Figure 7 - uploaded by Edlley Pessoa
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Canonical variable analysis (CVA) showing the CV1 + CV2 axes for the species S. boliviensis, S. brasiliensis, S. prolifera and S. stellata.
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Scaphyglottis Poepp. & Endl. (Orchidaceae) is a neotropical genus with 78 species, 14 of which are found in Brazil. Some of these taxa have an intricate taxonomy, especially due to the morphological similarity among species and the existence of species complexes. Our study aims to test if the labellum shape, the main source of species diagnostic ch...
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... positive pole and S. boliviensis in the negative pole, while CV2 separated S. stellata in the positive pole and S. brasiliensis in the negative. In this new analysis, we observed that S. brasiliensis overlapped with the remaining species, but S. boliviensis was strongly separated from S. stellata, which is the more morphologically similar species (Fig. ...
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... used similar strategies to try and separate species that remain overlapped in preliminary analyses (Camelo-Júnior et al. 2022). In the case of these four species, landmarks 2 and 10, referring to the junction of the claw with the median lobes, had an essential role in separating them. These landmarks contain the length and width of the claw (Fig. ...
Citations
... In the current study, the lip, especially length, provided more discrimination. Other morphometric studies in orchids report the lip as main source of differences for species separation (Pinheiro & Barros 2007, Ribeiro et al. 2008, Cruz et al. 2011, Araújo 2023. In relation to the study of Siqueira (2019) we obtained a strong separation of C. caulescens from C. pabstii (in her study there was some overlap with geometric morphometrics data in some organs, e.g. ...
In the present study we perform a linear morphometric analysis to assess species delimitation in Cattleya caulescens, C. pabstii, and C. pfisteri, which constitute a species complex in Brazilian campos rupestres. For this purpose, we collected 18 linear measurement variables from flowers of 153 individuals in 11 populations from the three species in the Brazilian States of Minas Gerais and Bahia. We applied Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) and cluster analysis to assess the morphological variation between populations. The analyses indicated a clear difference and cohese clusters of populations for each species, but one of the populations of C. pfisteri was divergent from the other populations. This difference is putatively explained by genetic data from other studies that suggest introgression from a species from a different series, C. sincorana, in this location. The differences between C. caulescens and C. pabstii reinforce the floristic differentiation of the orchid flora from the quartzitic mountains of Southern Minas Gerais in relation to the Espinhaço range to the north, as well as the development of a specialized orchid flora in the iron ore outcrops in Central Minas Gerais.
... Plant morphometrics allows the assessment of pattern variation at low cost, provides consistent results, and helps solving taxonomic uncertainties at both species and population levels (Marhold 2011;Turco et al. 2022). Geometric Morphometrics (GM) has been applied to assess leaf (Cheng et al. 2021;Danila & Alejandro 2021;Guamba et al. 2021) and/or flower quantitative variation to distinguish species (Fragoso-Martínez et al. 2015;Menini-Neto et al. 2019;Freitas et al. 2020b;Guamba et al. 2021;Pessoa et al. 2020;Araújo et al. 2023), by identifying homologous points across samples, called landmarks, and comparing the format of each one of the structures in its entirety (Christodoulou et al. 2020). Linear morphometrics, on the other hand, uses only measurable values, such as length and width, not considering the shape (Christodoulou et al. 2020). ...
... The "Tps" software series (e.g. Nery & Fiaschi 2019;Karbstein et al. 2020;Pessoa et al. 2020;Cheng et al. 2021;Danila & Alejandro 2021;Araújo et al. 2023) and the MorphoJ (e.g. Pessoa et al. 2020;Guamba et al. 2021;Danila & Alejandro 2021;Araújo et al. 2023) have been used in several GM studies with plants. ...
... Nery & Fiaschi 2019;Karbstein et al. 2020;Pessoa et al. 2020;Cheng et al. 2021;Danila & Alejandro 2021;Araújo et al. 2023) and the MorphoJ (e.g. Pessoa et al. 2020;Guamba et al. 2021;Danila & Alejandro 2021;Araújo et al. 2023) have been used in several GM studies with plants. ...
Aristolochia hypoglauca and A. paulistana (Aristolochiaceae) are two species that inhabit the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. They highly resemble each other especially on the size and overall shape of the caudate perianth, which causes confusion in herbaria determinations. We applied geometric morphometrics (GM) to overcome this taxonomic uncertainty. GM was based on the landmark method applied to leaves of all specimens available mostly in Brazilian herbaria. The GM results supported the recognition of the two species, as the two principal components were responsible for 94.97% of the variation assessed through the principal component analysis (PCA). The Discriminant Function and the Cross-validation tests resulted in the maximum percentage of correctly classified cases (100%). The Procrustes distance (0.2252; p< 0.0001), and the Mahalanobis Distance (8.4473; p< 0.0001) provide statistical support for leaf shape differences with taxonomic significance. Thus, we revisit the taxonomy and comparative morphology of both species, and compare them with other Aristolochia species with caudate floral limb native to Brazil, and commented the phenology, distribution and habitat, and conservation status. Additionally, we proposed the epitypification of A. hypoglauca, given that the holotype does not fulfill the purpose of precise application of the name.
Keywords:
Flora of Brazil; geometric morphometrics; leaf morphometrics; Piperales; threatened species
... (These groups should consist of 12 to more than 30 replicates [46,47]). Recently, studies have been carried out in orchids based on morphometric analysis of flowers where CVA is used to differentiate between species of the genus Epidendrum [48], to delimit the species Trichocentrum cepula, T. caatingaense and T. sprucei [49], and to distinguish species of the genus Scaphyglottis [36]. On the other hand, principal component analysis (PCA) is used to reduce dimensions and explore the overall structure of the database according to Wickens [50] and Lattin et al. [44], and is performed based on the correlation matrix between the selected variables [51]. ...
Vanilla pompona is the third most important commercial species of the genus Vanilla, but the morphometric variation of its flowers is not well known. In orchids, infraspecific variation is expressed in the labellum. This study had the objective of analyzing the floral variation of V. pompona collections from the localities in Veracruz, Puebla, Jalisco and Oaxaca, in Mexico. During the flowering period, we obtained 55 collections of V. pompona flowers, and the labellum of each flower was dissected. We used ImageJ to measure and portray 54 lines and 7 angles in these labella. With the data obtained, we performed an analysis of variance, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed significant differences among the collections and localities in the means of the lines of the basal, middle, and apical regions of the labellum. Also, six morphotypes were obtained, and we found that variation was associated with factors such as the environment, geographic barriers, and pollinator pressure. Moreover, we observed variation in flowering periods in one locality of Veracruz. We concluded that there is infraspecific variation within and between the collection localities of V. pompona in the Atlantic region (Puebla and Veracruz) and the Pacific region (Jalisco and Oaxaca), Mexico.
... (These groups should consist of 12 to more than 30 replicates [46,47]). Recently, studies have been carried out in orchids based on morphometric analysis of flowers where CVA is used to differentiate between species of the genus Epidendrum [48], to delimit the species Trichocentrum cepula, T. caatingaense and T. sprucei [49], and to distinguish species of the genus Scaphyglottis [36]. On the other hand, principal component analysis (PCA) is used to reduce dimensions and explore the overall structure of the database according to Wickens [50] and Lattin et al. [44], and is performed based on the correlation matrix between the selected variables [51]. ...
Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de dos procesos de beneficiado tradicional mexicano de Vanilla planifolia Schiede en la concentración de compuestos fenólicos totales (CFT), flavonoides totales (FLAVT), saponinas totales (SAPT) y triterpenos totales (TRIT) en frutos de Vanilla pompona de tres localidades de la zona tropical en México. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Frutos de 31 semanas de madurez se sometieron a dos procesos de beneficiado (B1 y B2). Los fitoquímicos en los frutos verdes (FV) y frutos beneficiados (FB) se cuantificaron por métodos espectrofotométricos. Los datos se analizaron bajo un diseño completamente al azar, con un análisis de varianza y bajo una comparación de medias por Tukey (α=0.05). Resultados: La concentración de fitoquímicos en los frutos de V. pompona se redujo por el proceso de beneficiado. El efecto fue más notable en los CFT y las SAPT, ya que en los FB de las tres localidades y de ambos beneficiados, el contenido disminuyó significativamente. La concentración de FLAVT (1.255 y 1.238 gˑ100 g-1) y de TRIT (9.583 y 8.536 gˑ100 g-1) no mostró variación por el proceso del B2, pues tuvieron una concentración similar en los FV y FB respectivamente. Los FB del B2 conservaron una concentración mayor de los cuatro fitoquímicos evaluados. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: Los dos beneficiados tradicionales utilizados en frutos de V. pompona, afectaron negativamente la concentración de fitoquímicos. Hallazgos/conclusiones: La concentración de CFT y SAPT en los frutos curados de Cazuelas (B1), Morelos (B1) y Puntilla Aldama (B2) se redujo marcadamente en comparación con la de los FV. El proceso del B2 con matado al sol tuvo un efecto menor en disminuir los fitoquímicos en los FB.
The Dombeya Cav. genus (Malvaceae, ex-Sterculiaceae) comprises around 150 emblematic species from the western Indian Ocean. This genus is found in Africa, the Comoros, the Mascarenes and in many habitats of Madagascar; in each of these areas of distribution, Dombeya has a specific endemism rate of almost 100%. This ecological and specific diversity seems to be linked to major morphological variations and original life-history traits. With an estimated age of less than 10 Ma, this specific diversity and morpho-ecological complexity could be the result of rapid radiation. The taxonomy of the genus is still debated and still requires major taxonomic revision.
Our study is part of this approach and focuses on a particular section of the genus: the autonymic section Dombeya, which occurs in all the genus' distribution areas. The section is characterised by a unique feature within the subfamily: a biparous cyme inflorescence with scorpioid terminal units. Using morphometric, morphological and genetic approaches, we were able to test species hypotheses previously formulated in the literature. The floral organs have proved to be a good object for differentiating taxonomic entities: three major geographical groups, African, Madagascan and Mascarenan, have thus been defined. A molecular approach using genome skimming was then used to extract the largest molecular matrix produced in the genus, which was used for phylogenetic analyses. By combining morphometry, a global morphology approach and phylogeny at the section level, two distinct taxonomic entities emerged within Dombeya sect. Dombeya. The monophyly of the section is not confirmed and it seems that the scorpioid biparous cyme character was acquired twice independently in Africa and Madagascar. The Malagasy species appear to be closely related to the Mascarenan species, which are thought to have derived from them, and form at least 3 distinct taxonomic units, the delimitation of which is debated.
