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CLT producing regions.
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At the threshold of 2020, the cross-laminated timber (CLT) industry continues its incredible growth across the globe. The total output of the industry in 2020 is projected to reach 2 million cubic meters. The only continent where no new CLT plants come on line or are at least planned in 2020 is Antarctica. Although many new CLT lines were recently...
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... ensure anonymity, information is presented in aggregate format and when discussing regional differences, the data is parsed by large regions defined in a way to avoid exposing information from a single manufacturer (Figure 1). One exception is the plant located in South Africa, which agreed to share related information openly (Smily 2019). ...
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... They recognized 66 producers of CLT, of which only 12 underwent a structured survey conducted via an interview method. Muszynski et al. [63,64] focused on the CLT industry and underlined the fact that the CLT industry is new in current markets, specifically when timber is used for buildings. Brandner et al. [65] presented a state-of-the-art report on particular subjects related to CLT, especially manufacturing and knowledge, material features, and connectivity. ...
Given that CLT is a relatively recent innovation, there is a notable scarcity of market research in Finland. Presently, there is a limited body of literature that provides a thorough comprehension of the present state, varied applications, and anticipated future developments concerning the use of CLT within the Finnish construction sector. The limited availability of research data underscores the need for more extensive studies to fill this knowledge gap and provide a more nuanced insight into
the evolving landscape of CLT adoption within the Finnish construction industry. This article aims to fill this gap through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 15 Finnish experts. Key findings highlighted that (1) the hierarchical order of familiarity with CLT among construction professionals in Finland, ranging from highest to lowest, was identified as follows: architects, engineers, developers, builders, and contractors; (2) a pronounced necessity exists for heightened expertise and training
within the realm of CLT; (3) CLT was considered a promising option in endeavors aimed at mitigating the impacts of climate crises; (4) CLT showcased adaptability to environments marked by highly fluctuating climatic conditions, emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive approach, including proactive maintenance strategies; (5) Finland adopted commendable and forward-looking sustainable
practices in forest management; (6) the adaptability of CLT across a wide range of building categories; (7) the perceived vulnerabilities in CLT construction primarily included a lack of cost-competitiveness, insufficient sound insulation, and inadequate production volume; and (8) key future market prospects
encompassed the versatility of CLT, increasing demand propelled by environmental considerations, and collaborative advancements in hybrid construction techniques. This article will contribute to the greater usage of CLT in the building industry in Finland by revealing the challenges, potential, and future outlook of CLT use.
... Over the past 25 years, it has received extensive attention in the global wood industry owing to its unique cross-laminated structure and environmental advantages. Currently, CLT has manufacturing lines in Europe, North America, Oceania, Asia, and South Africa [3][4][5]. According to the Annual Market Review of Forest Products 2020-2021, the global CLT production capacity was estimated at 2.8 million m 3 in 2020, of which 48% was in Europe, 43% was in North America, 6% was in Oceania, and 3% was in Asia, with actual production likely to exceed 2 million m 3 in 2020. ...
Japan has been actively promoting the various uses of timber to efficiently utilize its plantation forests and contribute to its climate commitments. Cross-laminated timber (CLT), owing to its unique structural characteristics and environmental advantages, has received widespread attention in Japan. Being a high-value-added timber, CLT’s value chain involves various industries, including forestry, timber processing, transportation, construction, and civil engineering. However, the economic impact associated with the increasing production and use of CLT is ambiguous. Targeting CLT manufacturers in Japan, this study evaluated the economic ripple effects of CLT through an input–output analysis, which is a method that is used to evaluate the independent association between different economic sectors and industries. An extended input–output table was established according to the survey of revenue and expenditure data of the largest CLT manufacturers in Japan in 2020. The result was compared with the glued-laminated timber (GLT) scenario at the same final demand value. The results showed that activities not elsewhere classified, timber, logs, road freight transport (except self-transport), and wholesale trade were the top five sectors that had the largest economic impact on CLT manufacturing. Our research has implications for policies and programs to promote the revival of forestry and sustainable development of the timber industry in Japan.
... Per the 2020 edition of Forest Products Annual Market Review, global production capacity of CLT in 2020 is estimated at 2.8 million cubic meters (m³), of which 48% in Europe, 43% in North America, 6% in Oceania and 3% in Asia. Muszynski and co-authors have provided data on the global CLT Industry on a regular basis (Muszynski et al. 2020, Larasatie et al. 2021. Although large production units seem to become standard, it remains of interest that smaller production units can provide extra local capacity (Benedetti et al. 2022). ...
... Currently, there are 70 registered CLT manufacturing companies across the world [32]. The global annual production is still relatively small, estimated at 2.0-2.5 million cubic metres [33]. Germany, Austria, and Switzerland account for 70% of global output, followed by 14% for the remainder of the European Union (especially Italy and France), 12% for North America, and 4% for the rest of the world [33]. ...
... The global annual production is still relatively small, estimated at 2.0-2.5 million cubic metres [33]. Germany, Austria, and Switzerland account for 70% of global output, followed by 14% for the remainder of the European Union (especially Italy and France), 12% for North America, and 4% for the rest of the world [33]. According to estimates, around 1.8 million cubic metres of CLT are produced each year in Europe, mostly for floors, roofs, and walls [34]. ...
The circular bioeconomy offers solutions to curb the effects of climate change by focusing on the use of renewable, biological resources to produce food, energy, materials, and services. The substitution of fossil products by wood-based products can help avoid or reduce greenhouse gas emissions over the life cycle of products. However, it is important to understand the potential impacts of large-scale material substitution at the market level. This study aimed to assess the role of selected wood-based products in the circular bioeconomy, the possible changes in their markets, and investigate which elements could ensure the environmental sustainability of these products. The demand for graphic paper has declined over the last 15 years, while the demand for packaging has increased. Cross-laminated timber and man-made cellulosic fibres have seen their global consumption increase over the last decade. While there are benefits associated with the substitution of non-renewable materials by wood-based products, there is still limited understanding of the substitution effects at market-, country- and global level. Some factors enabling the further uptake of wood-based products include initiatives that stimulate technological change, incentives to produce or consume less fossil-based and more bio-based alternatives, and the promotion and marketing of wood-based products as viable alternatives to non-renewable materials.
... This engineered wood product, which was first developed during the early 1990s in Europe and now competes with reinforced concrete, masonry, and steel as a construction material, reached a volume of 2 million m 3 in 2020 across the globe, with the Alpine countries accounting for more than 70% of the production and 62% of the annual per-shift capacity. In the market, the panel is categorized according to many factors, e.g., application (residential, educational, etc.), product type, element type, raw material type, bonding method, panel layers, adhesive type, press type, story class, and application class (structural or non-structural elements) [5,6]. ...
CLT panels have been investigated for reinforcement of existing masonry-infilled RC framed buildings through the increase of the overall lateral stiffness of the structure, thus reducing the story drift demand. The contribution of CLT panels depends on the connection to the RC frame elements. This paper evaluates the role of connectors by which CLT is attached to RC frames for capacity, ductility, and energy dissipation of the structure and its elements separately using different kinds of RC-CLT connections, and ultimately finds and compares the optimum number and arrangement of connectors. The results show that the geometry of connections plays a greater seismic role in RC frames than their mechanical properties. Regarding masonry infills, they allow a higher strength capacity but reduce the efficacy of CLT strengthening. However, strong connectors decrease the ability of infills in dissipation. Finally, in the optimum arrangement of connectors, they are distributed equally along the upper and lower beams at equal spacing, where CLT is added, starting in the middle of the beams and moving to the frame corners.
... The approximately, 0.3 million cubic metres of mass timbers products had been used in buildings until 2010, while it became one million cubic metres in 2015. Muszynski et al. [1] also estimated that the global production of CLT will be close to two million cubic meters in 2020. Despite the massive growth in the use of engineered wood products, the adoption of these materials as building elements proved to be a problem in some parts of the world when used for both interior and exterior applications. ...
In this research, the effect of wood preservatives and wood properties on one-component polyurethane bond performance in Pinus patula laminates was investigated through shear and delamination tests. Concentration levels of 2 and 4% of chromated copper arsenate (CCA), and 1.67 and 3.30% of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) were used. Different levels of wood density and wood type (viz. sapwood only and samples with more than 35% heartwood), was considered. Based on the ASTM D905, SANS 10183-4-2, and EN 14080 standards, the shear strength, wood failure and delamination results suggested that engineered wood products can be produced from CCA and DOT treated Pinus patula that was laminated using polyurethane adhesive. All 20 groups in the experiment met the standard’s requirements for shear strength, wood failure percentage and total delamination. It was interesting to note that the specimens treated with the highest concentration of preservative (4% CCA) displayed superior shear strength in comparison to the 2% CCA treated samples and the untreated control group. However, the increased levels of preservative also had a negative effect since it resulted in a decreased wood failure percentage. Overall, the DOT-treated specimens displayed more consistent performance in comparison to CCA specimens, in terms of shear strength and wood failure. The results also indicated that wood properties play a significant role in the strength of bonds. As expected, high-density samples produced higher shear strength in most cases. The DOT treated samples were found to have a higher resistance to delamination in comparison to CCA treated samples. Finally, the preservative treatment concentration levels should be carefully selected, as the study found that with increasing the preservative concentration, delamination increased.
... La rápida expansión de la industria de la madera masiva que se ha quintuplicado en las últimas dos décadas alcanzando una producción de alrededor de tres millones de metros cúbicos para el año 2019 (Muszynski et al., 2020), ha generado nuevos desafíos que buscan evaluar su impacto a largo plazo a nivel global. Estudios recientes que comparan las emisiones de ciclo de vida de carbono entre edificios de madera masiva y edificios equivalentes en hormigón armado con casos de estudio en Estados Unidos, China y Reino Unido señalan que el carbono contenido en la madera permite compensar en gran medida las emisiones de ciclo de vida con capacidad de almacenar entre 0.15─4.85 ...
En países forestales en vías de desarrollo como Chile la construcción de viviendas en al-tura con tecnología de madera masiva (predominantemente madera laminada y contrala-minada), ofrece una oportunidad única para contribuir a su desarrollo económico, bienes-tar social y cuidado ambiental. En Chile, el sector de la edificación es responsable de un tercio del uso de energía y emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero causadas principal-mente por el sobreconsumo de combustibles de climatización. Este proyecto tiene como propósito el diseño, aplicación y evaluación del primer módulo de vivienda en altura construido en madera masiva de manufactura nacional. El diseño del módulo integra en su envolvente el uso de paneles de madera contralaminada con técnicas de diseño pasivo que buscan reducir el uso de energía auxiliar de climatización. El proyecto contempla en distintas etapas el modelamiento sísmico, análisis de comportamiento térmico y emisiones de ciclo de vida de un bloque completo de diez módulos de vivienda. Los resultados demuestran que es posible alcanzar demandas de climatización cercanas a cero (<5kWh/m2 año) y un excedente global de emisiones de ciclo de vida negativas de 225 tonsCO2e en localidades del centro-sur del país donde se concentra la gran mayoría de su población actual.
... The past two decades have witnessed a global acceleration internationally in uptake of both mass timber buildings and the Passivhaus (PH) standard [1,2]. This acceleration is mostly due to the construction sector's response to the current climate crisis by decarbonising the building stock. ...
The uptake of buildings employing cross-laminated timber (CLT) assemblies and designed to Passivhaus standard has accelerated internationally over the past two decades due to several factors including responses to the climate crisis by decarbonising the building stock. Structural CLT technology and the Passivhaus certification both show measurable benefits in reducing energy consumption, while contributing to durability and indoor comfort. However, there is a general lack of evidence to support a fast uptake of these technologies in Australia. This paper responds to the compelling need of providing quantitative data and adoption strategies; it explores their combined application as a potential pathway for climate-appropriate design of energy-efficient and durable mass timber envelope solutions for subtropical and tropical Australian climates. Hygrothermal risk assessments of interstitial condensation and mould growth of CLT wall assemblies inform best-practice design of mass timber buildings in hot and humid climates. This research found that the durability of mass timber buildings located in hot and humid climates may benefit from implementing the Passivhaus standard to manage interior conditions. The findings also suggested that climate-specific design of the wall assembly is critical for mass timber buildings, in conjunction with excellent stormwater management practices during construction and corrosion protection for metallic fasteners.
... In recent years, Cross-Laminated-Timber (CLT) buildings have been characterised by a fast-growing in the market of wood-based structural systems ( [1,2]). The lightness of structural panels and the capacity of mechanical connections to dissipate seismic energy make CLT buildings a valuable alternative to other traditional structural types in seismic prone areas ( [3,4]). ...
Practice-oriented finite element (FE) modelling strategies represent a fundamental tool for the seismic analysis and design of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) structures. Although substantial research has been undertaken concerning the seismic behaviour of CLT buildings, practice-oriented FE modelling strategies are still at an early stage. This paper presents an upgrade of an existing practice-oriented FE design model for the seismic design of CLT structures. The upgrade is supported through the same modelling strategy presented by Christovasilis et al. (2020) adding some features of analytical equations models presented by Casagrande et al. (2016).
2D elements are used both for the modelling of CLT panels and for mechanical connections, which are represented by a horizontal strip with a height smaller than 7% of the height of the panel. Analytical equations for determining the elastic modulus of elasticity and the shear modulus of the horizontal strip are reported accounting for both rocking and sliding behaviour for single- and multi-panel CLT shearwalls, including the effect of the vertical loads by using a secant stiffness. The validation of the proposal is carried out in terms of the shearwall lateral stiffness through the results of experimental tests on full-scale shearwalls published by other authors and through a validation/comparison between a detailed non-linear model and the Christovasilis et al. (2020) strategy on two multi-storey seismic-resistant lateral systems configurations with different amount of vertical loads. Finally, a proposal for the initial layout of connections to reduce the iterative seismic design and analysis process for CLT buildings is presented through a case study.
... CLT is typically composed of an odd number of orthogonally aligned timber board layers glued together to create a large solid panel with high in-plane stiffness and strength, making it suitable to form a LLRS [20]. While an initial lack of awareness of CLT hindered its implementation in regions outside Europe [21], CLT is now a global product with exponential growth forecasted throughout the 2020s [22]. CLT structures are commonly connected using mechanical connectors/ fasteners adapted from LTF construction. ...
The advent of digital fabrication technologies and mass timber products such as cross-laminated timber (CLT) have facilitated the use of traditional carpentry joints in modern mass timber construction. Through contact bearing, mortise and tenon castellated joints can also provide high shear strength and stiffness between timber members when compared to connections using mechanical connectors/fasteners. In this study, a total of 29 connection specimens using carpentry castellations and six connection specimens using commercial angle brackets were tested under monotonic loading to evaluate their structural performance. These specimens used five-ply (175 mm thick) and seven-ply (275 mm thick) CLT panels. It was found that the shear strength and stiffness of the castellated joints were 2.5 and 7 times greater than the specimens using the commercial angle brackets. A simplified component-based analytical model was also developed to predict the strength of the castellated joints loaded parallel and perpendicular to grain of the CLT outer layers. The simplified model was found to be adequate in estimating strength given the model limitations. Overall, the study showed that these castellated CLT joints can provide one effective connection type with high shear strength and stiffness for CLT structures.
