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Calathea clade I. Detail of strict consensus of 27 trees resulting from maximum parsimony analysis of combined data. Numbers above branches denote bootstrap support. Labels at right margin indicate classification of species according to Schumann (1902)/Kennedy et al. (1988). An asterisk after the label signifies that the taxon was not included in the Flora of Ecuador treatment by Kennedy et al. (1988), but placement in their classification was deduced with certainty from morphology. When this was not possible the taxon is labelled as unplaced and highlighted by gray typeface.
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Calathea, with an estimated 285 species, is the largest genus of Marantaceae and an important component of Neotropical herbaceous diversity. The genus is also of high importance for horticulture as species are cultivated for their showy, patterned leaves. Previous molecular phylogenetic studies indicated that the genus is polyphyletic, but have not...
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... placed as sister to C. crotalifera S. Watson outside the clade including Sanblasia. Nuclear data supported the same topology as combined data. The remaining species of Calathea formed a clade with 90% BS (Calathea I, Fig. 1). Within this clade, C. straminea Petersen was placed as sister to all other taxa, which in turn formed five major clades (Fig. 2), each with 98-100% BS. Two clades corresponded to the C. ornata and C. marantifolia groups of Kennedy et al. (1988) (Fig. 2). One corresponded to subgenus Microcephalum of Schumann (1902), but also included a previously unplaced taxon, C. killipii. The last two clades corresponded roughly to series Comosae of Schumann (1902) and ...
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... as combined data. The remaining species of Calathea formed a clade with 90% BS (Calathea I, Fig. 1). Within this clade, C. straminea Petersen was placed as sister to all other taxa, which in turn formed five major clades (Fig. 2), each with 98-100% BS. Two clades corresponded to the C. ornata and C. marantifolia groups of Kennedy et al. (1988) (Fig. 2). One corresponded to subgenus Microcephalum of Schumann (1902), but also included a previously unplaced taxon, C. killipii. The last two clades corresponded roughly to series Comosae of Schumann (1902) and section Breviscapus of Kennedy et al. (1988), but also included a number of taxa from other Schumann catego- ries. Calathea ...
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... I-The Calathea I clade (sensu Prince and Kress 2006a, Fig. 1) contains the largest number of species. It includes all of Schumann's subgenera except subgenus Calathea (Fig. 2). Synapomorphies for this large clade include a simple inflorescence (with a few exceptions as discussed below) and corolla lobes straight to spreading, never reflexed or recurved as in Calathea II. Plants also tend to be smaller in size than those of Calathea II, though some mem- bers of the Ornata and Comosae clades can be large. ...
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... Calathea I our results reveal a clear and well- supported clade structure showing a high degree of corre- spondence to previously proposed infrageneric groupings (Fig. 2). All species groups of Kennedy et al. (1988) are monophyletic. Less supported is Schumann's (1902) classifi- cation. Subgenus Pseudophrynium series Nudiscapae is poly- phyletic and its species are nearly equally divided between the Ornata clade and the Breviscapus clade. Subgenus Macropus is paraphyletic. Pseudophrynium series ...
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... ET AL.: PHYLOGENY OF CALATHEAthree taxa were considered members of the C. ornata group by Kennedy (1990). A characteristic feature of several clades in Calathea I is that they consist of a core group corresponding to a previ- ously recognized classification system, but also some line- ages with completely different morphologies (Fig. 2). For example, we find that C. killipii forms a basally diverging lineage in the Microcephalum clade. That species is a large, erect plant with a robust, turbinate inflorescence found in Panama and Colombia at elevations up to 1,600 m (L. S. Suárez, pers. obs.), and bears little morphological resem- blance to other members of the clade. ...
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... other Comosae species. Schumann (1902) considered C. cyclophora a member of Calathea sub- genus Calathea as he erroneously interpreted the bracts as being distichous, while Kennedy (1995) considered it closely related to C. maasiorum H. A. Kenn., which she placed in sec- tion Breviscapus. A third example comes from our Breviscapus clade (Fig. 2). It contains a core group corresponding to sec- tion Breviscapus of Bentham (1883) and Kennedy et al. (1988), which are small plants with basal inflorescences. It also includes, however, species of subgenus Macropus and Pseudophrynium section Rhizanthae of Schumann (1902), with elongate flowering shoots and cylindrical inflorescences ...
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... by Nees that lived up to his own diagnosis stating "Capsula trisperma." Calathea zebrina is a well known species from Brazil, commonly cultivated and traded, which based on morphology (Sims 1817; S. Suárez pers. obs.) clearly belongs to our Breviscapus clade. It has an inflores- cence of the same type as C. standleyi included in our study (Fig. 2). Schumann (1902) placed C. zebrina in Nudiscapae. Molecular data analyzed by Andersson and Chase (2001) placed it in an unresolved clade together with species from both our Scapifoliae and Breviscapus clades. Goeppertia is the oldest generic epithet attached to the Calathea I clade. We conclude that the name Goeppertia must be ...
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... GenBank accessions used in the analyses. Specimen vouchers are available at: "1" Andersson & Chase (2001); "2" Prince & Kress (2006); "3" Borchsenius et al., (2012); "4" Barrett et al., (2014); "5" Janssens et al., (2016); "6" Iles et al., ...
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... The presented argumentation and data in 15 were thorough and comprehensive and thus we accepted the authors arguments, kept Sansevieria and Dracaena as distinct genera and separated the Hawaiian species of Dracaena in the new genus Chrysodracon. In another case Borchsenius et al. 16 showed that Calathea in the traditional description was polyphyletic. In order to keep Ischnosiphon and Monotagma as distinct genera, being the sister clade to a smaller Calathea clade including the type species, the larger clade of Calathea was put into the then resurrected genus Goeppertia. ...
... In order to keep Ischnosiphon and Monotagma as distinct genera, being the sister clade to a smaller Calathea clade including the type species, the larger clade of Calathea was put into the then resurrected genus Goeppertia. The argumentation and presentation in 16 was robustly based on a molecular phylogeny producing well supported clades. As a consequence, we accepted the recombination of the much larger clade as suggested in 16 . ...
... The argumentation and presentation in 16 was robustly based on a molecular phylogeny producing well supported clades. As a consequence, we accepted the recombination of the much larger clade as suggested in 16 . ...
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... It is made the bias are discussed, with implications for a possible genetic origin of phyllotactic 158While referring to our study taxa, we aim to reflect the most recent taxonomic changes 163 and promote ease of use. Calathea, as formerly defined, is polyphyletic, and was 164 recently split into two main groups(Borchsenius et al. 2012). One clade (Calathea II) is 165 more closely related to Ischnosiphon than the rest of Calathea, and retains the generic 166 name. ...
Lateral organs arranged in spiral phyllotaxy are separated by the golden angle, ≈137.5°, leading to handedness: either clockwise or counter-clockwise. In some species, leaves are asymmetric such that they are smaller and curved towards the side ascending the phyllotactic spiral. As such, these asymmetries lead to mirroring of leaf shapes in plants of opposite phyllotactic handedness. Previous reports had suggested that the pin-stripe calathea ( Goeppertia ornata ) may be exclusively of one phyllotactic direction, counter-clockwise, but had limited sampling to a single population. Here, we use a citizen science approach leveraging a social media poll, internet image searches, and in-person verification at nurseries in four countries and two continents to demonstrate that calatheas ( Goeppertia spp. ) around the world are biased towards counter-clockwise phyllotaxy. The possibility that this bias is genetic and its implications for models of phyllotaxy that assume handedness is stochastically specified in equal proportions is discussed.
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The territory of Pernambuco includes portions of the Caatinga and the Atlantic Forest, which house areas of extreme biological importance that are also rich in Marantaceae species. This study presents a synopsis of the Marantaceae from the state, and was based in the morphological analysis of herbaria specimens and other collected in field excursions carried out from 2013 to 2018. We found 26 species belonging to 10 genera; Maranta (seven spp.) and Goeppertia (five spp.) were the most representative. Ctenanthe casupoides Pertersen and Hylaeanthe hexantha are new records for the state and Goeppertia yoshida-arnsiae, G. widgrenii and Maranta gigantea are considered threated. Ten species are endemic to the Atlantic Forest, and four are restricted to Northeastern Brazil. Regarding the local distribution, we observed that 22 spp. (85%) occur in the lowland semideciduous seasonal forest. Identification keys, comments on geographic distribution and habitats, local distribution maps, and photo plates of the species are provided.
... Due to the great morphological diversity in Marantaceae, generic delimitation has been troublesome. Phylogenetic analyses of Marantaceae have found Ischnosiphon to be monophyletic (Andersson & Chase, 2001;Prince & Kress, 2006;Suksathan, Gustafsson & Borchsenius, 2009;Borchsenius, Suarez & Prince, 2012), but it may include Pleiostachya K.Schum., and further phylogenetic work should improve taxon and gene sampling to test species monophyly. Andersson, (1977) took into account numerous morphological and cytological characters, including chromosome counts and anatomical traits to delimit Ischnosiphon spp. ...
Recognition and delimitation of taxonomic categories of biological organisms are still challenging and full of controversy. We used Ischnosiphon as a model to unravel the importance of morphometrics as individual-based variables to disentangle the morphological variability of plant species. Ischnosiphon spp. continue to be problematic for users, taxonomists and ecologists, due mainly to the huge morphological variability, the species criteria and circumscription proposed for many taxa and the many habitat and vegetative macro-morphological characters lacking in most currently available exsiccates. Twenty-three morphometric variables were sampled from 228 individuals, belonging to 22 Ischnosiphon spp. Principal components and discriminant multivariate analyses were used to describe and identify patterns of morphological variation in Ischnosiphon. Individual-landmark assessment analysed with multivariate methods captured morphometric intraspecific diversity and morphological variability in Ischnosiphon spp., along with the continuous variation of important morphological traits. By examining the morphology of Ischnosiphon spp. through individual-landmark assessment, we demonstrate that different morphological species concepts used today in the identification of the species are difficult to apply. We propose a replicable and analytical framework to accommodate individual variability in species diagnosis in morphologically diverse plant groups.
... Due to the great morphological diversity in Marantaceae, generic delimitation has been troublesome. Phylogenetic analyses of Marantaceae have found Ischnosiphon to be monophyletic (Andersson & Chase, 2001;Prince & Kress, 2006;Suksathan, Gustafsson & Borchsenius, 2009;Borchsenius, Suarez & Prince, 2012), but it may include Pleiostachya K.Schum., and further phylogenetic work should improve taxon and gene sampling to test species monophyly. Andersson, (1977) took into account numerous morphological and cytological characters, including chromosome counts and anatomical traits to delimit Ischnosiphon spp. ...
Recognition and delimitation of taxonomic categories of biological organisms are still challenging and full of controversy. We used Ischnosiphon as a model to unravel the importance of morphometrics as individual-based variables to disentangle the morphological variability of plant species. Ischnosiphon spp. continue to be problematic for users, taxonomists and ecologists, due mainly to the huge morphological variability, the species criteria and circumscription proposed for many taxa and the many habitat and vegetative macro-morphological characters lacking in most currently available exsiccates. Twenty-three morphometric variables were sampled from 228 individuals, belonging to 22 Ischnosiphon spp. Principal components and discriminant multivariate analyses were used to describe and identify patterns of morphological variation in Ischnosiphon. Individual-landmark assessment analysed with multivariate methods captured morphometric intraspecific diversity and morphological variability in Ischnosiphon spp., along with the continuous variation of important morphological traits. By examining the morphology of Ischnosiphon spp. through individual-landmark assessment, we demonstrate that different morphological species concepts used today in the identification of the species are difficult to apply. We propose a replicable and analytical framework to accommodate individual variability in species diagnosis in morphologically diverse plant groups.
