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![Byzantine times sewers: (a) Mystras. Lavatory towers incorporating the vertical sewers of the-according [100]-house (with permission of George Antoniou) and (b) Impromptu twin sewers in Kardamena, Kos.](profile/F-Fardin/publication/263278132/figure/fig10/AS:614132894142546@1523432100849/Byzantine-times-sewers-a-Mystras-Lavatory-towers-incorporating-the-vertical-sewers-of.png)
Byzantine times sewers: (a) Mystras. Lavatory towers incorporating the vertical sewers of the-according [100]-house (with permission of George Antoniou) and (b) Impromptu twin sewers in Kardamena, Kos.
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Although there is evidence of surface-based storm drainage systems in early Babylonian and Mesopotamian Empires in Iraq (ca. 4000–2500 BC), it is not until after ca. 3000 BC that we find evidence of the well organized and operated sewer and drainage systems of the Minoans and Harappans in Crete and the Indus valley, respectively. The Minoans and In...
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Throughout history, various civilizations developed methodologies for the collection and disposal of human waste. The methodologies throughout the centuries have been characterized by technological peaks on the one hand, and by the disappearance of the technologies and their reappearance on the other. The purpose of this article is to trace the dev...
Citations
... Angelakis, A.N. (et al.(, "Irrigation of World Agricultural Lands: Evolution through Millennia", Water 12 (5 ( , 2020, 1285, 14.26 Ball, J., Egypt in the Classical Geographers, Cairo: Government Press, 1942, 260-264.27 Strabo, Geography, Volume VIII: Book 17. ...
... Water and wastewater systems have had an enormous impact on public health, particularly over the last few hundred years [1,2]. In terms of water supply, some ancient Roman aqueducts are still in use today, although most drinking water is now conveyed through a modern network of pressurised pipes (which are not expected to have a service life of thousands of years) [3]. ...
Around the world, a significant proportion of sewers and sewer maintenance holes are constructed from concrete. Unfortunately, one major problem with concrete sewer infrastructure is corrosion caused by biogenic hydrogen sulphide, which causes major issues for concrete structural integrity. Furthermore, concrete may be significantly corroded and softened but still pass a visual inspection. The novel system presented in this paper uses a penetrometer mounted on a robotic platform to measure the depth of penetration through a corroded concrete surface. An angular mechanism is used to rotate the penetrometer to new positions as striking aggregate may result in false readings. Based on laboratory analysis, this design is capable of providing consistent and precise multiple observations for both smooth and rough surfaces, as well as for flat and curved surfaces, with 0.1 mm accuracy. The use of a remote robotic platform eliminates the hazards of confined space entry whilst providing a repeatable analysis platform.
... El registro de parásitos apenas se compone de Ascaris lumbricoides. Este hecho se explica debido a la alusión en las fuentes de la correcta higiene que existía en al-Ándalus en este momento cronológico (De Feo et al., 2014). ...
Los parásitos están presentes en todos los ecosistemas y necesitan hospedadores para su supervivencia. En el caso del hospedador humano, no son pocas las ocasiones en las que esta relación heteroespecífica se traduce en la presencia de enfermedades en el mismo. En época medieval se documentan con frecuencia diversos elementos, tales como el tipo de alimentación, vivienda, características demográficas, recursos o los métodos de explotación. En el caso concreto de las sociedades altomedievales islámicas de la Península Ibérica, apenas se han llevado a cabo estudios paleoparasitológicos, permitiendo profundizar acerca de las condiciones en las que vivieron aquellos individuos. Por ello, la paleoparasitología se revela como una herramienta útil para el conocimiento objetivo y científico de las verdaderas condiciones de vida altomedievales islámicas, puesto que los datos que aporta dicha disciplina aparecen, hasta el momento, incotrovertibles en nuestro ámbito de estudio. De este modo, el presente artículo propone un estudio metodológico para la obtención de muestras de paleoparasitología y su posterior tratamiento en el laboratorio, permitiendo evidenciar parásitos provenientes de estas poblaciones.
... Within the UK, the development of infrastructure since the 19 th century (De Feo et al., 2014;Emsley et al., 2018;Greenwood and Hilton, 2018;Stanwell-Smith, 2010) and application of policy (Bell et al., 2021;Directive 91/271/EEC, 1991;Directive 2000/60/EC, 2000Naden et al., 2016) has enabled the provision of potable (i.e., drinking quality) water and sanitation across the population and instigated improvements in environmental water quality both through source control and wastewater treatment. However, inland surface waters (i.e., watercourses such as lakes, rivers and canals) do not yet meet the required standards (Marcal et al., 2021). ...
... These examples demonstrate the recalcitrance of behaviors and the tendency to return to those which are embedded (Russell and Knoeri, 2019). Disruptive events can however lead to lasting changes, many historical examples demonstrate changing socio-economic and technological systems increasing water impacts (Ahmad et al., 2021;De Feo et al., 2014;Li et al., 2019), although decreases have also been observed (James et al., 2023;Radcliffe and Page, 2020). An interplay can be said to develop between policy and behavior due to the nature of societal behavior as a product of the prevailing culture, policy and norms. ...
It is becoming increasingly apparent that the management, protection and utilization of water requires a place-based and systems perspective to enable complexity to be visualized and assessed. Understanding the complexity of relationships across this system enables an appreciation of impacts across social, environmental and economic perspectives. This paper explores the surface water system through an environmental justice lens, identifying key pathways which both support and inhibit movement toward environmental justice using system mapping techniques. While socio-economic systems, and the impact these have on the surface water system, are demonstrably important, these externalities are difficult to predict into the future, potentially impacting the system in a variety of ways. To address this uncertainty, future scenarios, based on the archetypes generated by the Global Scenarios Group, were developed at the surface water system scale. Exploring the impact of diverse future scenarios on the surface water system through an environmental justice lens enabled the characterization of leverage points and the formation of a conceptual model. Analysis of the conceptual model determined the existence of three feedback loops centred around circular generation, cost and value recovery, and urban development. This paper presents an approach for the development of visualizations and a conceptual model to enable evidence-based societal and environmental impacts to be analyzed through a justice lens. In doing so this creates a platform to enable cross-sectoral and cross-societal exploration of drivers and impacts using a common method of communication.
... Sewer networks usually consist of buried infrastructure, including pipes, manholes, pumping stations, overflow structures, and other hydraulic facilities (Joseph-Duran et al., 2015), constituting substantial investments in infrastructure (Jia et al., 2021). Modern sewer networks consist of three primary types: (1) sanitary sewers, alternatively known as foul sewers, (2) storm sewers, also referred to as surface water sewers, and (3) combined sewers (De Feo et al., 2014). ...
While existing studies on sewer networks have explored topics such as surface water inflow, limited research has delved into groundwater infiltration (GWI). This study aims to fill this void by providing a comprehensive overview of quantitative analyses of GWI in sewer networks plus current status, limitations and future perspectives , considering the most relevant peer-reviewed research, including 83 studies. We propose dividing the existing research into two main groups: (1) phreatic zone, and (2) vadose zone. Most research has focused on the latter, mainly considering Rainfall-Derived Inflow and Infiltration (RDII), including surface water inflow and GWI. The ratio of each is not frequently separated; otherwise, there may be some assumptions, e.g. in dry weather and assuming zero surface water inflow. We also divided the employed approaches in different categories from physically-based numerical models, to simpler ones, e.g. water budget analysis. In fact, a combination of approaches may be applied to find the intricate characteristics of 'urban groundwater' or 'urban karst.' The findings revealed a heightened vulnerability of sewer networks to GWI, due to climate change (CC) and its associated repercussions, e.g. sea level rise (SLR), making the coastal cities the most vulnerable regions. In future research, the criticality of pre-emptive measures and monitoring of networks, especially near the coastline, is emphasised to ensure the resilience and adaptability of sewer networks in the context of GWI amid the potential impacts of CC. However, current monitoring practices lack widespread evidence for spatiotemporal analysis of GWI quantity.
... Mesopotamian cities had effective drainage systems for stormwater control and sanitary sewer systems. Storm water drainage systems were constructed of sun-dried bricks and cut stones [28] (p. 3938). ...
... Another example of a well-constructed drainage system was found in Scotland, in the village of Skara Brae (ca between 3200 and 2200 BC). Archaeological excavations found a complex drainage system that served as an early form of toilet facilities [28] (p. 3939). ...
... 15). The Cloaca Maxima served in wastewater removal, rainwater removal, and swamp drainage [28] (p. 3951). ...
Underground space has always been used as a resilient solution in addressing the need for safety in terms of climate conditions and defense purposes. This research seeks to recognize the potential of the underground space in the city as a significant urban resilience strategy, with the aim of revealing how contemporary underground architecture is integrated with the public spaces on the surface and how this groundscape integration contributes to the quality of the use of the public spaces to achieve urban resilience. Public spaces have a crucial role in the environmental, social, and sustainable context of the city and are considered urban domains for spatial urban intervention that contribute to urban resilience in its broader understanding. Based on the review of underground space research and the comparative analysis of selected contemporary design projects, the research explores the integration of underground space in correlation with its utilization model based on contemporary design projects. The research results in the systematization of underground utilization among underground infrastructure, underground living settlements, and urban development to offer insights into the enhancement of resilience planning through the contemporary multifunctional usage of underground space. The contribution of this research is reflected in the methodology of developing the criteria for a groundscape resilience concept, in terms of perceiving underground space as an integral urban layer, its multifunctional utilization, and in terms of achieving urban resilience.
... Although not the oldest example of urban water infrastructure -UD pipes for rainwater were already in use in Ur, Babylon and Habuba Kabira (ca. 4000 BC) (De Feo et al., 2014;Strommenger, 1980) -it is together with the Minoan Culture (who used the first water distribution pipes in 1500 BC (Walski et al., 2003)), the oldest example of well-organized and structured water infrastructure. Water supply was achieved by wells inside most of the houses; some of the houses also had flushing toilets (Büker, 2000;Garbrecht, 1988). ...
... Water supply was achieved by wells inside most of the houses; some of the houses also had flushing toilets (Büker, 2000;Garbrecht, 1988). The largest city of the Harappan civilization, Dholavira, depended solely on decentralized solutions (e.g., soak away pits) and had no centralized sewer system (De Feo et al., 2014). ...
Asset management issues are and will always be key concerns for many stakeholders in the water sector. Despite this, there is still a lack of awareness and clear guidance on the topic. There has been some focus on the management of drainage pipes, but more effort needs to be dedicated to examining the various regulations, practices, and research within this discipline. It's paramount to consider the long-term management of urban drainage assets, given the role they play in ensuring the wellbeing of our communities.
Asset Management of Urban Drainage Systems is the first comprehensive handbook that deals with the asset management of infrastructure dedicated to both sewage and stormwater, including blue-green infrastructure. It gives an insight into the theoretical background of asset management itself and showcases regulations and legislation influencing it. The methods used to investigate the condition of assets, and how they can be modelled and represented while accounting for the associated limitations, are also presented. The book describes how the discipline can move from a purely condition-based approach to a service-based one using risk-management strategies, seen in the broader context of decision-making. Data management and techniques for the rehabilitation of urban drainage assets are also explored.
From technicians who want to know more about the tools and methods, to researchers and students who want a broad overview, to professionals who are tasked with developing short, medium, and long-term asset management strategies, this book provides important content for a wide audience.
ISBN: 9781789063042 (paperback)
ISBN: 9781789063059 (eBook)
ISBN: 9781789063066 (ePub)
... Stormwater can be managed either by combined or by separate sewer systems. These systems, if any, may differ between countries, between cities, and even within cities. Combined sewer systems are traditionally used worldwide, but separate sewer systems are used preferably in developed countries since the second half of the twentieth century (De Feo et al. 2014) to achieve the reduction of sanitation impact on waterways. In addition, stormwater volumes tend to increase with more intense rain events and increasing urbanization with impervious surfaces that favors runoff. ...
Urban areas constitute a major hotspot of litter, including plastic litter, that stormwater can wash off towards waterways. However, few studies quantified and characterized litter densities in urban areas and fluxes transported by stormwater networks. Moreover, little information is available on litter transport dynamics in stormwater, and on the factors driving this transport. This study aims at characterizing and quantifying litter amounts transported by stormwater of two nested French urban catchments (total surface area of 105 ha). Litter densities relative to land uses and rain events were investigated in the same catchments as in a compagnon paper (Ledieu et al., 2024). The present study explores the impact of rain events on the transport of urban litter in stormwater. Litter collection and characterization combined with a capture/recapture experiment using tagged litter placed in stormwater inlets show total litter fluxes of 29 kg/year, in which 14 kg/year are plastics, exported at the stormwater outlet. These fluxes confirm that stormwater runoff is a considerable pathway from urban surfaces to waterways, especially regarding small plastic litter (< 2.5 cm). Item transport dynamic is however not linear and only 0.3% of the urban litter appear remobilized. Litter transport dynamics depends on several factors (urban litter densities, hydrometeorological parameters, item composition and morphologies, and stormwater management systems) that should be considered in global models.
... They were connected to a closed sewer that is still operational (Lofrano and Brown 2010). Harappans developed centralized and decentralized wastewater management in some main sites, such as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro (De Feo et al. 2014). Wastewater from individual households passed through terracotta pipes into a sump, where a preliminary settling of solids occurred before being conducted to agricultural fields by a network of covered sewers. ...
Current urban development poses numerous challenges for the Global South, mainly for its arid and semi-arid regions. First, this chapter aims to present the emerging blue and green infrastructure (BGI) concept as the result of a historical process whose deep roots can be found in the Neolithic and Industrial revolutions, the ecological conservation theory, but also in the traditional knowledge of communities forming diverse socioecological systems in the Global South. Then, as a part of its conceptual framework, which relies heavily on the provision of ecosystem services, the similarities and differences between BGI and other concurrent concepts are presented. Second, we review the ecosystem services provided by BGI, as well as some examples of its implementation in the Global South, emphasizing its benefits in terms of water quantity and quality, and the contribution of BGI to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Finally, although the BGI approach entered only recently into the national policy discourse, we present some governmental, academic, and social endeavors with positive effects on sustainable water management in Mexico. Our view is that the perspective of water conservation implicit in BGI is of urgent implementation in the arid and semi-arid growing cities of the Global South.
... Downloaded from https://cabidigitallibrary.org by Nicolas Sauvion, on 03/28/24. Subject to the CABI Digital Library Terms & Conditions, available at https://cabidigitallibrary.org/terms-and-conditions the Great Stink of 1858(De Feo et al., 2014), for example. As a so-called solution to the urban sewage problem, sewage was dumped into major rivers such as the Thames and Seine and put on a path out to sea. ...
One Health professes that the health of organisms is interconnected through the exploitation of planetary resources, trade, and transportation, in particular. The impetus for the emergence of this concept in the early 2000s was knowledge of the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases that put humans at risk to diseases carried by animals. In spite of the intended comprehensiveness of One Health, the place of plant health in this concept is vague, and few issues about plant health are debated in the scientific literature related to One Health. Here, we explore the history of concepts related to One Health in an attempt to understand why there is this schism between the plant sciences and the medical and veterinary sciences beyond the prism of zoonotic diseases. We illustrate the rich history of concepts in the plant sciences concerning the oneness of plants, animals and humans, and the debates about the definition and scope of sustainability that are precursors to One Health. These concepts continue to be foundations for research and development, particularly for food security and food safety. The emergence of these concepts from plant sciences was based on fundamental understanding of the food web – where plants are food for humans and animals whose digestive processes create important resources for plant growth and health. Yet, this latter part of the food web – recycling of manures in particular – was ruptured during modernization of agriculture. We explain how attaining sustainable One Health depends on restoring this part of the food web via soil stewardship, whose principal guarantors are the ensemble of actors in plant production.
