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In the 1990s, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) restricted its risk assessment for human exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) in seven ways: (1) Inappropriate focus on heat, ignoring sub-thermal effects. (2) Reliance on exposure experiments performed over very short times. (3) Overlooking time/amplitude characterist...
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... gram of brain tissue may contain 50 million glial cells [112]. Individual exposures to single cells (see Table 4, cell sizes in humans compared to IEEE-ICNIRP averaging), especially stem cells, are significant for cancer risk. The somatic mutation theory of carcinogenesis, the dominant force driving cancer research in the 20th century, proposes that while multiple mutations are usually needed for cancer development [113], even a single DNA mutation can lead to a tumor. ...Citations
... The thyroid is decisive for the regulation of hormonal levels and drastically impacts the function of other organs. As our exposure to electromagnetic radiation increases daily, driven by the rapid development of wireless technologies, it is evident that scientific research on the possible side effects on the thyroid gland is also constantly expanding [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Furthermore, a variety of thyroid models has been developed in recent years to support attempts at representing the interaction of the thyroid with devices, improving screening techniques, and detecting diseases such as cancer [13][14][15][16][17]. Within this framework, we introduce the thyroid sensor system and its variations. ...
The thyroid gland, which is sensitive to electromagnetic radiation, plays a crucial role in the regulation of the hormonal levels of the human body. Biosensors, on the other hand, are essential to access information and derive metrics about the condition of the thyroid by means of of non-invasive techniques. This paper provides a systematic overview of the recent literature on bioelectromagnetic models and methods designed specifically for the study of the thyroid. The survey, which was conducted within the scope of the radiation transmitter–thyroid model–sensor system, is centered around the following three primary axes: the bands of the frequency spectrum taken into account, the design of the model, and the methodology and/or algorithm. Our review highlights the areas of specialization and underscores the limitations of each model, including its time, memory, and resource requirements, as well as its performance. In this manner, this specific work may offer guidance throughout the selection process of a bioelectromagnetic model of the thyroid, as well as a technique for its analysis based on the available resources and the specific parameters of the electromagnetic problem under consideration.
... where ω (rad·s −1 ) is the angular velocity, ε 0 (F·m −1 ) is the vacuum permittivity, ε ′ is the real component of the complex permittivity (it is the relative permittivity of the dielectric ε r , expressing the amount of energy stored in the unit volume of the dielectric during exposure to the field), and ε ′′ is an imaginary component representing energy losses in the dielectric. By the value of the loss factor (tan δ), which expresses the ratio of the imaginary and real components of the complex permittivity, we classify high-loss dielectric (tan δ >> 1) and low-loss dielectric (tan δ << 1) [8,9]. When studying EM waves in a biological environment, we are considering a linear, homogeneous, isotropic, and lossy environment. ...
This article investigates the effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) from mobile phones on human tissues and implanted medical devices. The intensity of the electric field (E) is evaluated based on simulations and measurements of various exposure scenarios. An area of interest is the case of a person with an implanted device (heart pacemaker) who may be affected by this exposure. Due to the rapid development of communication technologies and the growing awareness of the potential health risks of radio frequency (RF) EMF, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established exposure limits within the European Union. Our study models and analyses EMF values in human tissues in an ideal environment, in a situation where a person uses a mobile phone in the DCS (Digital Cellular System) band, including the case of a person with an implanted pacemaker. Pilot simulations were verified by experimental measurements. Based on them, specific human models with the best matching results were selected for modelling other possible interactions of exogenous EMF and cardiac pacemaker in the same situations and locations.
... Myriad effects from RF exposures include cardiomyopathy, electromagnetic hypersensitivity, and nonthermal induction of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, various studies have linked RF exposure to brain and thyroid cancer [5]. Among international program students who attended university in Bangkok, severe occurrence of eye strain (73%), sleep deprivation, and muscle cramping were the physical consequences from smartphone addiction [6]. ...
Despite smartphones’ critical benefits in several aspects of living in this generation, their emissions of radiation exert profound effects on the physical health of the affected individuals, including heightened risks of cancer as well as increased fibroblast activity of the skin. The aim of this study endeavors to determine the correlation between awareness of the dangers in utilizing smartphones before bed and sleep quality among high school students, to raise consciousness of the perils of smartphone radiation, and to observe sleep qualities among high school students. Through previous research, it was hypothesized that awareness of the dangers in smartphone radiation would negatively impact the sleep quality of the participants due to the negative ramifications of the radiation. To verify whether this also implies an impact on the Thai population, data were collected using a cross-sectional method with random samples of both Thai and international high school students. The information was later analyzed via Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS). The results indicate a robust correlation between dangers in smartphone’s radiation and sleep quality (p = 0.451**), grade and sleep quality (p = 0.003*), and age and sleep quality (p = 0.002*). Moreover, a strong correlation between grade and sleep quality, as well as age and sleep quality, can be inferred that grade and age correlate with the amount of stress within individuals, having a negative effect on individuals’ sleep quality. Ultimately, this research not only analyzes the correlation in the findings but also aims to raise awareness of potential hazards in smartphone radiation among high school students to enhance their sleep quality.
... The cumulative body of evidence has recently been reviewed by several groups 11,33,34,35,36,37 that have found non thermal effects of exposure in all three evidence categories, including epidemio logical evidence, for RFR as a probable human carcinogen. 25, 38 While the NTP and Ramazzini Institute provide stateof theart studies, other reports are of mixed rigor. ...
Recent decades have seen a huge rise in human exposure to microwave wireless radiation due to the widespread use of mobile and wireless services that enable smartphones and watches, tablets, laptops and digital devices in the home and workplace. The health and safety standards to protect humans from exposure to harmful levels of microwave radiation can be traced to the 1950s. However, research now demonstrates the existence of many adverse health effects, including cancers and neurological disorders, at levels of everyday use by children and adults. We argue that it is long past the time for governments to apply the Precautionary Principle to protect children and adults, especially pregnant women, and to ensure safer levels of exposure for all.
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Sources of wireless radiation include cell phones, Wi-Fi, "smart" devices and appliances, cell towers, 4G and 5G. Health effects of cell phones have been studied for decades and hundreds of scientists caution that safety is not assured due to the accumulated scientific evidence.
... ICNIRP guidelines have been shown to be flawed by several scientists [10][11][12][13]. Two recent ICBE-EMF reviews [14,15], made by 14 prominent scientists and based on 230 and 144 scientific sources respectively, speak to the weakness of the thermal hypothesis on which the current guidelines are constructed. The consistent message from all of these industry-independent scientists is that current radiation guidelines for cell phones and other wireless equipment are totally inadequate. ...
In 2017 an article was published on the unwillingness of the WHO to acknowledge the health effects associated with the use of wireless phones. It was thus stated that the WHO is ‘A Hard Nut to Crack’. Since then, there has been no progress, and history seems to be repeating in that the European Union (EU) is following in the blind man’s footsteps created by the WHO. Despite increasing evidence of serious negative effects from radiofrequency radiation on human health and the environment, the EU has not acknowledged that there are any risks. Since September 2017, seven appeals by scientists and medical doctors have been sent to the EU requesting a halt to the roll-out of the fifth generation of wireless communication (5G). The millimeter waves (MMW) and complex waveforms of 5G contribute massively harmful additions to existing planetary electromagnetic pollution. Fundamental rights and EU primary law make it mandatory for the EU to protect the population, especially children, from all kinds of harmful health effects of wireless technology. However, several experts associated with the WHO and the EU have conflicts of interest due to their ties to industry. The subsequent prioritizing of economic interests is resulting in human and planetary health being compromised. Experts must make an unbiased evaluation with no conflicts of interest. The seven appeals to the EU have included requests for immediate protective action, which have been ignored. On the issue of wireless radiation and the health of citizens, the EU seems to be another hard nut to crack.
Wireless technology is an environmental stressor and there are engineering solutions that can reduce exposure.
Fever is a hallmark symptom of disease across the animal kingdom. Yet, despite the evidence linking temperature fluctuation and immune response, much remains to be discovered about the molecular mechanisms governing these interactions. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, for instance, it is clinically accepted that joint temperature can predict disease progression. But it was only recently demonstrated that the mitochondria of stimulated T cells can rise to an extreme 50°C, potentially indicating a cellular source of these localized ‘fevers’. A challenge to dissecting these mechanisms is a bidirectional interplay between temperature and immunity. Heat shock response is found in virtually all organisms, activating protective pathways when cells are exposed to elevated temperatures. However, the temperature threshold that activates these pathways can vary within the same organism, with human immune cells, in particular, demonstrating differential sensitivity to heat. Such inter-cellular variation may be clinically relevant given the small but significant temperature differences seen between tissues, ages, and sexes. Greater understanding of how such small temperature perturbations mediate immune responses may provide new explanations for persistent questions in disease such as sex disparity in disease prevalence. Notably, the prevalence and severity of many maladies are rising with climate change, suggesting temperature fluctuations can interact with disease on multiple levels. As global temperatures are rising, and our body temperatures are falling, questions regarding temperature–immune interactions are increasingly critical. Here, we review this aspect of environmental interplay to better understand temperature’s role in immune variation and subsequent risk of disease.
