxyl radical (OH•) generation activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content) and activated the antioxidant system (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)) of TKS. Based on RNA-seq analysis, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) peaked at 2 h after CIB irradiation. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that DNA-replication-/repair- (mainly up-regulated), cell-death- (mainly up-regulated), plant-hormone- (auxin and cytokinin, which are related to plant morphogenesis, were mainly down-regulated), and photosynthesis- (mainly down-regulated) related pathways were involved in the response to the CIB. Furthermore, CIB irradiation can also up-regulate the genes involved in NR metabolism, which provides an alternative strategy to elevate the NR production in TKS in the future. These findings are helpful to understand the radiation response mechanism and further guide the future mutation breeding for TKS by the CIB.
... They concluded the low regeneration rate was due to high specificity of genotype and environmental condition in which culture are stored (Akhtar & Javed, 2017;Srivastava & Bains, 2018). The cross culture or inter specific hybridization used for haploid development between different crops like; wheat and maize, wheat and sorghum, wheat and pearls millet, wheat tripsacum, and wheat and barley (Ishizaka, 2018;Morimoto et al., 2019). The intergeneric crosses were found more effective in production of DHs for wheat and other crop plants. ...
... The selection of DH mutants is the most important part of development process and it is different than other conventional methods (Ishizaka, 2018). The general method for selection of mutant developed from seed proliferated crop is in M2 generation. ...
This comprehensive three-volume set book, Biotechnologies and
Genetics in Plant Mutation Breeding, aims to help combat the
challenge of providing enough food for the world by use of the advanced
process of genetics to improve crop production, in both quantity and quality.
Volume 2: Mutagenesis and Crop Improvement first deals with
mutagenesis, cytotoxicity, and crop improvement. It discusses the processes,
mutagenic effectiveness, and efficiency and mechanisms of mutagenesis and
covers the principles, applications, and scope of mutagenesis as well. Several
chapters focus on mutation-induced cytological aberrations and cytotoxicity.
There is also emphasis on improvement of agronomic characteristics by
manipulating the genotype of plant species, resulting in increase in
productivity.
... Given that all γ-irradiated populations survived during the first 6 months after treatment, it was impossible to estimate the 50% lethal dose (LD50) for the two cultivars (Figure 1b). At 3 months after γ-irradiation of rhizomes, the 50% reduction dose (RD50) for the two cultivars was estimated as follows: RB003, 30.0 Gy (based on the relative weight) and 58.2 Gy (based on the multiplication rate); and RB012, 29.0 Gy (based on the relative weight) and 33.5 Gy (based on the multiplication rate). ...
... Irradiation dose has been mainly used for determination of the optimal irradiation condition in diverse plant species, including orchids [5,8,[13][14][15][16][17][18]. However, the optimal doses suggested by previous researchers are diverse: e.g., LD 10 in rice seeds [18]; LD and RD in crop seeds [19]; LD [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] in in vitro tissues [20]; and RD 50 in Cymbidium protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) [9]. Furthermore, irradiation duration and dose rate, a complex concept of dose and duration, are also important factors for induction of mutations. ...
... Kodym et al. [19] reported that recurrent irradiation treatment was conducted to broaden the mutation spectrum and to increase the chances of obtaining desirable mutants in diverse plant species, but the experiments did not yield the expected results. However, several studies have reported the effectiveness of re-irradiation of ion particles in ornamental flower species [28]: e.g., cyclamen [29], Osteospermum spp. [30], and chrysanthemum [31]. ...
Ionizing radiation combined with in vitro tissue culture has been used for development of new cultivars in diverse crops. The effects of ionizing radiation on mutation induction have been analyzed on several orchid species, including Cymbidium. Limited information is available on the comparison of mutation frequency and spectrum based on phenotypes in Cymbidium species. In addition, the stability of induced chimera mutants in Cymbidium is unknown. In this study, we analyzed the radiation sensitivity, mutation frequency, and spectrum of mutants induced by diverse γ-ray treatments, and analyzed the stability of induced chimera mutants in the Cymbidium hybrid cultivars RB003 and RB012. The optimal γ-irradiation conditions of each cultivar differed as follows: RB003, mutation frequency of 4.06% (under 35 Gy/4 h); RB012, 1.51% (20 Gy/1 h). Re-irradiation of γ-rays broadened the mutation spectrum observed in RB012. The stability of leaf-color chimera mutants was higher than that of leaf-shape chimeras, and stability was dependent on the chimera type and location of a mutation in the cell layers of the shoot apical meristem. These results indicated that short-term γ-irradiation was more effective to induce mutations in Cymbidium. Information on the stability of chimera mutants will be useful for mutation breeding of diverse ornamental plants.
... (Küligowska et al. 2016a), and Cyclamen spp. (Ishizaka 2018). ...
The liliaceous perennial plants, Tricyrtis spp., have recently become popular as ornamental plants for pot and garden uses. In order to broaden the variability in plant form, flower form and flower color of Tricyrtis spp., intersectional hybridization was examined between four T. formosana cultivars or T. hirta var. albescens (sect. Hirtae) and T. macranthopsis (sect. Brachycyrtis). After cross-pollination, ovary enlargement was observed only when T. macranthopsis was used as a pollen parent. Ovules with placental tissues were excised from enlarged ovaries and cultured on half-strength MS medium without plant growth regulators. From five cross-combinations, 31 ovule culture-derived plantlets were obtained and 20 of them were confirmed to be intersectional hybrids by flow cytometry and inter-simple sequence repeat analyses. Almost all hybrids grew well and produced flowers 1–2 years after transplantation to the greenhouse. Hybrids had semi-cascade-type shoots, which was intermediate between T. formosana cultivars and T. hirta var. albescens (erect-type shoots) and T. macranthopsis (cascade-type shoots). They produced flowers with novel forms and colors compared with the corresponding parents, and some were horticulturally attractive. The results obtained in the present study indicate the validity of intersectional hybridization via ovule culture for breeding of Tricyrtis spp.
... Flower pigments detected in Cyclamen persicum cultivars, wild C. purpurascens and their interspecific hybrids (adapted fromIshizaka, 2018) ...
Nowadays, the field of entirely artificial hybrids raises ethical problems in the animal world and to a lesser amount in plants. Throughout the years, yellow Cyclamen has been particularly important for both breeders and passionate growers as being a peculiar color for this species. The possibility to artificially induce hybrids between species that can never normally cross it's now achievable. This paper describes the possibility of obtaining high ornamental yellow flowered cyclamen, through chromosome doubling. The pollen and seed sterility can be overcome by doubling the chromosomes. In this sense, there are two full sets from each parent, resulting in a fertile hybrid, by introducing the in vitro culture into colchicine supplemented medium.
... The development process for a flower-color mutant cultivar of a fragrant cyclamen is separately reported in this issue (Ishizaka 2018), whereas that for the chrysanthemum mutant cultivar 'Aladdin 2' is discussed below. ...
... For example, the variation in flower color mutants is efficiently increased through re-irradiation of ion beam-irradiated mutants of Osteospermum spp. (Iizuka et al. 2008, Okada et al. 2012, cyclamen (Ishizaka 2018), and chrysanthemum (Sato et al. 2006). Further details about the re-irradiation of ion beam-irradiated lines, also known as "step-wise irradiation", can be found in the study by Hase et al. (2012). ...
Ornamental plants that have a rich variety of flower colors and shapes are highly prized in the commercial flower market, and therefore, mutant cultivars that produce different types of flowers while retaining their growth habits are in demand. Furthermore, mutation breeding is well suited for ornamental plants because many species can be easily vegetatively propagated, facilitating the production of spontaneous and induced mutants. The use of ion beams in mutation breeding has rapidly expanded since the 1990s in Japan, with the prospect that more ion beam-specific mutants will be generated. There are currently four irradiation facilities in Japan that provide ion beam irradiation for plant materials. The development of mutant cultivars using ion beams has been attempted on many ornamental plants thus far, and some species have been used to investigate the process of mutagenesis. In addition, progress is being made in clarifying the genetic mechanism for expressing important traits, which will probably result in the development of more efficient mutation breeding methods for ornamental plants. This review not only provides examples of successful mutation breeding results using ion beams, but it also describes research on mutagenesis and compares results of ion beam and gamma ray breeding using ornamental plants.
The chapter covers mutation work (mutagens, working dose, mutants) carried out throughout the world on approximately 120 ornamental crops.
Induced mutagenesis is now an established method for crop improvement. Mutation techniques by using ionizing radiations and other mutagens have successfully produced quite a large number of new promising varieties in different plant species. Since beginning there are step by step improvement in technical procedure for application of induced mutation for crop improvement and voluminous knowledge have developed for successful and accurate application of the technique. The chapter highlights a bird’s eye view of the prospects, procedures, possibilities and problems of mutation breeding. There are huge publications by many workers highlighting their success and failure on induced mutagenesis. Attempt has been made to highlight different important basic aspects which may be helpful as guideline for large scale mutagenesis work on any ornamental crop. Author tried to put together all available information on mutagens and dose to develop a complete documentation of the results of the research conducted by different scientists over the last about 80 years.
