Figure - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
Content may be subject to copyright.
Capacity expansion from spectrum expansion and migration of users to more spectrally-efficient technologies. Notes: Division of spectrum by technology and dates of build-out are from Fig. 3. Spectral efficiency factors used to compute spectral capacity are from Rysavy Research (2012b, p. 55).
Source publication
As demand for mobile broadband services continues to explode, mobile wireless networks must expand greatly their capacities. This paper describes and quantifies the economic and technical challenges associated with “deepening” wireless networks to meet this exploding demand. Methods of capacity expansion divide into three general categories: the de...
Similar publications
5 th generation wireless technology is give us dynamic speed and much more efficiency. It would create massive improvements in wireless technology's word. The need of 5G technology increases day by day with no. of problems like plethora users, high speed, receiver complexity etc.. Nowadays 4G is going on but as a user and devices are going to incre...
This article presents field evaluation results of an IP-based architecture for heterogeneous environments, covering UMTS- like TD-CDMA (Time Division-Code Division Multiple Access) wireless access technology, wireless and wired LANs, that has been developed under the aegis of the IST Moby Dick project. The architecture treats all transmission capab...
![Simulation run times [s] for various LTE bandwidths [MHz], antenna...](profile/Thomas-Blazek/publication/278160202/figure/fig1/AS:305513578418214@1449851522033/Simulation-run-times-s-for-various-LTE-bandwidths-MHz-antenna-configurations_Q320.jpg)
![Throughput [Mbit/s] as achieved by multicast and unicast UEs. Results...](profile/Thomas-Blazek/publication/278160202/figure/fig10/AS:316673358876674@1452512220172/Throughput-Mbit-s-as-achieved-by-multicast-and-unicast-UEs-Results-are-obtained-from_Q320.jpg)
System-level simulations have become an indispensable tool for predicting the behavior of wireless cellular systems. As exact link-level modeling is unfeasible due to its huge complexity, mathematical abstraction is required to obtain equivalent results by less complexity. A particular problem in such approaches is the modeling of multiple coherent...
Around the world static allocation of spectrum scheme is commonly used which is allocated to specific technology based services, such as mobile, fixed, broadcast, fixed satellite and mobile satellite services on exclusive basis. These wireless communication systems are representatives of 2G and 3G systems with all evolution phases towards 4G system...
With the increasing deployment of a variety of wireless access networks, wireless devices face the challenge of selecting the most suitable network from a set of available access networks. Some of the weighty issues in 4G wireless networks are fastness and seamlessness in handover process. This paper therefore, proposes a handover technique based o...
Citations
... This meant a transition from voice services and text messaging as the key mobile services for data exchange, which reconfigured the value network of the industry by including computing and content activities (Tilson & Lyytinen, 2006). The change from 3G to 4G, which increased efficiency in the use of the radio spectrum, was another great shift (Clarke, 2014). ...
Scholars have noted that pronounced changes in consumer demand and technology often offer firms temporary opportunities to strengthen their performance vis‐à‐vis rivals. This paper contributes to the literature on windows of opportunity from an organizational learning perspective. It investigates whether the depth and breadth of a firm's international experience with pronounced changes in demand conditions (demand windows) and technologies (technological windows) affect its ability to take advantage of such changes within a country to increase its market share. The results, based on a sample of 615 telecommunication companies competing in 124 countries, suggest that mainly two out of four dimensions of international experience help firms to exploit windows of opportunity in a country. What can help multinational companies (MNCs) to navigate periods of marked changes in demand and technology? When an MNC encounters a marked change in demand or technology in a country, it may have already experienced in the past many or just a few of these events, depending on its international footprint, and this serves to assess the MNC's international experience with such changes. Using data on telecommunication companies, we show that both (1) an MNC's repeated exposure to a certain type of change over time (depth of international experience) and (2) the variety of changes an MNC has been exposed to (breadth of international experience) in international markets may help the MNC to obtain market share advantages when such changes occur in a country. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... This can be achieved through signal multiplexing techniques; for instance, through orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). Such ways, however, are starting to reach saturation levels in recent years [19], as shown in Figure 2.3, where capacity growth is slowing down and unable to keep up with the continuous increase in services demand. Due to occurring congestion in the frequency spectrum below 30 GHz, we reached a period in time where trying to push few bits of extra information in just a single Hertz of frequency component is becoming significantly challenging. ...
... Figure 2.3: Comparing data capacity growth to demand growth. [19] By referring back to Figure 2.2, one could perceive another promising solution and it is exploring the mm-wave band, i.e., beyond 30 GHz, to arrange more bandwidth. As formalized in the Shannon-Hartley theorem, enlarging bandwidths does indeed comply with obtaining higher channel capacity. ...
Over the last few years, both data center and network traffic increased by several folds (more than six-folds, as stated by CISCO Systems, Inc.) and are still experiencing an ongoing growth. This demand for higher capacity while meeting with higher end-to-end quality service projects a continuous need for improvements in spectral efficiency enhancement techniques; however, a given spectrum band has its limit of volume it can support before reaching saturation levels. This pushes research efforts towards finding other solutions and a promising one is by exploiting the uncrowded millimeter-wave (mm-wave) spectrum through arranging more bandwidth. Signal amplification is one of the most basic and prevalent circuit function in modern RF- and microwave- systems. On the topic of wideband operation, distributed amplifier (DA) has proved to be a suitable and promising candidate with its ultra-wideband (UWB) performance. Meanwhile, the design of integrated circuit (IC) in mm-wave spectrum is becoming a challenging process due to the unavoidable parasitic that affect circuit performance and complicate design process. The reliability of the conventional design techniques through deriving mathematical equations, a simple and direct design process commonly used at low frequencies, starts to diminish. Another proposed design technique is by combining advanced-scripting languages with a proper physical model; this will lead to a smart and efficient technique of designing mm-wave IC DAs through a process referred as computer-automated design (CAutoD) process. In this thesis, in particular, we propose a novel ABCD-parameter based chain matrix model, which is more famously used in describing and designing passive circuitry. The design technique is considered complete, since its model takes into account all DA design parameters; simple, since the designer does not have to deal with the tiny effects (parasitic) that affect DA behavior; versatile, since it does not impose restrictions on the component topologies the designer might be interested to used; and finally, reliable, a crucial criterion for mm-wave design, since model does not apply simplification or neglect parasitic effects. Our end-goal is to offer the designer a different and interesting technique in which the outcome of the suggested CAutoD process is a set of 3D graphical design exploration (DSE) plots. Designers then can explore different possible solutions and choose the best design that meet their multiple performance objectives. Its benefit is demonstrated by exploring the design space of DAs with BWs ≥ 80 GHz where STMicroelectronics (ST) 55-nm CMOS process, accessible through the framework of European TARANTO project, is used, reporting 216 feasible DA options to explore from. Two global optimum DAs amplifying frequencies up to 100 GHz were then implemented as circuit prototypes. A single stage DA showing with 6.01 GHz/mW of gain-bandwidth product over DC consumption (GBP⁄PDC ) is measured and a 17.5 THz GBP cascaded DA with 71.96 GHz/mW of GBP⁄PDC is proposed, being the highest figure of merits, to the authors’ knowledge.
... The cellular mobile network system has evolved since conception and its evolutions seem not near end any time soon. This is because the provision of the mobile network system has brought the world in real time to a global village [11]. The situation where virtual attendance, browsing, chatting and amongst other information technology needs has put on more demand on the need of good quality mobile services and likewise researchers have continued their quest on the provision of high quality mobile services [12]. ...
Evaluation of mobile signal efficacy in mobile user's terrain is a continuous process that provides firsthand information on the state of mobile services provided by the mobile vendor due to continuous development and population density. In this regards, a quantitative analysis of four major mobile service signals in the urban terrain of Ilorin metropolis was assessed. Majorly the interlinked routes that spanned the entire metropolis were selected and a RantCell mobile network app installed on Tecno Pouvrior 3 plus phone was used to measure each of the reference signal received power (dBm) for the four major signal services through a drive test. The analysis and results obtained show that no mobile signal services depicted an all-round percentage performance along all the measurement routes as far as the urban threshold of <-75 dBm is concerned. However, GLO mobile service gave 78% performance as least and a 98% performance as the highest value while MTN mobile gave 72% performance with a 99% percentage as the highest value. 9mobile and Airtel mobile services show the least of performance in all the measurement terrains respectively.
... As multimedia, video calling, and other real time services are demanding bandwidth on demand (BOD) and voice on demand (VOD) wireless applications, therefore, need of high capacity for these wireless devices is also increasing rapidly [5][6][7][8]. In this case 4G technology is not sufficient to provide that much high data rate, so the large bandwidth range is to be allocated. ...
... The existing 4G communication networks are about to be saturated and will no longer be able to provide additional bandwidth or new services. This is majorly due to the growth in mobile usage, growth in spectrum resources, and the intensity of spectrum reuse [1]. The huge number of mobile devices, abundance of sensors for IoT applications, high bandwidth demanding services like high-definition video streaming, AR and VR technologies, cloud applications etc. suffocates the existing wireless networks [2,3]. ...
The ubiquitous deployment of 5G systems is expected shortly. The 5th generation systems are envisioned to deliver a comprehensive selection of services with revolutionary data rates through a single network. Optical fiber networks are going to be the backbone of such 5G systems endowing huge data transfers. Radio over Fiber (RoF) is a promising network architecture that can provide all the provisions envisaged in the development of 5G systems. However, in certain scenarios, these fiber optic networks may encounter empirical problems in deployment. Radio over Free Space Optical (RoFSO) links can be used as an alternate in such environments. To increase the data carrying capacity of the link, Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) communication equipping multiple wavelengths can be used. The free space link may suffer from atmospheric disturbances like rain, fog, and haze. In such adverse conditions, Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) transceivers can be used to increase the link performance. In this work, the performance analysis of such WDM MIMO RoFSO links carrying 5G frequencies is carried out. The work also presents a comparison of single path and MIMO RoFSO links, single channel and WDM RoFSO links, and a combination of these. It is found that, transporting data over WDM channels can increase the capacity of the RoFSO system tremendously while the MIMO link setup can maintain the transmission range and link performance even when high data rates are used. HIGHLIGHTS A quantitative performance comparison of Radio over Free Space Optical links WDM increases the capacity while the MIMO links help to maintain the transmission range A combination of WDM and MIMO RoFSO links is identified to be the best
... As multimedia, video calling, and other real time services are demanding bandwidth on demand (BOD) and voice on demand (VOD) wireless applications, therefore, need of high capacity for these wireless devices is also increasing rapidly [5][6][7][8]. In this case 4G technology is not sufficient to provide that much high data rate, so the large bandwidth range is to be allocated. ...
... Due to a growing demand for mobile Internet applications, telecommunication infrastructures are at their capacity limit and cannot always deliver high performance during peak hours [36,37]. Simultaneously, network operators must cope with a growing competition as well as with declining revenues and constantly increasing requirements for network performance and quality [38,39]. ...
Enabling Internet access while taking load of mobile networks, the concept of Wi-Fi sharing holds many potentials. While trust-based concepts require a trusted intermediary and cannot prevent malicious behavior for example conducted through fake profiles, security-based approaches lack adequate accounting mechanisms and coverage. Against this backdrop, we develop a Wi-Fi sharing architecture based on blockchain technology and payment channel networks. Our contribution is twofold: First, we present a comprehensive collection of design principles for workable Wi-Fi sharing networks. Second, we propose and evaluate a reference architecture that augments current approaches with adequate accounting mechanisms and facilitates performance, scalability, security, and participant satisfaction.
... Due to a growing demand for mobile Internet applications, telecommunication infrastructures are at their capacity limit and cannot always deliver high performance during peak hours (Clarke, 2014;Cisco, 2020). Simultaneously, network operators must cope with a growing competition as well as with declining revenues and constantly increasing requirements for network performance and quality (Khan et al., 2011;Seufert et al., 2013). ...
The digital transformation facilitates new forms of collaboration between companies along the supply chain and between companies and consumers. Besides sharing information on centralized platforms, blockchain technology is often regarded as a potential basis for this kind of collaboration. However, there is much hype surrounding the technology due to the rising popularity of cryptocurrencies, decentralized finance (DeFi), and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). This leads to potential issues being overlooked. Therefore, this thesis aims to investigate, highlight, and address the current weaknesses of blockchain technology: Inefficient consensus, privacy, smart contract security, and scalability. First, to provide a foundation, the four key challenges are introduced, and the research objectives are defined, followed by a brief presentation of the preliminary work for this thesis. The following four parts highlight the four main problem areas of blockchain. Using big data analytics, we extracted and analyzed the blockchain data of six major blockchains to identify potential weaknesses in their consensus algorithm. To improve smart contract security, we classified smart contract functionalities to identify similarities in structure and design. The resulting taxonomy serves as a basis for future standardization efforts for security-relevant features, such as safe math functions and oracle services. To challenge privacy assumptions, we researched consortium blockchains from an adversary role. We chose four blockchains with misconfigured nodes and extracted as much information from those nodes as possible. Finally, we compared scalability solutions for blockchain applications and developed a decision process that serves as a guideline to improve the scalability of their applications. Building on the scalability framework, we showcase three potential applications for blockchain technology. First, we develop a token-based approach for inter-company value stream mapping. By only relying on simple tokens instead of complex smart-contracts, the computational load on the network is expected to be much lower compared to other solutions. The following two solutions use offloading transactions and computations from the main blockchain. The first approach uses secure multiparty computation to offload the matching of supply and demand for manufacturing capacities to a trustless network. The transaction is written to the main blockchain only after the match is made. The second approach uses the concept of payment channel networks to enable high-frequency bidirectional micropayments for WiFi sharing. The host gets paid for every second of data usage through an off-chain channel. The full payment is only written to the blockchain after the connection to the client gets terminated. Finally, the thesis concludes by briefly summarizing and discussing the results and providing avenues for further research.
... The wireless communication is at the forefront of subsequent generation development as it has many advantages. Improvements in last-mile connectivity, a short time to commission, and a high-speed data rate make wireless an important medium [1]. The exponential growth of mobile apps and gaming devices exerted pressure on wireless bandwidth. ...
Cognitive radio has been proposed to improve spectrum utilization in wireless communication. Spectrum sensing is an essential component of cognitive radio. The traditional methods of spectrum sensing are based on feature extraction of a received signal at a given point. The development in artificial intelligence and deep learning have given an opportunity to improve the accuracy of spectrum sensing by using cooperative spectrum sensing and analyzing the radio scene. This research proposed a hybrid model of convolution and recurrent neural network for spectrum sensing. The research further enhances the accuracy of sensing for low SNR signals through transfer learning. The results of modelling show improvement in spectrum sensing using CNN-RNN compared to other models studied in this field. The complexity of an algorithm is analyzed to show an improvement in the performance of the algorithm.
... • Narrow linewidth When it is taking from the application point of view, the laser's bandwidth and the relaxation oscillation frequency are the identified output characteristics that are contributing to the quality enhancement of the laser's output beam [2]. Hence, the elimination of nonlinear distortions, reduction of relative intensity noise (RIN), and chirps are the significant factors that affects the enhancement of the output quality of a laser diode as these factors effecting on the bandwidth and relaxation oscillation frequency [3]. ...
The rise of demand for mobile and broadband communication has caused a worldwide requirement of sophisticated transmitters. High volume and low-cost manufacturing of semiconductor optoelectronic devices are playing an integral role in allowing for the deployment of high-speed communication links. Re- quirements of side mode suppression, reducing nonlinearities, reducing relative intensity noises and chirps, enhancing the bandwidth are key parameters that are leading for the enhancement of quality and the performance of fiber optic communication system. Optical injection locking (OIL) is one technique to over- come these limitations arising in developing better optical transmitters. Improved device performances can be achieved by locking the high-quality phase and fre- quency of the master laser to a low-quality slave laser. In this research, a proper optical injection locking system will be developed and characterized by the per- spective of improving certain parameters in optical communication systems. A simulation model will be developed and then the characterization will be done for the locking range, bandwidth, amplitude, and phase noise transfer function. The anticipated output will be helpful for several applications like developing op- tical synchronization in phase-sensitive amplifiers which is useful for improving the transparent length and the operating margins of the optical network system. Also, it will build up a pathway to increase the speed of the optical communication system by the increment of the bandwidth.
