Cecropia obtusifolia (A) and Falcataria moluccana (B) are examples of early plantings in the Manoa Valley that became invasive.
Natural or semi-natural vegetation is visible in the background of both photos, less than 500 m from these plantings. Photos: E. Caum, 31 December 1922.

Cecropia obtusifolia (A) and Falcataria moluccana (B) are examples of early plantings in the Manoa Valley that became invasive. Natural or semi-natural vegetation is visible in the background of both photos, less than 500 m from these plantings. Photos: E. Caum, 31 December 1922.

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The lag time of an invasion is the delay between arrival of an introduced species and its successful spread in a new area. To date, most estimates of lag times for plants have been indirect or anecdotal, and these estimates suggest that plant invasions are often characterized by lag times of 50 years or more. No general estimates are available of l...

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... Despite these conditions, non-indigenous plant species are not often invasive on more than one island group even though they may be resident on many (Kueffer et al. 2010). The reasons for this are not uniformly apparent but are likely context dependent with variation in abiotic or biotic conditions affecting lag times or whether or not the spread phase of an invasion would occur (Ramírez and Montero 1988;Sakai et al. 2001;Davis et al. 2000;Crooks 2005;Daehler 2009;Colautti et al. 2010;Falcón et al. 2017; Soifer and Ackerman 2019). For those species that are invasive on more than one island group, it is not clear whether conditions are similar among those invaded islands, or whether the invader has broad tolerances, either through phenotypic plasticity or genetic variability. ...
... Vol:. (1234567890) plant recorded was in 1982 (Ackerman 1995) and may have been established just a few years earlier as average lag time for herbaceous plants is around five years (Daehler 2009). Since then, sightings of naturalized plants have accelerated across the island from east to west in the direction of the tradewinds, which is the same trajectory as another invasive ruderal orchid, Spathoglottis plicata (Falcón et al. 2017). ...
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... These species could become a particular concern for the surveyed communities given the short delays between the arrival of introduced species and their successful spread in tropical regions [62]. Estimates of the propagation lag times in tropical regions average 14 years for woody plants and five years for herbaceous plants, which are much shorter times than the average lag time (> 50 years) in temperate regions [63]. The results from the variance analysis showed that the richness of non-native plants among the gardens was similar, but there was more compositional variation among the surveyed gardens (Fig. 3). ...
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Human cultivation facilitates the naturalization and subsequent invasion of non-native plant species through, for example, protection from predators or reducing environmental stochasticity. With the development of tourism, non-native plant species have been increasingly introduced into rural home gardens for landscape greening and amenity planting. However, few studies have examined non-native flora in rural home gardens, and in particular the importance of tourism in determining changes of garden non-native flora has not been scrutinized. In this study, we investigated non-native plant species in 135 home gardens across five rural tourism villages in tropical China. Attributes related to garden or household characteristics were also collected through interviews and questionnaires. A distance-based redundancy analysis was then performed to reveal the relationships between the non-native species composition and garden attributes. A total of 338 non-native plant species were recorded in the surveyed gardens. Among them, the majority (63%) were ornamentals, whereas 19% were for nutritional uses and 12% were spontaneous weeds. Gardening preference and distance to tourist attractions governed the non-native compositions, with gardens preferring cultural (ornamental) cultivation or gardens close to tourist attractions having more non-native species. These results highlight an increasing role of tourism in promoting non-native cultivation in rural gardens. Recommendations for species risk assessment, trade and supply regulation, and proper garden management are provided to help harness plant invasion along tourism development in rural China and other regions around the world.
... The United States had the highest percentage of species with lags (40%), while the North Island of New Zealand had the lowest (24%). Our analysis shows that lag phases are not as frequent and common as stated anecdotally in the invasion literature 5,7,44,47,48 . The use of inappropriate statistical methods, such as fitting models to cumulative time series 47 , probably resulted in an overestimation of the frequency of this phenomenon in plant invasions 41 . ...
... To investigate whether the end of the lag phase is associated with climate, we compared the climate envelopes of lag and expansion phases. For this analysis, we excluded species with fewer than 15 records per invasion phase and removed those with a very short lag phase of <5 years (n = 105), which appeared ecologically irrelevant 48 . A total of 553 species met the above criteria. ...
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A primary objective of botanical gardens is to conserve threatened plant species from different regions and countries. However, such ex-situ conservation practices for exotic plant species may pose a significant plant invasion risks. In this study, we predict the naturalization probability of exotic threatened plant species of Cibodas Botanical Garden (CBG) collections based on leaf trait (specific leaf area, SLA) or as a function of invasion risk assessment scoring system (Tropical Weed Risk Assessment Protocol, TWRAP). We found that SLA and TWRAP were positively correlated with naturalization probability. The TWRAP model produced higher predictive probabilities with larger uncertainty compared to SLA model. Parmentiera cereifera and Burretiodendron hsienmu are two species that have highest naturalization probability based on SLA model. Chamaedorea oblongata has the highest naturalization probability based on TWRAP model. From practical and management point of view, we recommend the simultaneous use of SLA-based and TWRAP-based invasive species risk assessment to estimate the naturalization risk of exotic threatened collections of botanical gardens to adjacent mountain forests. Finally, given the important conservation value of threatened exotic collection of botanical garden, we need to be aware with the invasion risks of these species. The threatened condition of a plant species is not only caused by its natural characteristics but also may be caused (in fact mostly confounding with) by external disturbance either natural catastrophic or human related activities. Thus, a threatened species may not necessarily a non-invasive species outside their natural distribution ranges.