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Changes in X-ray diffraction pattern of cotton petioles after formation of brown rings under boron deficiency compared with normal petioles (control).
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The main symptom of boron (B) deficiency in cotton is the formation of brown rings on leaf petioles. The objective of the present study was to determine the changes in the anatomical structure and chemical composition of petioles and photosynthesis of leaves in cotton under B deficiency. Compared to the control, B deficiency treatment resulted in l...
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Context 1
... a distinct absorption peak was found at around 1517 cm −1 (Fig. 3), which is characteristic of the benzene ring in phenols; the relative absorbance was markedly lower in the petiole rings than in the control petioles. The absorption bands at about 1550-1650 cm −1 were attributed to the amide group in cell wall proteins 37 . The characteristic absorption peaks at about 2930 and 2858 cm −1 were attributed to reversed stretching vibra- tions of -CH 2 mainly from wax, protein, and pectin, among various tissue components in the cells 37 ; the relative absorbance was markedly decreased in the petiole rings compared to the control petioles. The characteristic absorption peak at about 3400 cm −1 was attributed to OH stretching vibrations of carbohydrates, mainly from hydrogen bonding 38 ; the relative absorbance was also significantly decreased in the petiole rings relative to the control petioles. The diffraction peak at near 2θ = 18° indicates the scattering intensity of the amorphous background diffrac- tion. There were no significant differences in the amorphous background diffraction between the petiole rings and control petioles at 2θ = 18° (Fig. 4). Meanwhile, distinct diffraction peak appeared in the control petioles, whereas the diffraction peak intensity under B deficiency was markedly decreased and even mostly disappeared. These results indicate that B deficiency led to reduced cellulose crystallinity in cotton ...
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Citations
... This is related to the primary physiological function of B in maintaining cell wall structural integrity through the formation of the boronic acid dimeric rhamnogalacturonan -B (RG--B) complex, which stabilizes the pectin network and regulates cell wall porosity, and whose main functions are cell wall formation and cell division (Gimeno et al., 2012). Previous studies have characterized the anatomical disruption caused by B de ciency, particularly the formation of brown petiole rings, as leading to impairment of phloem transport and photosynthetic e ciency, ultimately affecting reproductive organ development and seed cotton productivity (Li et al., 2017;Lilay et al., 2024). In addition, B is involved in multiple metabolic pathways, including nucleic acid and carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis, phosphorus cycling, phenolic compound metabolism, and phytohormone regulation (Papadakis et al., 2018), which results in enhanced plant defense against abiotic stresses such as such as salt stress, drought, and heavy metal overload, providing yield stability in cotton. ...
Boron (B) deficiency critically constrains cotton productivity in China’s major cotton-growing regions, where soil available B levels widely fall below the sufficiency threshold (< 0.5 mg kg − 1 ). This multi-site study (2020–2021) quantified the optimal B application ranges for two regionally adapted cultivars (CCRI 425 and Siza 3) through field trials and column experiments across three B-deficient sites in Jiangsu Province. Quadratic regression modeling of seed cotton yield responses identified distinct optima: 1.90–2.36 kg B ha − 1 for CCRI 425 and 2.05–2.36 kg B ha − 1 for Siza 3, achieving yield increases of 14.7–25.9% compared to B-free controls. Within these ranges, key agronomic traits demonstrated peak performance: boll shedding rates decreased by 11.3–42.0%, boll number increased by 12.4–22.0%, and boll size expanded by 16.9–30.8%. The coefficient of variation for boll number (4.2–6.6%) substantially exceeded that of boll weight (0.9–2.2%), identifying boll number as the primary yield determinant. Vertical canopy analysis revealed that middle strata (FB5–8) accounted for 48.2% of the total yield and was more sensitive in response to B fertilizer, likely attributable to restricted B phloem mobility. These findings provide a scientific framework for precision B management, balancing yield maximization with nutrient stewardship in B-deficient cotton systems.
... The range between B deficiency and toxicity is narrow; therefore, its levels in plants are tightly controlled (Brdar-Jokanovic, 2020). Once homeostasis is disrupted, abnormalities occur in several physiological processes that ultimately affect plant growth and development (Voxeur & Fry, 2014;Li et al., 2017;Shah et al., 2017;Brdar-Jokanovic, 2020). B transport is mediated by NODULIN-26-LIKE INTRINSIC PROTEINS (NIPs) and efflux-type BORs (BORON TRANS-PORTERS). ...
Plant apoplast represents an essential compartment for the proper function of certain mineral solutes, and vasculature acts as a long‐distance system to distribute them between different parts of the continuous apoplast. Guttation occurs at the distal end of the vasculature, but how it adds to ion homeostasis has received scant attention.
Through genomic‐scale ionomic profiling of apoplast fluids, guttation fluid, and xylem sap from 184 core accessions of paddy‐grown rice, we identified novel ionomic constitution and dynamics. The most unique finding is that boron concentration jumps to a peak level at the distal end of the leaf blade. This phenomenon is conserved in other plants performing guttation. Boron concentration at leaf tips oscillates diurnally depending on guttation.
Tissue‐specific gene expression analysis revealed that the boron influx‐transporter gene OsNIP3;1 is prominent in leaf tips and oscillates in synchronization with boron. Disruption of OsNIP3;1 decreased amplitudes of boron oscillation and the ratios of [Boron]guttation fluid/xylem sap.
Our findings reveal that OsNIP3;1 mediates boron oscillation at the distal end of the leaf blade during guttation.
... (Wang et al., 2015). B deficiency inhibits photosynthesis, leading to a significant reduction in biomass and crop yield (Kastori et al., 1995;Li et al., 2017;Fujiyama et al., 2019). Using pea as a convenient model system and a methodology of all-buds phenotyping (Figure 2), we found that B deficiency led to growth inhibition and reduced biomass due to great changes in shoot architecture. ...
Plant architecture and subsequent productivity are determined by the shoot apical dominance, which is disturbed by the deficiency of boron, one of the essential trace elements for plant growth and reproduction. However, the mechanism by which B controls shoot apical dominance or axillary bud outgrows under B deficiency is still unclear. This work aimed to investigate the mechanistic basis of this process, with focus on the interaction between B and polar auxin transport. Adopting an all‐buds phenotyping methodology and employing several complementary approaches, we found that boron deficiency inhibited plant growth and changed the shoot architecture, resulting in the outgrowth of axillary buds at nodes 1–3. This was related to the auxin accumulation in shoot apical parts buds under B deficiency. Applying N‐1‐naphthylphthalamic acid to inhibit auxin transport from the shoot apex promoted the outgrowth of axillary buds in boron‐sufficient (+B) plants. In decapitated plants, the application of exogenous auxin to the shoot apex only inhibited the outgrowth of axillary buds in +B plants. At higher auxin doses, the toxic effect of IAA was observed in the lower part of the shoot, which was more severe in +B plants than in B‐deprived (‐B) plants. Furthermore, the expression of PsPIN3 was significantly downregulated under ‐B conditions. These results indicate that B deficiency inhibits PAT from the apical bud through the main stem to the lower parts, leading to an increase of auxin level in the apical bud, which inhibits the growth of apical buds while stimulating the outgrowth of axillary buds.
... Boron (B) is an essential trace element for crop growth, playing crucial roles in photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and sugar transport (Fujiyama et al., 2019;Kohli et al., 2023). Numerous studies have found that B deficiency reduces crop photosynthetic performance and dry matter accumulation, resulting in decreased crop yield (Li et al., 2017;Chen et al., 2023). The shortage of available soil B is a global issue (Wang et al., 2015), affecting regions across Asia, Oceania, Africa, America, and Europe (Lehto et al., 2010), with 132 plant species in 80 countries exhibiting symptoms of B deficiency (Garcıá-Sańchez et al., 2020). ...
The northeastern part of China is a traditional sugar beet cultivation area where the soils are classified generally as the black and albic soil types with low boron (B) availability. Boron fertilizer can increase soil B content and significantly improve crop yield and quality. At present, the effects of slow-release B fertilizer on beet root yield and quality remain unclear. Two sugar beet varieties KWS1197 and KWS0143 were selected as the research materials; and biologically evaluated with three dosage rates of 0, 15, and 30 kg ha⁻¹ in two soil types. Results showed that slow-release B fertilizer (30 kg ha⁻¹) improved sugar beet net photosynthetic rate (13.6%) and transpiration rate (9.8%), as well as enhanced dry matter accumulation and the transfer to underground parts (23.1%) for higher root yield (1.4 to 9.7% in black soil and 3.5-14.2% in albic soil). Specifically, boron fertilizer greatly increased root B accumulation, as evidenced by decreasing amino N and Na contents alongside increasing surose (Pol) content. Slow-release B fertilizer increased white sugar yield by 3.5 to 35.7% in black soil and 5.8 to 20.8% in albic soil. In conclusion, applying slow-release B fertilizer is an effective strategy to increase sugar beet yield and quality in northeast China, with a recommended application rate of 30 kg ha⁻¹. These findings established a baseline for formulating effective and futristic fertilizer for sugar beet.
... Walaupun pengamatan ini belum menunjukkan pengaruh P dan B, bulai sangat jelas memengaruhi klorofil tanaman. Penelitian Shireen et al. (2020) menunjukkan bahwa kandungan klorofil relatif dipengaruhi oleh aplikasi B. Kandungan klorofil menurun akibat defisiensi B yang ditandai dengan pembentukan cincin cokelat pada daerah batang (Li et al. 2017). ...
Maize production and quality are affected by infection with plant pathogens. One of the maize's essential and main diseases is downy mildew caused by Peronosclerospora spp. Downy mildew is a limiting factor in increasing production and can reduce production by 80-100%. It is because the affected plant cannot produce cobs. Pathogens obtain nutrients from the host cell, which can kill the cell and damage the surrounding tissues, resulting in visible downy mildew symptoms. Boron (B) plays a role in forming phloem, increasing the fruit's number, weight, bunch weight, and diameter. The primary function of B at the molecular level is the cross-linking of pectin in the plant cell wall. Ramnogalacturonan II (RG II) is a pectic polysaccharide that contributes to the mechanical strength and properties of the primary wall cross-linked by borate diesters. Phosphorus (P) controls the downsides in the greenhouse and field conditions. This study aims to measure changes in chlorophyll index, P and B uptakes in downy mildew affected plants. The field experiment used a group randomized design with six natural phosphate (FA) application treatments and four groups of borax doses as replicates. The results showed that the downy mildew decreased the chlorophyll index of the leaves at different levels of attack. The results of P concentration according to the position of healthy plant leaves were significantly different due to P treatment. In contrast to concentration B, there is no real difference. P and B uptake results in downy mildew-infested plants showed a significant difference only in P uptake in leaves with 1 FA treatment. Keywords: boron, downy mildew, maize, phosphate
... In root tubers, boron has a major response in uplifting the enzymatic reactions along with several gene expressions, which in turn enhance the movement of photosynthates and starch integration. Boron improves traits which induce sugar translocation and finally resulting in high levels of starch content in stem as well as roots (Li et al., 2017). Sugar concentration in plants is expressed in the form of borate sugar complexes and low accumulation of sugar is found due to lack of boron supply. ...
... Sinha et al. (2003) reported that interaction of P × B occurs when low P level interferes with B metabolism, aggravating both the deficiency and excess symptoms of B. Antagonism and synergism between B and Zn were found to exist with respect to nutrient concentration and plant growth, respectively, which deserves higher application rates for both the nutrients particularly in Zndeficient soil (Hosseini et al., 2007). The B × Al interaction has been proposed to be beneficial as the presence of B in soil decrease Al-toxicity (Li et al., 2017). ...
Amongst the micronutrients, boron (B) is required in very minute quantity, but deficiency can cause a deleterious impact on crop yield and quality, similar to any macronutrient. The critical B level in soil is usually between 0.5 and 1.0 ppm, but it varies widely depending on the crops and growing conditions. The prevalent deficiency in agricultural fields, coupled with insufficient attention to micronutrient application in field crops, creates a substantial production gap impacting growth, yield, and produce quality. A major portion of the tuber crops show extreme sensitivity to boron deficiency, which causes severe yield reduction alongside a decline in the tuber quality. Excess application may exhibit toxicity symptoms in plants since it occupies a narrow window between deficiency and toxicity. Therefore, efficient nutrient management practice, including the judicious use of boron fertilizers in terms of appropriate sources and doses, is needed to ensure the B nutrient balance in soil as well as augmenting the crop growth and yield. To understand the research and progress toward B nutrition in
tuber crops, a modern machine learning approach has also
been implemented. This review underscores a paradigm shift
in understanding the essential role of B fertilizers in tuber crops
there by suggesting a potentially sustainable solution for achieving judicious and balanced application of boron in acquiring healthy plant produce.
... In root tubers, boron has a major response in uplifting the enzymatic reactions along with several gene expressions, which in turn enhance the movement of photosynthates and starch integration. Boron improves traits which induce sugar translocation and finally resulting in high levels of starch content in stem as well as roots (Li et al., 2017). Sugar concentration in plants is expressed in the form of borate sugar complexes and low accumulation of sugar is found due to lack of boron supply. ...
... Sinha et al. (2003) reported that interaction of P × B occurs when low P level interferes with B metabolism, aggravating both the deficiency and excess symptoms of B. Antagonism and synergism between B and Zn were found to exist with respect to nutrient concentration and plant growth, respectively, which deserves higher application rates for both the nutrients particularly in Zndeficient soil (Hosseini et al., 2007). The B × Al interaction has been proposed to be beneficial as the presence of B in soil decrease Al-toxicity (Li et al., 2017). ...
Amongst the micronutrients, boron (B) is required in very minute quantity, but deficiency can cause a deleterious impact on crop yield and quality, similar to any macronutrient. The critical B level in soil is usually between 0.5 and 1.0 ppm, but it varies widely depending on the crops and growing conditions. The prevalent deficiency in agricultural fields, coupled with insufficient attention to micronutrient application in field crops, creates a substantial production gap impacting growth, yield, and produce quality. A major portion of the tuber crops show extreme sensitivity to boron deficiency, which causes severe yield reduction alongside a decline in the tuber quality. Excess application may exhibit toxicity symptoms in plants since it occupies a narrow window between deficiency and toxicity. Therefore, efficient nutrient management practice, including the judicious use of boron fertilizers in terms of appropriate sources and doses, is needed to ensure the B nutrient balance in soil as well as augmenting the crop growth and yield. To understand the research and progress toward B nutrition in tuber crops, a modern machine learning approach has also been implemented. This review underscores a paradigm shift in understanding the essential role of B fertilizers in tuber crops there by suggesting a potentially sustainable solution for achieving judicious and balanced application of boron in acquiring healthy plant produce.
... Boron (B) deficiency in peanuts causes deformities in the formation of the cotyledons, which leads to the occurrence of hollow heart in the seeds, reducing their quality and yield (Harris and Brolmann, 1966;Rerkasem et al., 1993). This occurs because B deficiency leads to the poor formation of the conducting vessels (phloem and xylem), reducing carbohydrate transport from leaves to fruits (Li et al., 2017). Besides, an inadequate supply of B also negatively affects root growth, making the plant more sensitive to drought (Kohli et al., 2023). ...
... The greater number of pods and heavier kernels may explain the higher yield of peanuts (Tables 2 and 4), reflecting the increased fruit set (pollen germination and pollen tube elongation) by improved boron nutrition (Wang et al., 2003). In addition, B increases the photosynthetic rate of the plant, carbohydrate production (Mousavi et al., 2022), and also improves carbohydrate transport from leaves to reproductive structures (Bogiani et al., 2013;Wimmer and Eichert, 2013;Li et al., 2017), increasing seed weight. ...
... A relevant point observed was that there was a positive correlation between seed weight and seed germination rate in both crops. Thus, better nutrition with boron improved the transport of carbohydrates to seeds (Wimmer and Eichert, 2013;Li et al., 2017), resulting in higher seed weight due to higher reserves and, consequently, higher germination. ...
Peanuts are mainly grown in sandy soils with low boron content, which may limit the crop yield, especially runner-type cultivars that have high-yields. Boron deficiency causes hollow heart in peanut seeds, reducing yield and seed quality, but the best strategy to supply boron to peanut is still not known. This study aimed to evaluate peanuts nutrition, yield, and seed quality as a function of boron rate, source, and application form. The study was conducted for two years in sandy soils with low boron in southeastern Brazil. Treatments included application of boron via soil: control (boron unfertilized), boric acid at 1.5 kg ha⁻¹ of B, Ulexite (1.5 and 3.0 kg ha⁻¹ of B), and sodium tetraborate (1.5 and 3.0 kg ha⁻¹ of B) combined with foliar fertilization (sub-plots): 0, 400, 800 and 1200 g ha⁻¹ of B (boric acid) with four replicates. Boron fertilization via soil and foliar increased peanuts yield by 20 % (1100 kg ha⁻¹) and 14 % (700 kg ha⁻¹) - the average of the two crops, respectively. Combined use of soil and foliar fertilizer was justified only in years with water deficit and when the rate applied via soil was low (<3.0 kg ha⁻¹). Boron application via soil or application of 400 g ha⁻¹ of B via foliar fertilization increased seed germination rate by 10 to 13 %. Boron fertilization increased the percentage of normal seedlings, seedling weight, and length and reduced the germination time. Foliar and soil boron applications efficiently improved peanut seed nutrition, yield, and quality. However, soil application performed better, showing a higher percentage of yield increase.
Keywords
soil fertilization; foliar fertilization; boron sources; sufficiency range
... Moreover, proper B supply improves hormonal synthesis, photosynthetic rate, vegetative growth, water-use efficiency, aluminum toxicity tolerance, yield components, cotton fiber quality, and yield (Bogiani et al., 2013;Li et al., 2017;Pereira et al., 2021;Souza Junior et al., 2022). The sufficiency range of B in cotton leaves reported for the Brazilian Cerrado is between 40 and 80 mg kg −1 (Borin et al., 2014), but it is not yet known whether it can change depending on soil texture and organic matter content, as it controls B availability in the soil solution (Schmidt et al., 2021;Yermiyahu et al., 2001). ...
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is responsive to boron (B) fertilization when there is low soil availability, but the best source and rate to be used and whether this response is dependent on soil texture are still unknown. This study aimed to adjust boron fertilization for cotton as a function of the production environment and B source used. Two field experiments were conducted in the 2020/2021 season in Chapadão do Sul, MS (clayey soil—adequate B content) and Dracena, SP (sandy soil—low B content), Brazil. Treatments consisted of B sources (ulexite [low solubility], borax pentahydrate [BP] [intermediate solubility], and boric acid [BA] [high solubility]), and B rates (0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 kg ha⁻¹) applied to the soil at 25 days after plant emergence. In sandy soil with low B content, application of 2 (high and medium solubility sources) and 4 kg B ha⁻¹ (low solubility source) improved fiber yield between 10% (210 kg ha⁻¹ fiber) and 28% (555 kg ha⁻¹), respectively, as well as micronaire index, strength, elongation, uniformity, and short fibers. Application of B greater than 4 kg ha⁻¹ via soluble sources reduced (between 9% (175 kg ha⁻¹)—BP and 14% (257 kg ha⁻¹)—BA) fiber yield only in sandy soil. When B content in the soil is adequate, B fertilization did not improve yield, but increased fiber strength (4%—1.1 g tex⁻¹) and reduced the short fiber index (16%) by applying 1 kg B ha⁻¹, regardless of the source used. The highest fiber yields were obtained with leaf B contents between 12 and 17 mg kg⁻¹ (sandy soil) and 25 and 27 mg kg⁻¹ (clayey soil). We recommend applying 2 kg B ha⁻¹ (solubility sources) and 4 kg B ha⁻¹ (low solubility source) in sandy soils with low B content to improve yield and fiber quality, and 1 kg B ha⁻¹ in clayey soil with adequate B content to improve fiber quality and replace B amounts removed through harvesting.
... Since photosynthesis is very important for the production of energy from the use of light, the insufficient presence of B can inhibit the process of photosynthesis in plants, and the plants cannot complete their life cycle. As a result, the plant dies (Li et al., 2017). Boron-deficient orange leaves were found to have reduced carbon dioxide emission, lower rates of stomatal opening energy, and better intracellular carbon dioxide concentrations. ...
Boron (B) is a trace element necessary for higher plants' proper physiology. A nutritional problem known as a B deficit may harm the metabolism and development of plants. B is involved in the structural and functional integrity of the cell wall and membranes, ion fluxes (H + , K + , PO4 3&minus ; Rb + , Ca 2+) across the membranes, cell division and elongation, nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism, sugar transport, cytoskeletal proteins, and plasmalemma-bound enzymes, nucleic acid metabolism and transport, and polyamines, ascorbic acid, and phenol metabolism and transport. This review carefully examines the roles of vitamin B in plants, the symptoms of vitamin B deficiency, and how plants absorb and transport vitamin B when it is in low supply. It is possible to treat a B shortage by supplementing the soil with inorganic fertilizer; however, excessive use of fertilizer has the adverse effect of reducing soil fertility and contributing to environmental contamination. In light of this, we have compiled a summary of the information that is currently available regarding alternative techniques for acquiring B, such as modifying the root structure, grafting, applying bio stimulators (mycorrhizal fungi (MF) and rhizobacteria), and utilizing nanotechnology. These techniques can be utilized efficiently, which will ultimately result in the conservation of resources. We've also covered several novel ideas that may be involved in B uptake and translocation under B stress conditions, including the use of natural and synthetic chelators, melatonin application, combined inoculation of arbuscular MF and rhizobacteria, and grafting or MF with nanotechnology.
