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Caption Heterotypic Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC) Clusters. Formation of circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters with diverse cell types. Heterotypic interactions occur between CTCs and white blood cells, such as neutrophils (A), platelets (B), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) (C). These interactions play a role in facilitating immune evasion and promoting proliferation. Abbreviations: CSF1, colonystimulating factor 1; CSF3, colony-stimulating factor 3; Il, interleukin; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TGF-β3, transforming growth factor-β3; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
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Breast cancer is a significant and deadly threat to women globally. Moreover, Breast cancer metastasis is a complicated process involving multiple biological stages, which is considered a substantial cause of death, where cancer cells spread from the original tumor to other organs in the body-representing the primary mortality factor. Circulating t...
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... their response to chemotherapy or surgery [115]. At the same time, negative selection is a process that can be used to remove white blood cells and other types of blood cells. In the context of CTC enrichment, negative selection involves depleting white blood cells using antibodies that target specific biomarkers, such as CD66b or CD45 [115]. (Fig. 5.) 2.3 Predictive value of CTC cluster counts in monitoring therapy ...
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... For tumors, this mechanism is essential, as it provides the oxygen and nutrients needed for development and spread (112). Furthermore, the blood circulation makes it easier for tumor cells to spread to different areas of the body (113). As a result, most cancers promote tumor angiogenesis, the process through which new capillaries grow in the surrounding tissue. ...
... In the case of CTCs, the cluster form -"going together" -offers distinct advantages that enhance metastatic potential. These include superior seeding capacity which increases metastatic efficiency [31,32], increased survival and proliferation due to sharing of resources and intracellular support [33], and resistance to treatment through unique gene expression profiles that enable the evasion of certain cancer therapies [34]. ...
... Indeed, the analysis of the physical traits of CTCs can provide valuable information for selecting appropriate treatments [140] . Furthermore, the number of CTCs [141] and their observable traits can contribute to our understanding of the biology of metastasis and the reasons behind medication resistance [142] . Patients with HCC can use spatial examination of CTCs [143] from various blood vessels to predict the occurrence of metastases [144] . ...
Metastasis refers to disseminating cancerous tumors from their primary site to distant locations inside the body. Cancer cells must go through a sequence of events called the “metastatic cascade” to develop metastases. Each stage necessitates a unique functional alteration. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a crucial role in tumor metastasis, but understanding their dynamic behavior and regulating mechanisms remains incomplete. This review explores the influence of liver CSCs on the biological processes that drive the spread and growth of cancer cells, as described by the “metastatic cascade” concept. Liver CSCs can spread to other organs by undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This alteration in the microenvironment facilitates cellular dissemination, immune surveillance evasion, dormancy induction, and subsequent reactivation. To effectively prevent and treat advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastases, it is crucial to understand the heterogeneity and features of liver CSCs involved in these processes.
... Also, ERK can inhibit apoptosis by activating anti-apoptotic proteins, such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, and inhibiting pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax and Bak. Besides that, ERK promotes the creation of VEGF, a key regulator of angiogenesis, promoting blood vessel formation and tumor growth (Greco et al. 2021, Sugiura et al. 2021, Sayed et al. 2024. ERK also enhances cell migration and invasion via upmodulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, which degrade the extracellular matrix, permitting cancerous cells to migrate and invade adjacent tissues (Soni et al. 2022). ...
Since cancer is becoming a leading cause of death worldwide, efforts should be concentrated on understanding its underlying biological alterations that would be utilized in disease management, especially prevention strategies. Within this context, multiple bodies of evidence have highlighted leptin’s practical and promising role, a peptide hormone extracted from adipose and fatty tissues with other adipokines, in promoting the proliferation, migration, and metastatic invasion of breast carcinoma cells. Excessive blood leptin levels and hyperleptinemia increase body fat content and stimulate appetite. Also, high leptin level is believed to be associated with several conditions, including overeating, emotional stress, inflammation, obesity, and gestational diabetes. It has been noted that when leptin has impaired signaling in CNS, causing the lack of its normal function in energy balance, it results in leptin resistance, leading to a rise in its concentration in peripheral tissues. Our research paper will shed highlighting on potentially targeting the leptin receptor and its cellular signaling in suppressing breast cancer progression.
