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This paper presents a qualitative approach to the comparative analysis of the existing cultural dimensions systems. It selected three of the most appreciated cultural dimensions systems elaborated by Hofstede, Trompenaars and the GLOBE project. The characteristics of the cultural dimensions of each approach were subjected to a content analysis in o...
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... values the author has identified confirm the description made by Hofstede: Short-term oriented cultures cultivate instrumental values such as being independent (self-reliant), capable (competent, effective), logical (consistent, rational) and helpful (working for the welfare of others), while the end-states of existence are represented by freedom (independence, free choice) and a sense of accomplishment (a lasting contribution). On the other hand, Long-term oriented cultures accentuate instrumental values such as being self-controlled (restrained, self-discipline), ambitious (hardworking, aspiring), obedient (dutiful, respectful) and terminal values of social recognition (respect, admiration) and true friendship ( Table 5). The last cultural dimension proposed by Geert Hofstede (actually it was identified by his collaborator, Michael Minkov) was called Indulgence vs. restraint (IND). ...Citations
... Comparison of Hofstede's, Trompenaars' and Globe's models became the focus of some researchers (e.g. Magnusson et al., 2008;McSweeney, 2015;Tocar, 2019); for example, McSweeney calls them "A Trio". Tocar (2019) observed the dimensions by employing a content analysis approach and found that Globe is conceptually closer to Hofstede's framework than Tromenaars's. ...
Numerous studies have been undertaken to investigate the issues long-term expatriates and global leaders managing multicultural teams encounter. However, there has been little research to date on cross-cultural communication challenges in project management, and this is particularly the case where the IT sector and rollout projects are concerned. Our research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cross-cultural communication on IT-related projects by identifying key challenging factors encountered by research participants. The purposive sampling criteria included “multiple years of experience in global IT rollout projects” and “working in multiple countries, including other continents as well”. These criteria stipulated that participants possess a specific kind of experience in multicultural social contexts, based on which we interviewed ten experts. These global professionals come from a variety of cultural backgrounds, and have each worked in three to twelve countries (8.4 on average).An interpretative phenomenological approach was applied, in which the interpretation of participants’ lived experiences was linked to relevant literature: cross-cultural communication and cultural profiles, organisational and national culture models, and cross-cultural project management. Our findings revealed six significant areas that have emerged as key sources of intercultural problems on ERP related IT rollout projects: language, hidden assumptions, work-life balance, confrontation, time management, and apparent lies.The implications and value of our study derive from the lessons learned by the interviewed experts as they are recognised as individuals with valuable information and abilities – developed through significant international experience – that may inform the practice of other project managers similarly working for multinational IT organisations.
... In essence, most of the models state that people are shaped by the national culture in which they live (Hofstede et al., 2010, as cited in Minkov & Kaasa, 2021House et al., 2001; *Corresponding author, e-mail: ugljesastankov@gmail.com Nedeljković et al., 2018). For example, the model of Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory (Hofstede, 1980), and it later alternations, explains in detail how each dimension is affected by different patterns throughout people's lives, such as those from their family, friends, teachers, employers, partners, laws, religion, or the media (Hofstede, 1980;Hofstede, Hofstede & Minkov, 2010;Minkov & Kaasa, 2021).. Actually, numerous researchers agree that culture shapes human thoughts, attitudes, and dominant values, which also affect their behavior, as well as their perception of others (Boroch, 2018;Covas & Pirlog, 2019;Hartmann, 2014;Koleśnik, 2013;Pîrlog, 2021;Smith et al., 1996;Tocar, 2019). ...
Abstract: Although cross-cultural interactions and cultural bubbles have been researched extensively in tourism, these issues have often been viewed one-sidedly. More precisely, in contemporary literature, cultural bubbles are mostly considered one-sided biases that prevent tourists from fully enjoying the culture of their hosts. Besides that, it is important to bear in mind that a tourist offer itself is also formed from the perspectives of tourism experience designers and tourism managers. Therefore, it is important to consider how the perception of a tourist offer is distorted by looking from inside the bubble of tourist culture. This paper highlights managers’ cultural biases in designing tourist experiences, which have often been overlooked in cross-cultural tourism studies. It is crucial to have this discussion now so that the global tourist industry can continue to provide local experiences, as tourism managers and employees in the sector are increasingly interacting with people from diverse cultural contexts. This might be beneficial for the cultural expression of destinations, on the one hand, as well as for providing more valuable experiences for tourists, on the other.
Keywords: cross-cultural interactions; cultural bubbles; bias; perceptions; designing tourist experiences
... Cultural measurements represent the most successful and widespread way of the quantitative approach to the cultural factor. Earlier research has shown that Hofstede's system of cultural dimensions is the most comprehensive and outlined (Tocar, 2019). ...
Cultural characteristics related to the values of national identity (patriotism, nationalism) and attitudes toward other peoples (xenophobia) represent important elements of cultural specificity that influence various dimensions of socioeconomic life, including economic processes. Unfortunately, these specific characteristics are not often investigated, especially in this context, probably because of the difficulty of quantifying them and the general sensitivity of the topic. This study presents an original approach to the study of nationalist-xenophobic attitudes and their relationship to foreign direct investment (FDI). The aim of this study is to identify theoretical benchmarks for approaching the topic of nationalism-xenophobia, to develop a synthetic indicator to quantify nationalism-xenophobic attitudes, and to highlight the mechanism of their influence on FDI attraction. The methodology used for conducting this research comprises the methods of analysis, synthesis, induction (for logical connections and theoretical argumentation), weighted average technique (for the elaboration of Nationalism-xenophobia Index), Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of internal consistency (to test the reliability of the construct) and Pearson correlation coefficient (for the correlation analysis). The author's contributions include a study of the relationship between nationalist and xenophobic sentiments, the development of the Nationalism-xenophobia Index, an indicator of the intensity of these sentiments in society, an analysis of the relationship between nationalism-xenophobia relations and the amount of FDI attracted per capita, the identification and explanation of the cultural mechanism by which nationalist and xenophobic sentiments influence various phenomena, including FDI. Logical-theoretical assumptions and arguments are confirmed by the results of quantitative data analysis. The findings of the study confirm that the cultural characteristics associated with nationalism and xenophobia represent important elements of cultural specificity that influence economic processes, including FDI. Numerous studies show that the nationalist dimension of ethnocentrism is closely related to xenophobia. Analysis of countries' scores on the nationalism-xenophobia index depending on the dominant Christian denomination and the presence of a communist past shows a link between nationalist-xenophobic, Orthodox (and, to a lesser extent, Catholic) values and the values of communist ideology, which negatively affect FDI attraction. Furthermore, nationalist-xenophobic attitudes have a negative impact on FDI attraction, both directly and indirectly, showing a strong negative impact.
... Moreover, many researches show that these dimensions have not lost their validity (The Chinese Culture Connection, 1987;Fernandez, Carlson, Stepina, & Nicholson, 1997). Thus, Hofstede cultural dimensions model remains the most relevant for measuring cultural proximity and is the most widely used in human science researches (Tocar, 2019;Riahi, 2017;Kaur & Noman, 2015;Sudarwan & Fogarty, 1996;Ding, Jeanjean, & Stolowy, 2005;Kelley, MacNab, & Worthley, 2006;Tsakumis, Curatola, & Porcano, 2007;Beckmann, Menkhoff, & Suto, 2008;Yang, Wang, & Wang-Drewry, 2009;Magnini, 2009). ...
The unobservable nature of the national culture is one of the main limits of research studying the impact of values systems’ in management sciences. This is why we aim in this study to identify a measure to three cultural dimensions namely, individualism (IND), masculinity (MASC) and long-term orientation (LTO). Our methodology is based on structural equation modeling (SEM) under LISREL approach, where latent variables are economic and demographic characteristics. Findings for the cross-national study over a period of 7 years including Tunisia, France, and Canada show that ecological indicators are able to determine studied cultural dimensions. However, due to the dynamic character of culture, some studied indicators are no longer the same as identified in prior studies.
Although cross-cultural interactions and cultural bubbles have been researched extensively in tourism, these issues have often been viewed one-sidedly. More precisely, in contemporary literature, cultural bubbles are mostly considered one-sided biases that prevent tourists from fully enjoying the culture of their hosts. Besides that, it is important to bear in mind that a tourist offer itself is also formed from the perspectives of tourism experience designers and tourism managers. Therefore, it is important to consider how the perception of a tourist offer is distorted by looking from inside the bubble of tourist culture. This paper highlights managers? cultural biases in designing tourist experiences, which have often been overlooked in cross-cultural tourism studies. It is crucial to have this discussion now so that the global tourist industry can continue to provide local experiences, as tourism managers and employees in the sector are increasingly interacting with people from diverse cultural contexts. This might be beneficial for the cultural expression of destinations, on the one hand, as well as for providing more valuable experiences for tourists, on the other.
