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Cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) in four developmental stages of wampee leaves (mean ± SD, n = 3). Bars with no letters in common are significantly different (p< 0.05). A: PBS wash; B: no PBS wash.
Source publication
Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels, commonly known as “wampee,” is an excellent food ingredient of medicinal value. Effects of leaf developmental stages on the composition of phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity were investigated. Phenolics composition was studied using HPLC-PAD, whereas antioxidant activity was estimated by oxygen radical...
Citations
... Wampee is native to the southern regions of China and has a long history of consumption and medicinal use in the country. The fruit of the wampee is rich in sugars, organic acids, lipids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and other compounds, providing a wealth of nutrients for the human body and possessing health benefits and medicinal value [9,49,50]. The nutritional and medicinal components and their content differences in the three tissues of the wampee fruit-peel, pulp, and seed-directly affect the commercial value and development potential of wampee, especially in areas rich in wampee germplasm resources like Yongxing. ...
Wampee (Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels) has natural bioactive components with diverse health benefits, but its detailed metabolism and tissue distribution are not fully understood. Here, widely targeted metabolomics analysis methods were employed to analyze the wampee fruit (peel, pulp, and seed) of 17 different varieties. A total of 1286 metabolites were annotated, including lipids, flavonoids, polyphenols, carbazole alkaloids, coumarins, and organic acids, among others. The quantitative analysis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) analysis indicated remarkable variations in metabolite categories and content in the peel, pulp, and seed of wampee fruit. Additionally, the difference analysis found that the metabolic components of peel contributed dominantly to the differences among varieties, and 7 potential biomarkers were identified. In this study, a comprehensive metabolome landscape of wampee fruit was established, which provided important information for the isolation and identification of functional components, food industry application, and nutritional improvement breeding.
... Similarly, Liu et al. reported that the soluble TPC content decreases in old Camellia sinensis leaves following the normal increase of cell wall-bounded polyphenolics (lignins and condensed tannins) [55]. Chang et al. observed the same results in Clausenia lansium leaves [56]. This change can be ascribed to the fact that these two types of polyphenols share the same biosynthetic pathway, and during the maturation stages, precursors can change the flow from soluble to bounded phenols [57]. ...
... Interestingly, our findings differ from those reported by other authors. For instance, Chang and Liu observed an increase of flavonoids (determined with a different analytical method) in mature leaves [55,56]. On the contrary, Anwar's findings, obtained using the same methodology, align with our outcomes [59]. ...
Ficus spp. are often used as food and in traditional medicine, and their biological activities as anti-inflammatory and diuretic, for wound healing, and as antimicrobial agents have been largely reviewed. The aim of this work was to investigate the polyphenol content and the antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase properties of the extracts from F. rubiginosa, a very poorly explored Ficus species. For this purpose, F. rubiginosa leaves were collected at three different maturity stages (H1, H2, and H3), and the environmentally sustainable methanolic extracts were evaluated for the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total catechins content (TCC). The polyphenolic profile was studied using HPLC-UV/DAD and UHPLC-MS, and the antioxidant activity was determined in vitro using DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays. The study showed that the H2 extract had higher TPC and TFC values (113.50 mg GA/g and 43.27 mg QE/g, respectively) and significant antioxidant activity. Therefore, the H2 extract was selected to study the anti-tyrosinase activity. The results also showed that H2 was able to bind and inhibit tyrosinase, with rutin being the compound responsible for the measured activity on the enzyme.
... The plant is originated from China (Y. J. Fan et al., 2018) and is today grown in nations such as the United States, Australia, India, and Sri Lanka because of its edible and therapeutic properties (Chang et al., 2018). Extracts of wampee leaves, stem barks, seeds, and fruits have been demonstrated to have anti-diabetic, lipid-lowering, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and anticancer properties (X. ...
Wampee has various biological functions, and the current study assesses its protective effects against metabolic cardiomyopathy (CMP) by focusing on gastrointestinal microbiota. The composition of wampee extract (WE) was determined, and mice were subjected to CMP model induction before handled with WE. WE improved heart function, reduced intestine permeability, and suppressed inflammation, and the function was attributed to al-kaloids including girinimbine and stachydrine. The CMP model and WE had little influence on the alpha diversity , while CMP model changed the beta-diversity of mice microbiota. Duncaniella, Ruminococcus, Aspergillus, and Penicillium were positively correlated with the progression of metabolic CMP, while Muribaculum, Para-muribaculum, and Prevotella were negatively correlated, the abundance of which were restored by WE. The changes in microbes increased function enrichment in pathways related to immune responses and produced cardio-protective metabolites such as norleucine. WE induced a new homeostasis in the GI microbiota of CMP mice, thereby attenuating metabolic CMP.
... S. frugiperda and other target pests of Bt-transgenic crops may concurrently or sequentially encounter Bt toxins, anti-herbivore allelochemicals and/or insecticides, depending on the spatiotemporal expression patterns of Bt toxins [53,54] and plant defense allelochemicals [55][56][57] as well as the timing of insecticide sprays. Binary and ternary mixtures of flavone, Vip3A, and emamectin devised to imitate concurrent consumption of the three types of poisons exhibited a toxicological synergy for flavone + Vip3A, emamectin + Vip3A, and flavone + emamectin + Vip3A but an additive interaction for flavone + emamectin ( Table 2 and Figure 1). ...
Simple Summary
The widespread cultivation of genetically engineered crops producing not only toxic proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thringiensis (Bt) but also plant defensive compounds known as allelochemicals, combined with occasional use of insecticides, is the major tactic to manage some economically important pests. Better understanding of the toxicological interactions of the three types of toxins is needed to rationally deploy them to protect crops from pests. The aim of this study is to examine the sequential and simultaneous interactions of the allelochemical flavone, Bt toxin Vip3A, and insecticide emamectin benzoate in the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), a worldwide target pest of Bt crops. Bioassays of S. frugiperda neonates revealed that all interactions of the three toxins, except for 1-day pre-exposure to a sublethal dose (LC5) of flavone followed by 6-day simultaneous exposure to flavone LC5 + emamectin benzoate LC50, are synergistic or additive. The results suggest that the combined use of the three toxins is basically a great strategy to manage S. frugiperda.
Abstract
Target pests of genetically engineered crops producing both defensive allelochemicals and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins often sequentially or simultaneously uptake allelochemicals, Bt toxins, and/or insecticides. How the three types of toxins interact to kill pests remains underexplored. Here we investigated the interactions of Bt toxin Vip3A, plant allelochemical flavone, and insecticide emamectin benzoate in Spodoptera frugiperda. Simultaneous administration of flavone LC25 + Vip3A LC25, emamectin benzoate LC25 + Vip3A LC25, and flavone LC15 + emamectin benzoate LC15 + Vip3A LC15 but not flavone LC25 + emamectin LC25 yielded a mortality significantly higher than their expected additive mortality (EAM). One-day pre-exposure to one toxin at LC5 followed by six-day exposure to the same toxin at LC5 plus another toxin at LC50 showed that the mortality of flavone LC5 + Vip3A LC50, emamectin benzoate LC5 + Vip3A LC50, and Vip3A LC5 + emamectin benzoate LC50 were significantly higher than their EAM, while that of flavone LC5 + emamectin benzoate LC50 was significantly lower than their EAM. No significant difference existed among the mortalities of Vip3A LC5 + flavone LC50, emamectin benzoate LC5 + flavone LC50, and their EAMs. The results suggest that the interactions of the three toxins are largely synergistic (inductive) or additive, depending on their combinations and doses.
... S. frugiperda and other target pests of Bt-transgenic crops may concurrently or sequentially encounter Bt toxins, ant-herbivore allelochemicals and/or insecticides, depending on the spatiotemporal expression patterns of Bt toxins [52,53] and plant defense allelochemicals [54][55][56] as well as the timing of insecticide sprays. Binary and ternary mixtures of flavone, Vip3A and emamectin devised to imitate concurrent consuming of the three types of poisons exhibited a toxicological synergy for flavone + Vip3A, emamectin + Vip3A, and flavone + emamectin + Vip3A, but an additive interaction for flavone + emamectin (Table 2 and Figure 1). ...
Target pests of genetically engineered crops producing both defensive allelochemicals and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins often sequentially or simultaneously uptake allelochemicals, Bt toxins, and/or insecticides. How the three types of toxins interact to kill pests remains underexplored. Here we investigated the interactions of Bt toxin Vip3A, plant allelochemical flavone, and insecticide emamectin benzoate in Spodoptera frugiperda. Simultaneous administration of flavone LC25 + Vip3A LC25, emamectin benzoate LC25 + Vip3A LC25, and flavone LC15 + emamectin benzoate LC15 + Vip3A LC15 but not flavone LC25 + emamectin LC25 yielded a mortality significantly higher than their expected additive mortality (EAM). One-day preexposure to one toxin at LC5 followed by 6-day exposure to the same toxin at LC5 plus another toxin at LC50 showed that the mortality of flavone LC5 + Vip3A LC50, emamectin benzoate LC5 + Vip3A LC50, and Vip3A LC5 + emamectin benzoate LC50, were significantly higher than their EAM, while that of flavone LC5 + emamectin benzoate LC50 was significantly lower than their EAM. No significant difference existed among the mortalities of Vip3A LC5 + flavone LC50, emamectin benzoate LC5 + flavone LC50, and their EAMs. The results suggest that the interactions of the three toxins are largely synergistic (inductive) or additive, depending on their combinations and doses.
... Localization of flavonoids can be observed in young and mature samples as these compounds occur in juvenile stage of plants and continuously synthesized as the plant mature. The concentration of flavonoids may vary across different developmental stages but can still be detected through histochemical analysis (Chang et al., 2018;Luengas-Caicedo et al., 2007). Localizations of tannins in the stem, petiole and midrib observed in this study is in agreement with the observations of Dhale (2011), Mahendra et al. (2017) and Salatino et al. (1993). ...
Background: Gmelina arborea Roxb. is a fast-growing plant that has been utilized as feed resource for livestock production particularly for goat production. However, this plant was noted to contain toxic compounds which can affect the production and performance of livestock animals. These contradictory results is the primary reason of determining the localization of secondary products which is commonly noted as toxic compounds in plants. Thus, this study aims to provide baseline information on cell and tissue localization of different plant secondary products present in Gmelina arborea. Methods: Field-laboratory investigation was conducted in the last quarter of 2021. Localization of these compounds were determined by sectioning and histochemical analysis. Stains and reagents were used to detect the location of these compounds. Result: Most of the secondary products were detected in the epidermis, parenchyma and collenchyma in the cortex and near vascular tissues and mesophyll cells of the lamina. The results of this study support the results of different phytochemical studies conducted using this plant. This is an indicator that plant secondary products are widely distributed in the different parts of the plant. Considering plants as forage for livestock, especially for goats, necessitates the consideration on the presence and localization of these phytochemicals as these may have nutritional and toxic effects.
... The age of the plant is associated with the level of the total phenolics. On wampee (Clausena lansium Lour.), [145] reported high total leaf phenolics in early growth stages compared to the later growth stages. A high phenolic content was also observed in the early stages of leaf development of yerba-mate (Ilex paraguariesnsis A.St Hil.), which affected the development and quality of these plants [146]. ...
Hail can cause significant damage to aromatic and medicinal plants; however, this has never been investigated scientifically on most of aromatic and medicinal plants. Globally, essential oil crop producers primarily make use of agricultural crop insur- ance and costly mitigation strategies to recover lost production costs and alleviate hail-damaged plants. However, most aromatic and medicinal plants are not covered under agricultural crop insurance, and many commercial farmers are not able to regularly employ expensive alternative strategies. Therefore, hail damage may present a challenge to essential oil growers. The use of natural and synthetic phytohormones in a form of biostimulants, as an alternative biological mitigation strategy against hail damage in essential oil crops, has not received much attention, and there is no infor- mation on this topic. Exogenous applications of natural and synthetic biostimulants have consistently demonstrated growth enhancement, nutrient acquisition, yield and quality optimization, as well as physiological efficiency in plants. Biostimulants in a form of phytohormones are involved in diverse plant physiological processes, includ- ing the regulation of gene expression for adaptive responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Using biostimulants, this chapter will detail the potential recovery response of aromatic and medicinal plants to hail damage, and the response of plants treated with biostimulants.
... The age of the plant is associated with the level of the total phenolics. On wampee (Clausena lansium Lour.), [145] reported high total leaf phenolics in early growth stages compared to the later growth stages. A high phenolic content was also observed in the early stages of leaf development of yerba-mate (Ilex paraguariesnsis A.St Hil.), which affected the development and quality of these plants [146]. ...
Hail can cause significant damage to aromatic and medicinal plants; however, this has never been investigated scientifically on most of aromatic and medicinal plants. Globally, essential oil crop producers primarily make use of agricultural crop insurance and costly mitigation strategies to recover lost production costs and alleviate hail-damaged plants. However, most aromatic and medicinal plants are not covered under agricultural crop insurance, and many commercial farmers are not able to regularly employ expensive alternative strategies. Therefore, hail damage may present a challenge to essential oil growers. The use of natural and synthetic phytohormones in a form of biostimulants, as an alternative biological mitigation strategy against hail damage in essential oil crops, has not received much attention, and there is no information on this topic. Exogenous applications of natural and synthetic biostimulants have consistently demonstrated growth enhancement, nutrient acquisition, yield and quality optimization, as well as physiological efficiency in plants. Biostimulants in a form of phytohormones are involved in diverse plant physiological processes, including the regulation of gene expression for adaptive responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Using biostimulants, this chapter will detail the potential recovery response of aromatic and medicinal plants to hail damage, and the response of plants treated with biostimulants.
... Old leaves of A. viridiflora also exhibited higher total phenolic contents (TPCs) than young shoots. Similar results for TPCs were observed in leaves of Moringa oleifera, Clausena lansium and Carthamus tinctorius [18,20,21]. However, TPCs were also shown to be dependent on particular plants. ...
... Interestingly, total flavonoid contents (TFCs) in some plants produced the opposite result to TPCs. For example, old leaves of Clausena lansium exhibited higher TFCs than young leaves, even though the latter provided higher TFCs than the former [20]. Flavonoids are a sub-class of phenolics and a major biological function of phenolics is as antioxidants. ...
Adenia viridiflora Craib. is an indigenous plant found in Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam that has become threatened owing to lack of knowledge about its agricultural management. This plant is now rare in the wild and was registered in the Plant Genetic Conservation Project under the initiation of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn (RSPG) to promote sustainable conservation and optimally beneficial utilization. A. viridiflora has a long history of utilization as a nutrient-rich source with medicinal properties but scientific evidence of the veracity of these claims is limited. Here, the nutritional compositions, phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of different plant parts (young shoots and old leaves) of A. viridiflora were investigated using plants collected from four areas of Thailand as Kamphaeng Phet (KP), Muang Nakhon Ratchasima (MN), Pakchong Nakhon Ratchasima (PN) and Uthai Thani (UT) at different harvesting periods (March-April, May–June and July–August). Results indicated that young shoots provided higher energy, protein, fat, dietary fiber, phosphorus, sodium, and zinc than old leaves. By contrast, nutrients such as total sugar, vitamin C, carotenoids, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron contents were higher in old leaves that also exhibited higher phenolic contents and most antioxidant activities than young shoots. Generally, most nutrients, phenolic contents, and antioxidant activities exhibited no clear trend among different plant origins. The harvesting period of July–August provided a suitable climate for biosynthesis of most nutrients, while high phenolics were mainly found in samples harvested in March–April. No clear trend was observed in the prevalence of antioxidant activities that varied according to assay techniques.
... In contrast, in the study of Csepregi et al. (2017) no significant difference in flavonol content was reported with increasing leaf age of Arabidopsis thaliana. Chang et al. (2018) have demonstrated a significant decrease in free and total phenolics and an increase in bound phenolics along with leaf growing of Clausena lansium, respectively. ...
Ultraviolet-B (UV–B) radiation as an environmental potential elicitor induces the synthesis of plant secondary metabolites. The effects of UV-B radiation on photosynthetic pigments and dry weight, biochemical and molecular features of old and young leaves of Salvia verticillata were investigated. Plants were exposed to 10.97 kJ m⁻² day⁻¹ of biologically effective UV-B radiation for up to 10 days. The sampling process was performed in four steps: 1, 5, 10, and 13 days (recovery time) after the start of irradiation. As a result of plant investment in primary and secondary metabolism, the production of phenolic compounds increased, while chlorophyll levels and leaf dry weight (%) declined. Under long-term UV-B exposure, young leaves exhibited the most significant reduction in chlorophyll a and b content and leaf dry weight. The highest level of total phenol (1.34-fold) and flavonoid concentration (2-fold) relative to the control was observed on the 5th day and recovery time, respectively. Young leaves demonstrated the highest amount of phenolic acids in recovery time. Young leaves on the 5th day of the experiment exerted the highest level of antioxidant activity when compared to the control. A positive correlation was observed between antioxidant activity and the amount of phenolic compounds. Regarding the expression of phenylpropanoid pathway genes, UV-B enhanced the expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, tyrosine aminotransferase, and rosmarinic acid synthase with the highest level in young leaves on the 10th day. Overall, young leaves of S. verticillata indicated higher sensitivity to UV-B radiation and developed more tangible reactions to such radiation.
