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Greater Jakarta experienced high and vast economic development and population growth over the last three decades. As a home to more than ten million population and over two million daily commuters , the future of the city depends on innovative strategic planning and creative governance for sustainability. The development and expansion of Jakarta ar...
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Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is the eleventh largest megacity city in the world, with a population of 18.2 million people living in an area of 1528 km2. This city profile traces the trajectories of its urban development to becoming a megacity and characterizes its emerging challenges due to informal urbanization and climate change impacts. Due...
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... Terlebih lagi naiknya muka air laut yang merupakan dampak dari pemanasan global, sistem drainase perkotaan yang tidak lagi memadai, dan banyaknya tumpukan sampah yang menyumbat aliran drainse. Lassa and Sagala (2013) menyatakan, penyebab banjir di beberapa kota besar adalah tidak seimbangnya kemampuan sistem drainase eksisting untuk menampung limpasan air, sehingga air yang melimpah mengalir ke ilir dan menggenangi dataran terendah di area tersebut. ...
Banjir kota yang marak terjadi di beberapa kota besar dunia merupakan salah satu fenomena yang tidak asing lagi, khususnya di Palembang. Banjir tahunan yang terjadi di Palembang ini lumrah terjadi dan bersifat alami. Tetapi seiring berjalannya waktu, banjir semakin berdampak negatif, membahayakan, dan mengancam kenyamanan hidup warga sekitar, terutama di beberapa titik rawan banjir di riparian Sungai Musi dan anak Sungai Musi. Beberapa sistem mitigasi bencana banjir telah dikaji untuk meminimalisir dampaknya, salah satunya dengan menerapkan sistem arsitektur amfibi di bangunan tempat tinggal warga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi lokasi strategis yang sesuai dengan kriteria pembangunan rumah amfibi guna membantu warga beradaptasi dengan banjir melalui desain yang adaptif. Dilakukan analisis SWOT yang bertujuan untuk menentukan lokasi paling strategis untuk arsitektur amfibi sesuai dengan hasil penilaian (scoring) tertinggi. Scoring dilakukan dengan memberi nilai dari 8 variabel pada tujuh lokasi rawan banjir di Kota Palembang. Variabel tersebut yaitu: kekuatan (ketinggian banjir yang sesuai dan pembangunan baru); kelemahan (ketinggian banjir yang tidak sesuai dan tata guna lahan); kesempatan (kesesuaian lahan untuk penerapan struktur amfibi dan struktur lainnya); dan ancaman (biaya dan pengenalan sistem struktur baru kepada masyarakat). Simpulan dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan sumbangsih dalam penerapan arsitektur amfibi pada sistem mitigasi bencana banjir di Palembang.
... In the past 15 years, Jakarta, capital of Indonesia, has been attacked by recurrent floods (DIBI, 2014). Among 13 rivers passing through Greater Jakarta, Ciliwung River is the longest river, which has notably contributed to the severe floods in Jakarta (Sagala et al., 2013). Approximately 4088 million people living in Ciliwung basin are affected by regular floods. ...
The utilization of weather radar has shown the considerable potential for improving the distributed rainfall estimation and prediction of flood. Ciliwung River in Indonesia (476 km 2) has notably contributed to the recurrent flooding in Jakarta. C-band weather radar is available for providing rain information in Greater Jakarta. Yet, as single polarimetric radar, the verification of its observation with point rain gauge measurements is indispensable. In this study, the strategies of radar-rainfall calibration and adjustment for extracting radar estimates that is consistent with the ongoing development of real-time flood prediction in Ciliwung River is designed. Furthermore, the impact of the adjusted radar-rainfall estimates on the rainfall-runoff simulation is investigated. The radar reflectivity is converted to rainfall intensity by Z-R algorithms. Several storm events are selected to evaluate the appropriate Z-R relation by minimizing the mean square error between rain gauges and radar-rainfall in offline scheme. Applying the predefined Z-R relation, the remaining biases in the radar-rainfall estimates are corrected by using bias adjustment factor method calculated as the ratio between the accumulated rain gauge rainfall and accumulated radar-rainfall. The rainfall estimates without adjustment, by Marshall-Palmer Z-R algorithm, calibrated radar-rainfall, and adjusted radar-rainfall are introduced to physically distributed hydrological model in hourly basis. The simulated runoff is evaluated at Katulampa, Depok, and MT. Haryono points representing upstream, middle stream, and downstream outlets. Along with these three inputs, the uncertainties of hydrological model parameter are assessed. Through the calibration process, the algorithm with the lowest error for Ciliwung River basin is obtained. The analysis reveals that the different radar verification methods account for the variation in the performance of simulated flood. The results suggest the importance of correction of rainfall estimated from C-band non-polarimetric radar observation. The proposed framework on radar-rainfall utilization for real-time flood prediction system in Ciliwung River is also discussed.
... Research on community resilience in the context of Indonesia has been recently studied and explored both in urban and rural community, where there has been growing awareness by homegrown scholars and researchers in understanding the importance of this discourse for the community in facing internal and external challenges. Threat from natural disaster are regular occurances in the life of many Indonesians, which makes community resilience strategy crucial to overcome the impact of the calamity (Sagala 2006;Sagala 2009;Sagala et al. 2009b;Sagala et al. 2009a;Sagala et al. 2013). In addition, it is also important to understand the social infrastructure that supports community resilience, so when there are threats or challenges facing the communitymembers, know the roles and functions carried out by each individual (Prilandita et al. 2016;Prilandita et al. 2017). ...
... In last few decades, it seemed that flood disaster impacts appear to have become worsen (Poerbandono, Julian, & Ward, 2014). Jakarta already experienced a massive flood at 2002, 2007, and 2013. In 2002, almost 50% area of Jakarta was inundated, 80 people died, and 381 people evacuated (BAPPENAS, 2007). ...
... In 2002, almost 50% area of Jakarta was inundated, 80 people died, and 381 people evacuated (BAPPENAS, 2007). In 2007, the flood caused 65% area inundated and 79 people died and flood in 2013 was worse than 2007 flood (Texier, 2008;BAPPENAS, 2007;Sagala, Lassa, Yasaditama, & Hudalah, 2013). BAPPENAS (2007) reported that 2007 flood already cause USD 890 million loss. ...
Jakarta is hit by a tidal flood every year and cause some loss for the city. Beside that flood caused by sea level rise, the city risk on sinking is higher because of land subsidence problem. Without any significant action, it is predicted that Jakarta will face USD 521 million loss risks on 2050 caused by flood. To overcome the sinking problem, Indonesian government plays an active role on the international action to combat climate change. In addition, Indonesian government also implements NCICD project, in which create giant sea wall and land reclamation on the Jakarta Bay. However, the land reclamation raises an argument that it would create an environment disaster for the city. Because of that, it is suggested that Jakarta should only create a sea wall without land reclamation. Moreover, Jakarta government also should ensure that Spatial City Planning and New Rule on ground water extraction are well implemented so the land subsidence in the city is stopped.
... Bengawan Solo and Benanain River are the rivers more often vulnerable to flooding. In past decade, major floods prevailed during 2002, 2007, 2013, and 2014 costing billions of dollars economic damage [132][133][134]. To combat the vulnerability of floods, government of Indonesia launched different plans and approaches. ...
... The current level of flood control near Kualanamu Airport in North Sumatra illustrates that there is a problem due to the high demand from the citizenry for land acquisition. 7 A combination of structural and nonstructural measures such as institutional and governance innovation that may govern flood and disaster preparedness, better planning and comprehensive climate adaptation policies will be necessary (Sagala, Lassa, Yasaditama, & Hudalah, 2013). Without considering such a combined approach, Medan will still suffer from long term flooding. ...
Over the last 30 years, Medan's economy has grown rapidly and has been the driver of the regional development in North Sumatra Province as well as the northern part of the Sumatra region. The recent adoption of decentralised public policies in Indonesia has to some extent influenced urban development in Medan and also contributed to several governance challenges. The city has also suffered from corruption in its urban management practices. This study elaborates on the city's historical background, urban characteristics, key challenges and future outlook. The study also offers directions for further improvements to support sustainable urban development and management for the city.
... From 2002 to 2014, four major floods occurred in Jakarta displacing close to 1 million people (BNPB, 2016). Major floods occur if heavy rainfall coincides with an extreme high tide (Sagala et al., 2013). As a result, children and schools are often significantly affected. ...
This article investigates the implementation of disaster
risk reduction education for children in Indonesia. In the last decade,
education programmes related to this subject have been promoted as capable of
reducing disaster losses and increasing resilience, based on several studies
that have identified positive outcomes. Therefore, it is critical to
evaluate and address any potential challenges that might impede their
success. The article uses a case study in Jakarta, a rapidly growing
megacity that is highly prone to disasters and natural hazards, especially
floods and fires, to explore the scaling up and sustainability of disaster
risk reduction in Indonesian schools. Based on previous studies, a new
approach was developed for evaluating the implementation of education
programmes related to these subjects. This study captured the perspectives of
children, school personnel, and non-governmental organisations on the
challenges of scaling up the implementation of disaster risk reduction
education in schools. The study revealed seven key issues and suggests
several policy recommendations to move forward. These key issues may also be
apparent in many other developing and developed countries, and the suggested
recommendations may well be applicable beyond Indonesia.
... The city has a nominal population of almost 10 m, though many million commuters move from adjacent cities, inflating the daytime population (Firman et al., 2010). The Greater Jakarta area has been experiencing rapid economic growth over the last decades (Sagala et al., 2013), and is projected to reach 30 million inhabitants by 2030, facing many challenges to increase its resilience and develop in a sustainable manner (Pravitasari et al., 2016) Land subsidence in the city was actually recognized as far back as 1978, when substantial cracks were found in buildings and a bridge in the downtown area. This subsidence continues nowadays, with rates of around 9.5 to 21.5 cm/year being measured along the coastline of the city in the period between 2007 and 2009, with a few locations experiencing levels of up to 28 cm/year (Abidin et al., 2011)There are four main causes for the rapid rates of subsidence being experienced, including groundwater extraction, loading of buildings and other constructions on the compressible soil, natural consolidation of the alluvial soil or tectonic subsidence (Abidin et al., 2011). ...
... One of the worst coastal flooding events took place in 2007, when abnormally high tides brought about the flooding of many coastal areas (Takagi et al., 2016a, Takagi et al., 2016b, causing extensive economic losses estimated to have been between 4.1 and 7.3 trillion IDR (450-800 million USD, see Sagala et al., 2013). One of the areas that were worst affected was the Pluit District, situated below sea level, and which as a result has seen the dyke protecting it being raised by about 1.8 metres (see Figure 1 for the location of Pluit within Jakarta, and Figure 2 for what the dykes look like). ...
Sea level rise will pose a significant challenge to coastal settlements throughout the planet and is likely to disproportionately affect poorer communities, which are usually located in particularly vulnerable areas. Coastal areas in Jakarta have been experiencing rapid subsidence in recent years, and could serve to illustrate the likely challenges that future sea level rise could have on such communities. To ascertain the level of awareness about the threats facing them questionnaire surveys were conducted amongst one relatively poor community which is situated below sea level, protected from the sea by a narrow concrete dyke. The results show that while local inhabitants appear to be aware about the hazards they face, many seem to underestimate their severity, possibly partly due to a high frequency of exposure in the recent past. The situation in the area appears to be worsening with each passing year, and it is imperative that remedial actions to halt ground subsidence are carried out and/or important remedial actions to adapt to the ground subsidence are implemented. Failure to do so could eventually result in a significant loss of life in the area.
... Although various researchers have explored this issue, the megacity of Jakarta still lacks such comprehensive evaluation. The Ciliwung watershed is the main river basin in Jakarta Metropolitan Area [3] and the ecosystem changes of the upstream Ciliwung River will affect the other part of the river basin [4]. Therefore, it is necessary to implement countermeasures to reduce future flooding based on the scientific simulation of the effects of climate and land-use changes on hydrological behavior and flooding occurrences upstream of this area. ...
The hydrological conditions upstream of the Ciliwung watershed are changing due to climate and land-use changes. Any changes in this area may increase the flood frequencies which may have countless consequences downstream of the watershed where the Jakarta city is located. We simulated the effects of land-use and climate changes on flooding (e.g., peak flow and river discharge) in the upper Ciliwung River basin in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia. Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS), a rainfall-runoffsimulation model, was used to simulate peak river discharge values for current and future conditions. The model was calibrated and validated based on the observed river discharge data from February 2007 and January 1996, respectively. The statistical analysis showed that the performance of the model is satisfactory, with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency 0.64 and 0.58 for calibration and validation, respectively. The coefficients of determination values are 0.86 and 0.82, respectively. The effect of the projected land-use changes alone in 2030 increased the peak flow by approximately 20%. When considering the land-use changes in conjunction with the future climate scenario, the peak flow based on the precipitation corresponding to a 50-year return period in 2030 increased by 130%. Based on the results of this study, it is urgent that a flood management plan be implemented in the target area to reduce flooding in the near future.
... INTRODUCTION Sagala et, al., 2013). There are 13 major rivers crossing Jakarta area yet Ciliwung is the longest river compare to the others, hence, It has contributed to major flood event (Sagala et, al., 2013). ...
... . There are 13 major rivers crossing Jakarta area yet Ciliwung is the longest river compare to the others, hence, It has contributed to major flood event (Sagala et, al., 2013). It will be pertinent to mention that the Ciliwung river has experienced several historic floods which have caused huge loss. ...
This paper addresses on the numerical modeling approaches for flood inundation in urban areas. Decisive strategy to choose between 1D, 2D or even a hybrid 1D-2D model is more than important to optimize flood inundation analyses. To find cost effective yet robust and accurate model has been our priority and motivation in the absence of available High Performance Computing facilities. The application of 1D, 1D/2D and full 2D modeling approach to river flood study in Jakarta Ciliwung river basin, and a comparison of approaches benchmarked for the inundation study are presented. This study demonstrate the successful use of 1D/2D and 2D system to model Jakarta Ciliwung river basin in terms of inundation results and computational aspect. The findings of the study provide an interesting comparison between modeling approaches, HEC-RAS 1D, 1D-2D, 2D, and ANUGA when benchmarked to the Manggarai station.
