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![Budget for fish-pig farming in 0.1 ha pond in Philippines. The costs have been converted to Kenya shillings [60] Particulars Cost in Kshs. Fish culture Pond preparation with 15kg bleaching powder and 15kg urea at 8.56/kg 258](profile/Frank-Mlingi/publication/335715524/figure/tbl2/AS:801506584436736@1568105469568/Budget-for-fish-pig-farming-in-01-ha-pond-in-Philippines-The-costs-have-been-converted.png)
Budget for fish-pig farming in 0.1 ha pond in Philippines. The costs have been converted to Kenya shillings [60] Particulars Cost in Kshs. Fish culture Pond preparation with 15kg bleaching powder and 15kg urea at 8.56/kg 258
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Integrated livestock-fish culture approach envisages the integration of fish farming with cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, pigs or rabbit husbandry in a design allowing wastes from one system to be used as inputs in another system. The aim is to conserve resources while increasing farm returns. This paper reviews integrated livestock-fish culture in...
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... The main sources of fish meal in Kenya are the freshwater shrimps, Caridina niloticus, and the discards of silver cyprinid, Rastrineobola argentea. However, the seasonal availability of C. niloticus has served to increase the overall cost of production because of competition for the use of fishmeal from other production enterprises such livestock sector, where it is mainly used as feed ingredient for poultry and other livestock [27]. Increased dependency on fish meal often leads to unsustainable exploitation of freshwater fisheries in Lake Victoria, while threatening the stability of food chains of the self-sustaining native and exotic stocks as well as diversity of Lake Victoria's highly diverse multi-species ecosystems [1,27]. ...
... However, the seasonal availability of C. niloticus has served to increase the overall cost of production because of competition for the use of fishmeal from other production enterprises such livestock sector, where it is mainly used as feed ingredient for poultry and other livestock [27]. Increased dependency on fish meal often leads to unsustainable exploitation of freshwater fisheries in Lake Victoria, while threatening the stability of food chains of the self-sustaining native and exotic stocks as well as diversity of Lake Victoria's highly diverse multi-species ecosystems [1,27]. Slow growth and development of aquaculture has been linked to availability of few reputable large-scale feed mills which continues to hamper aquaculture growth, contributing to increased cost of production, in addition to decreased availability and reliability of the quality fish feed supply [24]. ...
Kenya has immense potential for aquaculture growth and development due to recent decline of capture fisheries production from Lake Victoria, which accounts for over 80% of the national production. However, lack of subsidies and slow adoption of aquaculture nutrition and culture technologies have slowed aquaculture growth and development nationally. There is need to explore innovative aquaculture production technologies and alternative protein sources that can replace fish meal to yield optimal returns in the foreseeable future. The study reviews the use of re-circulatory aquaculture system in tilapia hatchery to conserve limited water supplies and guarantee 95% success in mono-sex production of all male tilapia fingerlings. In Kenya, Freshwater shrimps, Caridina niloticus is the most common fish meal in aquafeed formulations. Although readily affordable, plant-based protein sources contain low crude protein levels and lack essential micronutrients. More sustainable animal protein sources such as black solder fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens pre-pupae and Redworms Eisenia foetida have shown the potential to yield optimal returns in a commercial scale, and can solve environmental problems associated with aquaculture. This study further recommends the use of recirculatory aquaculture in water scarce areas and those faced with intermittent interruptions due to prolonged droughts and pollution of surface waters.
... In addition, integrated aquaculture involves reutilization of resources in addition to having a low space requirement. The most common form of integrated aquaculture system practiced is livestock-fish farming where animals like chicken, pig and duck have been used to produce manure that is used to fertilize ponds with the aim of improving both primary productivity and zooplankton proliferation [5]. Taken together, these core practices of integrated aquaculture augment agricultural productivity in ways that lower the magnitude of threat to biodiversity compared to non-integrated aquaculture [6,7]. ...
... Although a large number of farmers use agrochemicals such as inorganic fertilizers apparently because such chemicals are assumed to improve productivity [2,5], differences in productivity as a function of fertilization types remain largely unknown. However, many farmers still use these inorganic fertilizers that are known to be associated with pollution, yet the use of such chemicals may imperil not only fish but also other species including plankton, the key primary producers in aquatic ecosystems [8,9]. ...
... The species, C. gariepinus, is a generalist omnivore that is known to feed on natural foods in both its natural and captive environments [10]. African catfish are of great importance as they grow quickly, attain a large size with more flesh and few spines and are also able to withstand a wide range of environmental conditions, thus increasing this taxon's potential to contribute to food security [5]. Given its potential, the species is an excellent candidate for evaluating any differences in productivity as a function of fertilization regimen. ...
Aquaculture offers the opportunity for safeguarding local and global food security in the face of declining capture fisheries. However, the form of aquaculture that is commonly practiced in Kenya is characterized by the use of agrochemicals such as fertilizers that negatively impact biodiversity especially when effluents from fish ponds drain into water bodies. This study aimed to determine differences in the growth rate of Clarias gariepinus, an important aquaculture fish in Kenya, to assess plankton diversity, and to identify phytoplankton species associated with pollution under organic and inorganic fertilization regimens using chicken manure, Diammonium phosphate, and urea, respectively. Average growth rate calculated per day was higher in the organically-fertilized ponds at 0.06 cm/day, followed by inorganically-fertilized ponds at 0.05cm/day and then, the control at 0.04 cm/day. Average weight gain was higher in organically-fertilized ponds at 0.08 g/day followed by ponds fertilized with inorganic fertilizer at 0.07 g/day and the control, at 0.06g/day. There were significant differences in growth rate across fertilization regimens (length: F2, 264= 24.06, p = 0.0399; weight: F2, 264 = 20.89, p = 0. 0457). Specifically, although differences in growth rate of fish in organically and inorganically fertilized ponds were not significant, fish in fertilized ponds were on average, longer and weighed more than those in the control pond. Jaccard’s similarity index for phytoplankton was highest (0.38) between organically-fertilized ponds and control but lowest (0.25) between inorganically-fertilized ponds and control. Use of chicken manure produced the highest diversity of zooplankton (Shannon-Weiner’s H in organically-fertilized pond = 1.886; inorganic = 1.044, and control = 0.935). The use of DAP and urea produced the highest proportion of phytoplankton species associated with pollution. These results do not support the commonly reported notion that ponds fertilized using inorganic fertilizers are more productive. Findings suggest that the use of inorganic fertilizers may threaten biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems through the production of toxic algae.
... Although significant breakthrough has been achieved in these countries with this type of integration, not much has been achieved in Africa except some countries like, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria and Kenya (Eyo et al., 2006). Erick et al. (2013) suggested that livestock-fish integration is one of the most practicable solutions to food insecurity and malnutrition in East African community. In Ethiopia a few attempts have been made on the integration of fish with crop cultivation (Kebede Alemu, 2003;Lemma Desta et al., 2014). ...
... Upaya lain yang dilakukan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tambak wanamina yaitu dengan memadukan kegiatan budidaya dengan kegiatan pertanian dan peternakan (Ogello et al. 2013). Pengelolaan terpadu tersebut terbukti dapat meningkatkan produktivitas tambak disamping mengurangi dampak pencemaran dari kegiatan peternakan. ...
Penerapan wanamina di Indonesia telah berlangsung sejak lama, namun perkembangannya relatif lambat. Adanya konflik kepentingan hingga rendahnya partisipasi masyarakat merupakan kendala yang selalu ada dalam pengembangan wanamina. Meskipun perkembangan penerapan wanamina relatif lambat, namun manfaatnya telah mulai banyak dirasakan oleh masyarakat, mulai dari peningkatan produktivitas budidaya, manfaat hasil samping budidaya, biaya pengelolaan yang rendah hingga manfaat ekologis bagi perlindungan pantai dan daya dukungnya terhadap perikanan tangkap. Peningkatan kualitas lingkungan merupakan manfaat yang paling banyak dirasakan oleh pembudidaya. Sementara jasa-jasa lingkungan dari keberadaan ekosistem mangrove lebih banyak dirasakan oleh masyarakat sekitar khususnya nelayan karena semakin meningkatnya keragaman dan kelimpahan sumber daya ikan. Berbagai upaya pengembangan tata kelola telah dilakukan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan manfaat ekonomisnya serta mengurangi limbah dan biaya produksi dalam budidaya. Pengaturan jenis mangrove hingga pemanfaatan limbah pertanian dan peternakan merupakan strategi yang semakin banyak dipadukan dalam budidaya dengan sistem wanamina. Fungsi perlindungan dan ketahanannya dalam tambak wanamina juga semakin dipertimbangkan dalam pemilihan jenis mangrove yang akan ditanam. Peranan praktis dari jenis vegetasi mangrove menunjukkan adanya dampak yang signifikan dalam pengendalian kualitas lingkungan, penyediaan pakan alami hingga daya dukungnya terhadap sumber daya perikanan secara umum. Potensi pemanfaatan jangka panjang berupa produksi kayu mangrove juga menjadi faktor penting yang perlu dipertimbangkan untuk menghindari konflik pemanfaatan mangrove di masa yang akan datang. Pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove dan tambak secara terpadu diharapkan mampu menjembatani kepentingan pemerintah dalam melindungi wilayah pesisir, petambak dalam melakukan kegiatan budidaya serta nelayan penangkap ikan yang kesemuanya merupakan pemangku kepentingan yang tidak dapat diabaikan. Kata kunci: budidaya, jasa lingkungan, mangrove, pengelolaan, wanamina
... Although significant breakthrough has been achieved in these countries with this type of integration, not much has been achieved in Africa except some countries like, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria and Kenya (Eyo et al., 2006). Erick et al. (2013) suggested that livestock-fish integration is one of the most practicable solutions to food insecurity and malnutrition in East African community. In Ethiopia a few attempts have been made on the integration of fish with crop cultivation (Kebede Alemu, 2003;Lemma Desta et al., 2014). ...
The study on integration of tilapia and vegetable cultivation was conducted at Silkamba, in west shoa zone, Ethiopia.
The Nile tilapia fingerlings were stocked (3/m2) in an earthen pond fertilized with cow dung and poultry excreta at 3:1
ratio. A control pond was maintained without fertilization. The seedlings of the tomato (Cochoro variety) and onion
(Bombay red) were planted on twelve plots prepared adjacent to the ponds. The seedlings on six treatment plots
were grown by addition of the fertilized fish pond water and control plants were supplied with the control pond water.
Physico-chemical parameters like dissolved oxygen, pH, carbon dioxide, alkalinity and nitrate in the treatment pond
remained within the required level for the growth of Nile tilapia. The water temperature was comparatively high which
was more suitable for the production of fish food organisms as well as the fish growth in the pond. The level of
nitrate and total phosphorus in the treatment pond was at the suitable level which enhanced the growth of plankton
and benthic organisms in the pond. The bottom soil in the treatment pond showed comparatively high level of
organic carbon and organic matter than the control pond. The number of tomato fruit and their size were higher in
the treatment plots. Similarly the yield of onion from the treatment plots was higher than the control plot. The total
yield of fish from the treatment was 27.22kg. The results on the analysis of expenditure and income indicated that the
integration of vegetable cultivation using fish pond water alone was more profitable than the conventional method of
vegetable cultivation with the application of fertilizer.
... Traditional Asian tilapia culture has used farm products and by products as fertilizers on integrated terrestrial/aquatic farms to promote primary production in ponds. The integration of livestock production with aquaculture provides an efficient means of utilizing nutrients in farm manures for the production of other consumable products [38] [39]. The same approach to nutrient cycling is at the core of western organic farming methods. ...
Growing global needs for food call for substantial increases in protein production in coming years,
and for diligent conservation efforts. Manures from farm animals have been viewed both as a resource
and as a waste product, but they are critically important sources of nutrients for organic
and integrated farming and for traditional Asian aquaculture. Given constraints on livestock production
and capture fisheries, careful development of the aquaculture industry is a necessity. The
production volume and market share of tilapia are advancing extremely rapidly, and so too is the
proliferation of misinformation and controversy. Culture and feeding practices differ widely, but
feeding is usually recognized as the single largest cost to producers. Traditional Asian integrated
farming practices involve the use of manures and other farm wastes to promote algae and zooplankton
production, serving as a sole or supplemental nutrient source to the food chain that supports
tilapia growout. Tilapia also ingest manures. The efficient use of nutrients from manures can
have multiple benefits to integrated terrestrial agriculture and aquaculture, as long as product
safety and quality are not compromised. With efficient use, handling of manures is simplified, fish
production costs are reduced, fish nutrition can be improved, and potentially polluting materials
are cycled constructively on integrated farms. Consumer and press reactions to the use of farm
manures in food production can be highly polarized. Published responses cover a range of extremes,
from enthusiastic endorsement to volatile reactions and outright rejection; in some areas
this practice is considered to be more of a “PR (Public Relations) problem” than a health hazard.
The perception in online public media that tilapia coming from ponds fertilized with manure are
heavily contaminated with pathogens has not been supported by evidence. The perspectives of
farmers in two major tilapia production areas (China and the Philippines) are included.
... In Kenya, integrated fish culture is still in nascent stages of development with demonstrational infrastructure present in state-owned institutions such as the LBDA in Kisumu and the KMFRI in Sagana and Sangoro (Fig. 9). Nevertheless, farmers have embraced the practice across the country where they use mainly chicken and cow manure for pond fertilization, and have recorded impressive performance in some areas (Ogello and Opiyo, 2011;Ogello et al., 2013). Studies on integrated fish culture on the Kenyan side of the Lake Victoria Basin reported that a 200 m 2 fish pond of O. niloticus fertilized with cow manure provided an additional per capita fish supply of 3.4 kg to a household of seven people for an average annual productivity of about 200 kg/ha/y (Denny et al., 2006). ...
The Kenyan aquaculture sector is broadly categorized into freshwater aquaculture and mariculture. Whereas freshwater aquaculture has recorded significant progress over the last decade, the mariculture sector has yet to be fully exploited. The Kenyan aquaculture industry has seen slow growth for decades until recently, when the government-funded Economic Stimulus Program increased fish farming nationwide. Thus far, the program has facilitated the alleviation of poverty, spurred regional development,
and led to increased commercial thinking among Kenyan fish farmers. Indeed, national aquaculture production grew from 1,000 MT/y in 2000 (equivalent to 1% of national fish production) to 12,000 MT/y, representing 7% of the national harvest, in 2010. The production is projected to hit 20,000 MT/y, representing 10% of total production and valued at USD 22.5 million over the next 5 years. The dominant aquaculture systems in Kenya include earthen and lined ponds, dams, and tanks distributed across the country. The most commonly farmed fish species are Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, which accounts for about 75% of production, followed by African catfish Clarias gariepinus, which contributes about 21% of aquaculture production. Other species include common carp Cyprinus carpio, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, koi carp Cyprinus carpio carpio, and goldfish Carassius auratus. Recently, Kenyan researchers have begun culturing native fish species such as Labeo victorianusand Labeo cylindricus at the National Aquaculture Research Development and Training Centre in Sagana. Apart from limited knowledge of modern aquaculture technology, the Kenyan aquaculture sector still suffers from an inadequate supply of certified quality seed fish and feed, incomprehensive aquaculture policy, and low funding for research. Glaring opportunities in the Kenyan aquaculture industry include the production of live fish food, e.g., Artemia, daphnia and rotifers, marine fish and shellfish larviculture; seaweed farming; cage culture; integrated fish farming; culture of indigenous fishspecies; and investment in the fish feed industry.
This paper examines the impact of integrated agriculture aquaculture (IAA) adoption on productivity and net farm incomes among smallholder fish farming households in Kenya. To control for selection bias, the paper uses an endogenous switching regression model (ESR) on farm-level cross-sectional data from 427 randomly selected farmers from four counties of Kenya. Results show that the adoption of IAA reduces the volatility of net yields and the risk of crop failure while significantly improving farm productivity and farmer income. Other factors found to be associated with an increase in farm productivity and farmer incomes are access to credit, secure land ownership, farmer education, number of economically active members in a household, and farm enterprise diversification. The policy implication is that integrated agriculture aquaculture is a worthwhile agricultural innovation that should be promoted by the national and sub-national governments through, say, improving farmer access to tailored credit facilities, providing appropriate farmer education and training, and linking the farmers to providers of the requisite services and input. While deliberately targeting integrated agriculture aquaculture, the governments should also pay attention to other sector-wide productivity and farmer income-enhancing measures such as access to agricultural credit, security of land tenure, less labor-intensive technologies and agricultural diversification.
This edited book presents the emerging sustainable innovations in all areas of aquaculture in Africa with a view to create an opportunity whereby scientific outputs and recommendations can be endorsed for improved aquaculture outputs towards poverty alleviation and food security on the continent.
Food insecurity and poverty are some of the challenges faced on the African continent. These challenges are further exacerbated by the growing human population and the impacts of climate change. Today, aquaculture has become one of the fastest food producing sectors in the world, with the potential to contribute significantly to food security and poverty alleviation in developing countries. In Africa, aquaculture is at an infant stage, however, many African countries have recognized the potential roles of aquaculture in food security, poverty alleviation and conservation of aquatic resources through their commitment to achieve the United Nation Sustainable Development Goals.
The book reviews and synthesize research work from these thematic areas across Africa and provide a unique perspective on the emerging aquaculture innovations and illustrate how aquaculture practices could be feasible and cost effective while promoting social and environmental sustainability. The book also draws from global discussions on sustainable aquaculture practices and provides recommendations on what is feasible for Africa. This book is a great tool for the university students, scholars, aquaculture farmers, investors, and policymakers to understand the scientific based sustainable aquaculture innovations from an African perspective.
This book is focused on SDG 2 and SDG 14.
This edited book presents the emerging sustainable innovations in all areas of aquaculture in Africa with a view to create an opportunity whereby scientific outputs and recommendations can be endorsed for improved aquaculture outputs towards poverty alleviation and food security on the continent.
Food insecurity and poverty are some of the challenges faced on the African continent. These challenges are further exacerbated by the growing human population and the impacts of climate change. Today, aquaculture has become one of the fastest food producing sectors in the world, with the potential to contribute significantly to food security and poverty alleviation in developing countries. In Africa, aquaculture is at an infant stage, however, many African countries have recognized the potential roles of aquaculture in food security, poverty alleviation and conservation of aquatic resources through their commitment to achieve the United Nation Sustainable Development Goals.
The book reviews and synthesize research work from these thematic areas across Africa and provide a unique perspective on the emerging aquaculture innovations and illustrate how aquaculture practices could be feasible and cost effective while promoting social and environmental sustainability. The book also draws from global discussions on sustainable aquaculture practices and provides recommendations on what is feasible for Africa. This book is a great tool for the university students, scholars, aquaculture farmers, investors, and policymakers to understand the scientific based sustainable aquaculture innovations from an African perspective.
This book is focused on SDG 2 and SDG 14.
