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Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of the most repre- sentative estuarine fish species and water quality variables. The correla- tions between fish species abundance and water quality variables are indicated in italics
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In tropical estuaries, fish diversity varies spatially and temporally due to behavioral processes such as reproductive migrations, predator avoidance, and foraging, which are affected by water quality. Eutrophication is one of the main factors affecting water quality in estuaries. The objective of this study was to determine variation in fish assem...
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Context 1
... canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) suggested that the distribution of the most representative estuarine fish species and the water quality variables nitrites, nitrates, temperature, and dissolved solids were significantly correlated on the first and second ordination axes (r = 0.86 and r = 0.77, respectively), which explained 32% of the variance between fish species and water quality and physicochemical variables ( Table 4). The results of the permutational test were significant (p = 0.001), indicating that the relationships between fish species abundance and water quality variables were significant. ...Context 2
... first axis was positively correlated with nitrites and temperature and negatively correlated with total dissolved solids, thus representing the temporal gradient of water quality, with the dry season samples at one end and wet and transitional season samples at the other (Fig. 2 and Table 4). The second axis was negatively correlated with nitrites, temperature, and pH, thus differentiating between the seasons and sampling sites with extreme environmental conditions and the rest of the sampling sites, with the wet season at the ME site together with the dry season at the RE site at one end and the rest of the season-site combinations at the other end. ...Context 3
... the habitats comprised by the interaction of the transitional season with the OE and IE sites as well as of the wet season with the IE site displayed the highest nutrient eutrophication, pH, and temperature, although no particular fish assemblage was associated to these environmental conditions. Conversely, the environmental conditions characteristic of the interaction between the dry season and the OE, ME, and RE sites displayed the lowest nutrient eutrophication and temperatures but the highest concentration of dissolved solids, and these conditions were associated with a fish assemblage of three species (Fig. 2 and Table 4). ...Context 4
... canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) suggested that the distribution of the most representative estuarine fish species and the water quality variables nitrites, nitrates, temperature, and dissolved solids were significantly correlated on the first and second ordination axes (r = 0.86 and r = 0.77, respectively), which explained 32% of the variance between fish species and water quality and physicochemical variables ( Table 4). The results of the permutational test were significant (p = 0.001), indicating that the relationships between fish species abundance and water quality variables were significant. ...Context 5
... first axis was positively correlated with nitrites and temperature and negatively correlated with total dissolved solids, thus representing the temporal gradient of water quality, with the dry season samples at one end and wet and transitional season samples at the other (Fig. 2 and Table 4). The second axis was negatively correlated with nitrites, temperature, and pH, thus differentiating between the seasons and sampling sites with extreme environmental conditions and the rest of the sampling sites, with the wet season at the ME site together with the dry season at the RE site at one end and the rest of the season-site combinations at the other end. ...Context 6
... the habitats comprised by the interaction of the transitional season with the OE and IE sites as well as of the wet season with the IE site displayed the highest nutrient eutrophication, pH, and temperature, although no particular fish assemblage was associated to these environmental conditions. Conversely, the environmental conditions characteristic of the interaction between the dry season and the OE, ME, and RE sites displayed the lowest nutrient eutrophication and temperatures but the highest concentration of dissolved solids, and these conditions were associated with a fish assemblage of three species (Fig. 2 and Table 4). ...Context 7
... canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) suggested that the distribution of the most representative estuarine fish species and the water quality variables nitrites, nitrates, temperature, and dissolved solids were significantly correlated on the first and second ordination axes (r = 0.86 and r = 0.77, respectively), which explained 32% of the variance between fish species and water quality and physicochemical variables ( Table 4). The results of the permutational test were significant (p = 0.001), indicating that the relationships between fish species abundance and water quality variables were significant. ...Context 8
... first axis was positively correlated with nitrites and temperature and negatively correlated with total dissolved solids, thus representing the temporal gradient of water quality, with the dry season samples at one end and wet and transitional season samples at the other (Fig. 2 and Table 4). The second axis was negatively correlated with nitrites, temperature, and pH, thus differentiating between the seasons and sampling sites with extreme environmental conditions and the rest of the sampling sites, with the wet season at the ME site together with the dry season at the RE site at one end and the rest of the season-site combinations at the other end. ...Context 9
... the habitats comprised by the interaction of the transitional season with the OE and IE sites as well as of the wet season with the IE site displayed the highest nutrient eutrophication, pH, and temperature, although no particular fish assemblage was associated to these environmental conditions. Conversely, the environmental conditions characteristic of the interaction between the dry season and the OE, ME, and RE sites displayed the lowest nutrient eutrophication and temperatures but the highest concentration of dissolved solids, and these conditions were associated with a fish assemblage of three species (Fig. 2 and Table 4). ...Similar publications
The Mohammed Ben-Abdelkrim Khattabi (MBAK) dam contributes to the growing need for water for irrigation, electricity production and drinking water supply in the province of Al Houciema. In order to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved and the factors that condition eutrophication, a study was conducted on this dam. A monthly sampl...
Tropical estuaries are productive dynamic ecosystems where water quality is mediated by physicochemical and biological processes and by fluvial and anthropogenic discharges. The objective of the study was to determine the influence of environmental variables on the spatiotemporal dynamics of water quality in Buenaventura Bay, which is a highly impa...
Sensor faults frequently occur in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) operation, leading to incomplete monitoring or poor control of the plant. Reliable operation of the WWTP considerably depends on the aeration control system, which is essentially assisted by the dissolved oxygen (DO) sensor. Results on the detection of different DO sensor faults, s...
In the present work an attempt was made to assess the Physico Chemical Parameters of a water body in Telangana state for a period of one year during January 2019 to December 2019. Water samples were collected from four different sampling stations of Medchal Lake labeled as S1, S2, S3, and S4. Samples were collected at monthly interval in order to a...
Spatial variations of lake water physicochemical parameters were investigated using mapping of higher plumes/identifying critical areas in Wular Lake. The lake water is alkaline (pH: 7.4 to 8.2), characterized by medium total dissolved solids (56‐250 mg/L) and electrical conductivity (115‐321μS cm‐1). The average concentration of parameters like ca...
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... In the Guartinaja wetland, NO 3 values were high, ranging between 1.8 mg/L and 3 mg/L, which could induce eutrophication processes in the wetlands. These nutrient values, compared to other studies in tropical wetlands, range from 0.0005 to 6 mg/L [64][65][66][67][68][69][70]. ...
This research demonstrated the feasibility of applying Sentinel-2 images to generate empirical models and estimate physicochemical parameters concentration, particularly nutrients in the wetland system called Bajo Sinú wetlands complex, Colombia. Spearman correlations were determined between water quality parameters, which were monitored at 17 points in the wetland on 5 February 2021, with Sentinel-2 images reflectance values from the same monitoring date; the correlations allowed the identification of statistically significant bands in the multiple linear regression algorithm implementation to determine empirical water quality models. The results show significant correlations between the optically active parameters, TSS-Turbidity, which in turn correlated with the optically inactive parameters Turbidity-NO 3 and TSS-DO, as well as non-optically active parameters among themselves, TDS-NO 3 and TDS-TP; the empirical models presented higher than 74.5% fit (R 2), particularly DO (R 2 = 0.948), NO 3 (R 2 = 0.858) and TP (R 2 = 0.779) were the models with the highest fits (R 2). These models allowed us to properly estimate the spatial distribution of nutrient-forming compounds in the wetlands complex. The determinant role played by turbidity in this type of water body is highlighted; it acts as a connecting constituent that makes the estimation of water quality parameters without spectral response through remote sensing feasible. Sentinel-2 images and multiple linear regression algorithms have been shown to be effective in estimating the concentration of water quality parameters without spectral response, such as NO 3 and TP in shallow tropical wetlands, due to the processes of transformation, interaction and dependence between the different environmental variables in aquatic ecosystems.
... Freshwater organisms particularly freshwater invertebrates and fish are more sensitive to nitrate than marine animals where salinity reduces the effect of nitrate toxicity (Camargo et al. 2005). Also, high nitrate concentration has been shown to influence the survival and growth of aquatic fauna (Duque et al. 2020). High levels of chloride along with other ions like Mg ++ , Ca ++ , CO 3 −− , HCO 3 − lead to the salinization of freshwater bodies and are destructive to freshwater organisms especially small invertebrates (Elphich et al. 2010). ...
... During the present study, monsoon season, on the one hand, and premonsoon and postmonsoon season, on the other, profoundly affected prawn abundance pattern as low abundance of prawn species was associated with low water quality. Rashed-un-Nabi et al. (2011) and Duque et al. (2020) reported a similar trend in the case of the abundance of Macrobrachium villosimanus and fish species, where the least abundance was associated with degraded water quality. M. dayanum and M. kistnense were reported across all seasons and sites, indicating their wide range of tolerance to variations in water quality parameters. ...
The freshwater rivers from Shiwalik Himalayas have abundant prawn resources of high economic value and play a major role in the livelihood of local fishermen. The present study aimed to determine the variation in prawn abundance explained by changes in water quality among three different streams (Gho Manhasa stream, Chadwal stream and Nagri stream). The highest abundance of prawns was found in the Gho Manhasa during the premonsoon season and lowest in the Chadwal stream during the monsoon season. Chadwal stream witnessed maximum anthropogenic activities resulting in the decline of the water quality affecting prawn fauna. Cluster analysis based on similarity in terms of prawn abundance revealed that the Chadwal stream is different from the other two streams whereas non-metric multidimensional scaling plot based on species abundance corresponding to different seasons and physiochemical parameters showed the water quality of the monsoon season of the Chadwal stream to be extremely different. Principal component analysis showed clear separation across various sites and seasons based on physicochemical parameters. Karl Pearson correlation coefficient and canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the turbidity, total dissolved solids, nitrate, chloride, calcium, magnesium and dissolved oxygen are significant parameters influencing the abundance of prawns. The population of Macrobrachium dayanum and Macrobrachium kistnense was very less in the Chadwal stream owing to unfavorable physicochemical parameters. Therefore, conservation measures are suggested which should be immediately implemented before the streams witness a further decline in their populations.
... Hal itu tampak dari mulai sedikitnya populasi dan keberagaman ikan. Diversitas ikan dipengaruhi oleh migrasi ikan, predator, dan kualitas air pada perairan tersebut (Duque et al., 2020) ...
A buffer zone is an area designated to protect a conservation area from being disturbed by the surrounding environment. The concept of a buffer zone can be adopted to protect an area or land from contamination by factories, household, and agricultural waste. Teluk Sinar Village is a village located in a freshwater swamp area where there are mines around this area. Further, agricultural practices in the area still use chemicals that leave residues and can pollute the environment, including water pollution. The problem partner is the low level of knowledge about the impact of water pollution on organisms, including human health. Through this community service, it will be a solution to understanding the effects of water pollution for members of the Bunga Seroja Farmer Group through the concept of buffer zone technology. The community service was conducted by the lecture method and gave a pocket book. It significantly increases the knowledge and understanding of farmers about the buffer zone concept.
... Further, a systematic monitoring of relevant local environmental parameters needs to be established and tailored to complement the fisheries monitoring and assessments specific to the country. In addition to the 4 environmental parameters analyzed in this study, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and bottom temperature, which together are also considered as water quality indicators, may be important to consider in future analyses given that they are shown to also have significant effects on fish stock abundance and assemblage (Zhang et al., 2009;Duque et al., 2020;Chiarini et al., 2022). ...
The Visayan Sea is one of the major traditional fishing grounds in the Philippines and is likewise considered as a top contributor to the country’s overall fisheries production. However, fisheries surveys conducted over the past couple of decades have documented changes in the abundance and composition of catches and stocks toward an increasing dominance of invertebrates and low trophic levels fish families. Assessments of the commercially-important pelagic and demersal stocks were used to estimate population parameters that already exceed the sustainable reference limits. These traditional assessments point exclusively to fishing as the likely cause of the observed status and trends, but they fail to incorporate the potential influence of trophic interactions and variable environmental conditions despite a nationally-legislated mandate to apply an ecosystem approach to assessing and managing the country’s fisheries. Thus, an ecosystem model (Ecopath with Ecosim) of the Visayan Sea was constructed to investigate the role and extent of the fishery, trophic interactions, and changing environmental conditions as drivers of stock abundance and ecosystem dynamics. The results suggest that fishing and its corresponding trophic effects are the major drivers of invertebrate and fish biomass and catches in the Visayan Sea over the past two decades, while the environmental trends provide explanations for patterns that cannot be explained by fishing alone. Incorporating sea surface temperature variations and primary productivity anomalies produced the best-fitting models for most of the observed biomass and catch trends. The catches of the small pelagics (i.e., sardines and mackerels) were likewise found to be particularly affected by rainfall, while the biomass and catch of the small demersal fishes also show a sensitivity to chlorophyll-a concentrations. The primary productivity anomalies further showed a significant correlation with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), which suggests that bottom-up trophic controls in the system may be affected by long-term regional climatic changes. These findings validate the applicability and necessity of the ecosystem modeling approach in assessing exploited marine ecosystems to complement the analyses from typically single-species population assessments, especially in the face of increasing environmental variability and projected climate change scenarios.
... Nitrate concentration in streams ranged from less than 1.0 mg/l to 5.0 mg/L (Chapman and Kimstach, 1996). A negative correlation was obtained between CPUE vs nitrate similar to the results shown by Duque et al. (2020). ...
The quality of water is very critical for fish survival and growth in a water body. However, little is known about the state of the Bhini Stream's water quality and its relationship to fish catch. The focus of this study was to evaluate water quality parameters in the Bhini Stream and see if there was a correlation between them and fish catch per unit effort. Monthly samples were gathered using a three-level stratified sampling method. Temperature, depth, transparency, pH, TDS, EC, DO, alkalinity, hardness, chloride, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, and fish catch (CPUE) were all monitored simultaneously in each of the three strata of the stream. The water quality characteristics were within the permissible range for fish production. There were no significant differences in water quality parameter concentrations between the riverine, transitional, and lacustrine zones (p>0.05). TDS and nitrates from fertilisers used on nearby fields and brought to the stream by runoff or floods were significantly and negatively correlated with CPUE (r=0.84, p<0.05; r=0.71, p<0.05). 13 fish species all belonging to order Cypriniformes were reported from the stream with Schistura denisoni being reported for the first time from the River Ravi.
... Physicochemical degradation caused by intense land-use activities, moreover, pose a serious threat to biological communities in streams, such as compositional changes in functional fish structure (tolerance and trophic groups) and declines in fish diversity and abundance (Choudri et al., 2017;Duque et al., 2020;Kim et al., 2019;Shetty et al., 2015). Altered environments also favor the proliferation of invasive alien species (IAS) that have greater tolerance to elevated levels of nutrients and organic matter. ...
Functional trait and biological integrity approaches in stream ecology enable the determination and prediction of aquatic community responses to a variety of environmental stressors, such as chemical pollution, habitat disturbance, and biological invasion. Here, we used multi-trait based functional groups (FGs) to predict the functional responses of fish assemblages to the physicochemical and ecological health gradients in a temperate stream. The multi-metric biological integrity model (mIBI model) was used to evaluate stream ecological health. The FGs were derived from the distance matrix of trophic, tolerance, and physical habitat traits among fish species. The leading water quality indicators (conductivity [EC], total suspended solids [TSS], and chlorophyll-a [CHL-a]) varied conspicuously with the stream gradient and anthropogenic pollution. The multi-metric water-pollution index (mWPI) showed differences in chemical health from upstream to downstream. Monsoon precipitation may have affected the variations in fish species and associated changes linked to irregular chemical health. The fish FGs varied more by space (longitudinal) than by season (premonsoon and postmonsoon). Functional metrics, which reflected trophic and tolerance traits, as well as vertical position preference, were strongly correlated with water quality degradation downstream. Changes were evident in FG (II, III, and IV) combinations from the upstream to downstream reaches. Furthermore, the structure of the fish assemblages from FG-II and FG-III was significantly correlated with chemical ( R ² = 0.43 and 0.35, p < 0.001) and ecological health ( R ² = 0.69 and 0.66, p < 0.001), as well as the metrics of mWPI. In conclusion, the results indicate significant variations in both trait-based FGs and biological integrity among stream-fish communities, influenced by chemical water quality gradients. The causes included longitudinal zones and intensifying degradation of water quality downstream. Therefore, multi-trait based FGs can facilitate ecological health assessment and develop the mIBI model based on fish assemblages by reflecting the prevailing chemical health status of streams and rivers.
... Salinity affects the metabolic activity, osmotic regulation, and circadian rhythm of fish and acts as an important factor in the life of diadromous fish and estuary fish [44]. In addition, Duque et al. [45] reported that open estuaries, characterised by a wide range of salinity, exhibit relatively moderate salinity (10 psu or more), which is an environment suitable for fish living in brackish water zones, and that the abundance of fish species is also very high in open estuaries. However, the construction of structures in the estuary areas blocked the circulation of seawater, resulting in changes in the environment and changes in the fish ecosystem. ...
Brackish water zones are areas with high ecological conservation value. In this study, 325 river estuaries in the Korean peninsula in individual sea areas (West Sea, South Sea, and East Sea) were divided into types of estuaries (upstream and downstream of open estuaries, closed estuaries) through the assessment of the health of the estuary aquatic ecosystems and fish communities were identified. An ecological assessment was carried out using the Korea Estuary Fish Assessment Index (KEFAI). The number of species increased as the size of the river increased in the case of small estuaries but gradually decreased in the case of large estuaries. In the closed estuaries, the relative abundances (RAs) of primary freshwater fish were the highest; however, in the open estuaries, the RAs of estuary fish were the highest. Non-metric dimensional analysis results suggested that there was a clear difference between the fish assemblages in the closed and open estuaries. The overall results of this study were that the RA of tolerant species was higher, and KEFAI was lower in closed estuaries than in open estuaries, indicating the negative effects of the construction of transverse structures on fish assemblages. The health of these estuarine ecosystems can be improved by addressing these negative effects.
... The previous studies showed that variation in the physical and chemical characteristics of habitat affect the fish growth and haemato-biochemical features of fish, suggesting that monitoring of haemato-biochemical parameters is essential to understand the influence of habitat changes on fish culture practices and their physiology (Abdelhamid et al., 2021;Fazio et al., 2018). Fluctuation in water quality parameters, particularly water pH, dissolved oxygen level, temperature, salinity, ammonia, nitrite and nitrates, imposes the fish to stress and alters their physiological condition (Duque et al., 2020). ...
Assessing fish haemato‐biochemical profile and growth performance is essential to monitor the influence of fish feed and habitat on fish physiology. The influence of two regularly used different commercial feeds and varied environments such as pond and biofloc systems on haemato‐biochemical and growth parameters of Oreochromis niloticus was studied by the results of 4‐month experiment. Fish ponds and biofloc systems where all the fish were supplied either feed A and B were surveyed weekly. The crude protein content of feed A was 30%, while that of feed B was 28%. Physico‐chemical characteristics of water in all culturing systems were suitable for Nile Tilapia production throughout the study period. Results revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in most haemato‐biochemical parameters. Growth performance was better in fish fed on feed A than feed B in both culture systems. In between, the habitat wide range of haemato‐biochemical indices and fish growth parameters were significantly higher in biofloc technology than pond culture system. However, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was recorded in fish enzymatic activities in both systems. Furthermore, it was found that both the length and weight gain were positively associated with the crude protein of the feeds. However, in the case of biofloc, crude protein of both feeds works far better than the pond, as indicated by the p‐value and regression R square. Current study delivers the basic knowledge to observe fish blood and growth parameters, which could be essential to understanding the fish culture management and environment.
... Freshwater fish have been widely used as biological indicators due to their unique biological characteristics and other advantages in aquatic ecosystems. A detailed knowledge on freshwater fish is available, which is a needful requirement for an effective bioindicator, and their taxonomy is well established (Chovanec et al., 2003;López-López & Sedeño-Dίaz, 2015); they are sensitive to several kinds of disturbances ranging from environmental variables, pollutants and hydrological alterations which indicate the ecological status of river systems (López-López & Sedeño-Dίaz, 2015); environmental changes can be reflected in multiple dimensions of the fish such as their feeding habits, reproduction and community composition (do Prado et al., 2020); fish are represented at several trophic levels in aquatic food webs and thus are suitable in reflecting trophic conditions in aquatic systems (do Prado et al., 2020); they have a relatively long life cycle in comparison to other biological elements that allows them to better indicate long-term impacts (Ayllón et al., 2012;Li et al., 2010); different species of fish display variations in sensitivity and preferences to different water quality parameters such as temperature, pH and nutrients that have proven useful for quantifying stress in fish resulting from manmade activities (Duque et al., 2020;Treeck et al., 2020;West et al., 1997;Zahangir et al., 2015). Therefore, freshwater fish have been used as biological indicators of aquatic systems in many countries. ...
... Therefore, freshwater fish have been used as biological indicators of aquatic systems in many countries. In these studies, specific biomarkers of fish such as enzyme activities and acetylcholine esterase activity have been used to assess aquatic pollutants (Corsi et al., 2003); exposure to pollutants have been determined using physiological responses of fish such as changes in oxygen consumption (Lokhande, 2017); behavioural responses have been monitored (Mohate & Jagtap, 2018;Pathan et al., 2009;Sangve, 2020); histological examinations of the crucial organs of fish have been used (Mohan et al., 2018;Plessl et al., 2017;Spychalski et al., 2020); feeding habits and changes in trophic levels in response to pollutants have been monitored (do Prado et al., 2020;Nagar & Sharma, 2016;Sajen et al., 2020); and presence and absence data, changes in species richness and variations in fish assemblage composition associated with rapid increase or decrease in nutrients in water bodies have been employed (Duque et al., 2020;Egertson & Downing, 2004;Ikhwanuddin et al., 2016;Jacobson et al., 2017;Levin et al., 2019;Mondal & Bhat, 2020;Pokharel et al., 2018). In Sri Lanka, similar investigations have also been conducted using biomarkers in fish (Pathiratne et al., 2009;Premarathna & Pathiratne, 2018;Wijeyaratne & Pathiratne, 2006); histological changes of the gills, muscles, liver and kidney of fish species in response to selected heavy metals ; and occurrence, diversity and assemblage structure of fish in response to agricultural exploitation (Sumith et al., 2011). ...
Kelani River is the most polluted river in Sri Lanka and the lower catchment is more polluted than the upper catchment. In the present study, freshwater fish species of the lower catchment of the river were investigated for the use of assessing the water quality. Cast net sampling and identification recorded 34 freshwater fish species from the lower catchment, the majority represented by family Cyprinidae. Fish species richness, diversity indices, distribution, abundance and the regression analysis of fish species with water quality parameters revealed high sensitivity and tolerance of three fish species with certain water quality parameters. Dawkinsia singhala was tolerant to the fluctuations of the chemical parameters of the water, while Rasbora daniconius and Pethia reval were tolerant to the physical parameters. Positive correlations were evident between the ammonium and phosphate concentrations of the water and distribution and abundance of D. singhala, while R. daniconius and P. reval showed positive correlations with turbidity of water and pH value respectively. Furthermore, the study reveals that D. singhala is more suitable for predicting the water quality of urban and peri-urban locations of the river, while P. reval and R. daniconius are more suitable for assessing the water quality of rural locations. Thus, the present study reveals a strong possibility of using D. singhala, R. daniconius and P. reval, as biological indicators for assessing the variation of water quality of the lower catchment of the Kelani River. However, despite the fact that such a study has been conducted for the first time in Sri Lanka, it is restrained by certain limitations, and seasonal variations of water quality parameters with fish parameters, adaptations inherent to fish species and food availability in different locations combined with long-term monitoring of fish assemblages have not been considered. Future studies investigating these aspects will further enhance the value of the study.
... As the main fraction of nekton, fish represent a valuable source of goods (e.g., food) and services (e.g., nutrient flow) for the preservation of ecosystems. In addition, they are excellent biological sentinels, so analyzing the temporal variability in their community characteristics can provide evidence of the ecological status of estuarine habitats (Whitfield and Elliott, 2002; Barletta and Lima, 2019), the influence of physicochemical parameters associated with water quality (Brehmer et al., 2013;Duque et al., 2020), and the impact of fishing efforts (Blaber et al., 2000;Palomares et al., 2020). Additionally, estimating the magnitude of variation across multiple temporal scales might serve to endorse particular guidelines in resource management by supplying relevant information on the spatiotemporal extent of key fish life-history traits (Brosset et al., 2020). ...
The distribution of biological communities is structured at multiple spatiotemporal scales. The identification of trends and patterns in highly variable coastal ecosystems contributes to explaining the relative importance of the different scales. Herein, a temporally nested hierarchical analysis was applied to a fish community in order to determine the temporal variation in three time scales (month, season, and year) for four community attributes (species richness, abundance, biomass, and taxonomic distinctness) and two facets of species assemblages (species composition and abundance, and species composition and biomass). The analysis relied on data from four similar sets of samples belonging to a multidecadal series of Terminos Lagoon (1980, 1998, 2010, and 2016). In accordance with the hydrographic variability over time, the results revealed recurrent configurations of fish community characteristics, where the year (long term) and season (intermediate term) scales determined distribution trends and species composition patterns. In particular, trends emerged for the community attributes in the long term, whereas in the intermediate term, fluctuations were mostly recorded, which had higher values during the rainy and cold fronts seasons. Distribution patterns in both facets of species assemblages were consistent in the long and intermediate term, with the first one corresponding to an associated group of species for each year and the second one corresponding to a variable interaction with transparency and salinity according to the weather season. The present study highlights the fish adaptive response, which contributes to the ecological processes driving their temporal variability in Terminos Lagoon and is associated with hydrographic variability and estuarine condition shifts.
