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Carpology of the families Lophiocarpaceae (A-C), Rivinaceae (D-E) and Petiveriaceae (F). (B-F) Transverse sections. (A) SEM of the fruit (top view) of Lophiocarpus tenuissimus. (B) Lophiocarpus burchellii. (C) Corbichonia decumbens. (D) SEM of the seedcoat of Rivina brasiliensis, red arrow indicates trichomes. (E) Seguieria aculeata, asterisk marks one of the nests of sclereids. (F) Petiveria alliacea, green arrows indicate crystals and asterisk marks one of the nests of sclereids.Bars = 100 μm (A, D-F), 50 μm (B-C). Abbreviations: P-pericarp, PE-perisperm, SC-seed coat, T-testa, TEtegmen. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117974.g008 

Carpology of the families Lophiocarpaceae (A-C), Rivinaceae (D-E) and Petiveriaceae (F). (B-F) Transverse sections. (A) SEM of the fruit (top view) of Lophiocarpus tenuissimus. (B) Lophiocarpus burchellii. (C) Corbichonia decumbens. (D) SEM of the seedcoat of Rivina brasiliensis, red arrow indicates trichomes. (E) Seguieria aculeata, asterisk marks one of the nests of sclereids. (F) Petiveria alliacea, green arrows indicate crystals and asterisk marks one of the nests of sclereids.Bars = 100 μm (A, D-F), 50 μm (B-C). Abbreviations: P-pericarp, PE-perisperm, SC-seed coat, T-testa, TEtegmen. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117974.g008 

Contexts in source publication

Context 1
... Both genera Lophiocarpus (~12 spp., South Africa) and Corbichonia (2 spp. in South and Eastern Africa, one of them, C. decumbens, has radiated into the Arabian floristic province) together form a separate lineage that should be excluded from Phytolaccaceae s.str. and Molluginaceae [3]. They were later united in their own family Lophiocarpaceae [170]. They are, however, not closely related to each other embryologically [171][172][173] or in flower morpholo- gy [42], [172], fruit type (many-seeded capsule in Corbichonia vs.one-seeded indehiscent fruit in Lophiocarpus), seed-coat testa that can be alveolate in Lophiocarpus or with short papilla-like outgrowths in Corbichonia [174], or the presence of a seed aril (only Corbichonia). We provide additional differences in the fine carpology of both genera (Table 3; Fig 8A-8C). Due to important differences in the reproductive characters, the placement of Corbichonia into Lophio- carpaceae needs further investigations. Rivinoideae clade (Rivina, Trichostigma, Hilleria, Petiveria, Gallesia and Seguieria are inves- tigated here). Carpologically, the representatives are clearly split into two groups. The first comprises Rivina, Trichostigma, and Hilleria with more or less fleshy fruits, a homocellular pericarp and a hard seed-coat testa (Rivinaceae s.str.), sometimes with acicular outgrowths of the testa cells (some Rivina: Fig 8D). The second group (Fig 8E and 8F) unites the representa- tives with dry fruits and a pericarp differentiated into several topographic zones (outer epiderm, underlying parenchymatous layers, thick sclerenchymatous sheath, inner parenchy- ma of one to three cell layers), and a thin seed coat with no important differences in the thick- ness of the layers (Petiveria, Seguieria, Gallesia). However, Petiveria (Petiveriaceae s.str.) and both Seguieria and Gallesia (Seguieriaceae s.str.) disagree in several main characters. The fruits of Petiveria terminate in (mostly) four reflexed aristae that probably facilitate epizoochoric dis- persal. Both members of Seguieriaceae are characterized by the flattened wing-like stylodium of the fruit that enables anemochorous dissemination. The perisperm is easily visible only in Petiveria, and is almost absent in both Seguieria and Gallesia. The embryo is straight with pli- cate cotyledons (Petiveria), or annular in the ...
Context 2
... Both genera Lophiocarpus (~12 spp., South Africa) and Corbichonia (2 spp. in South and Eastern Africa, one of them, C. decumbens, has radiated into the Arabian floristic province) together form a separate lineage that should be excluded from Phytolaccaceae s.str. and Molluginaceae [3]. They were later united in their own family Lophiocarpaceae [170]. They are, however, not closely related to each other embryologically [171][172][173] or in flower morpholo- gy [42], [172], fruit type (many-seeded capsule in Corbichonia vs.one-seeded indehiscent fruit in Lophiocarpus), seed-coat testa that can be alveolate in Lophiocarpus or with short papilla-like outgrowths in Corbichonia [174], or the presence of a seed aril (only Corbichonia). We provide additional differences in the fine carpology of both genera (Table 3; Fig 8A-8C). Due to important differences in the reproductive characters, the placement of Corbichonia into Lophio- carpaceae needs further investigations. Rivinoideae clade (Rivina, Trichostigma, Hilleria, Petiveria, Gallesia and Seguieria are inves- tigated here). Carpologically, the representatives are clearly split into two groups. The first comprises Rivina, Trichostigma, and Hilleria with more or less fleshy fruits, a homocellular pericarp and a hard seed-coat testa (Rivinaceae s.str.), sometimes with acicular outgrowths of the testa cells (some Rivina: Fig 8D). The second group (Fig 8E and 8F) unites the representa- tives with dry fruits and a pericarp differentiated into several topographic zones (outer epiderm, underlying parenchymatous layers, thick sclerenchymatous sheath, inner parenchy- ma of one to three cell layers), and a thin seed coat with no important differences in the thick- ness of the layers (Petiveria, Seguieria, Gallesia). However, Petiveria (Petiveriaceae s.str.) and both Seguieria and Gallesia (Seguieriaceae s.str.) disagree in several main characters. The fruits of Petiveria terminate in (mostly) four reflexed aristae that probably facilitate epizoochoric dis- persal. Both members of Seguieriaceae are characterized by the flattened wing-like stylodium of the fruit that enables anemochorous dissemination. The perisperm is easily visible only in Petiveria, and is almost absent in both Seguieria and Gallesia. The embryo is straight with pli- cate cotyledons (Petiveria), or annular in the ...
Context 3
... Both genera Lophiocarpus (~12 spp., South Africa) and Corbichonia (2 spp. in South and Eastern Africa, one of them, C. decumbens, has radiated into the Arabian floristic province) together form a separate lineage that should be excluded from Phytolaccaceae s.str. and Molluginaceae [3]. They were later united in their own family Lophiocarpaceae [170]. They are, however, not closely related to each other embryologically [171][172][173] or in flower morpholo- gy [42], [172], fruit type (many-seeded capsule in Corbichonia vs.one-seeded indehiscent fruit in Lophiocarpus), seed-coat testa that can be alveolate in Lophiocarpus or with short papilla-like outgrowths in Corbichonia [174], or the presence of a seed aril (only Corbichonia). We provide additional differences in the fine carpology of both genera (Table 3; Fig 8A-8C). Due to important differences in the reproductive characters, the placement of Corbichonia into Lophio- carpaceae needs further investigations. Rivinoideae clade (Rivina, Trichostigma, Hilleria, Petiveria, Gallesia and Seguieria are inves- tigated here). Carpologically, the representatives are clearly split into two groups. The first comprises Rivina, Trichostigma, and Hilleria with more or less fleshy fruits, a homocellular pericarp and a hard seed-coat testa (Rivinaceae s.str.), sometimes with acicular outgrowths of the testa cells (some Rivina: Fig 8D). The second group (Fig 8E and 8F) unites the representa- tives with dry fruits and a pericarp differentiated into several topographic zones (outer epiderm, underlying parenchymatous layers, thick sclerenchymatous sheath, inner parenchy- ma of one to three cell layers), and a thin seed coat with no important differences in the thick- ness of the layers (Petiveria, Seguieria, Gallesia). However, Petiveria (Petiveriaceae s.str.) and both Seguieria and Gallesia (Seguieriaceae s.str.) disagree in several main characters. The fruits of Petiveria terminate in (mostly) four reflexed aristae that probably facilitate epizoochoric dis- persal. Both members of Seguieriaceae are characterized by the flattened wing-like stylodium of the fruit that enables anemochorous dissemination. The perisperm is easily visible only in Petiveria, and is almost absent in both Seguieria and Gallesia. The embryo is straight with pli- cate cotyledons (Petiveria), or annular in the ...