Centroids of clusters for phase 1 and phase 2.

Centroids of clusters for phase 1 and phase 2.

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Logistic hubs play a pivotal role in the last-mile delivery distance; even a slight increment in distance negatively impacts the business of the e-commerce industry while also increasing its carbon footprint. The growth of this industry, particularly after Covid-19, has further intensified the need for optimized allocation of resources in an urban...

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... convex hulls of clusters formed for phase 1. Fig. 3f is a monotonically decreasing graph which means that the algorithm is minimizing the average distance during last-mile delivery. With the new clusters and LH in iteration 5, the average distance traveled per delivery decreases from 7801 meters to 6986 meters. The proposed framework reduces the Fig. 4 shows all the centroids when using only the number of deliveries as a weight (phase-1) and incorporating population as a weight (phase-2). For regions 0 and 1, the centroids in phase 2 get closer to the centroid of phase 1 as the value of α increases. For region 2, there is no significant change in the centroids for phase 2 as the ...