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The functional stability of ecosystems depends greatly on interspecific differences in responses to environmental perturbation. However, responses to perturbation are not necessarily invariant among populations of the same species, so intraspecific variation in responses might also contribute. Such inter-population response diversity has recently b...
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... 154 taxa (29 %) with magnitude response diversity, having response patterns that were consistent in terms of statistical significance and directions of effect, but where the slope or intercept of the observed effect varied significantly among surveys (Fig. 1B). Most commonly, response diversity was in the form of uncertainty, (n = 254, 48 %; Fig. 2A), with some surveys finding non-significant response patterns but others finding statistically significant trends (Fig. 1C). This proportion is higher than would be expected by chance (12-41 %, SI Appendix), indicating this result is not a spurious one emerging from the combination of Type I (false positive) and Type II (false ...
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... 6 % of taxa (n = 32) displayed the most extreme form of intrapopulation response diversity -sign diversity -where repeated surveys detected statistically significant response patterns in opposing directions (Fig. 1D). The latter three classes are not mutually exclusive, and 23 % of taxa (n = 122) exhibited multiple forms of response diversity ( Fig. 2A). For example, a taxon with three surveys might have one with a non-significant result and two with statistically significant responses in opposite directions, demonstrating both uncertainty and sign class. Our results provide quantitative insight into the intra-population response diversity of individual taxa to an environmental ...
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... than half of all taxa (39 %; n = 206) had invariant responses to the forest degradation gradient ( Fig. 2A), in which all surveys gave results that were indistinguishable in terms of their statistical significance, direction and magnitude of effect (Fig. 1A). The proportion of taxa with fully invariant results varied across broad taxonomic groupings, varying from zero in fish to more than half for plants (Fig. 2B). However, all of the 206 ...
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... to the forest degradation gradient ( Fig. 2A), in which all surveys gave results that were indistinguishable in terms of their statistical significance, direction and magnitude of effect (Fig. 1A). The proportion of taxa with fully invariant results varied across broad taxonomic groupings, varying from zero in fish to more than half for plants (Fig. 2B). However, all of the 206 taxa (100 %) with invariant response patterns also had no significant response to the forest degradation gradient in any survey. By contrast, there were 318 taxa that exhibited a significant response in at least one survey, and not one of those (0 %) responded in a fully invariant manner in all surveys, ...
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... of the intra-population response diversity we observed can be ascribed to life history characteristics of the taxa. The number of taxa exhibiting each of the four response diversity classes differed from a null expectation for all taxonomic groups ( Fig. S2; í µí¼ 2 Goodness of fit test, í µí¼ 6 2 > 15.9, p < 0.015). Plants were more likely to have invariant responses than expected by chance, reflecting preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without ...
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... with replacement), from which we quantified an expected null distribution of the number of taxa belonging to each of the seven taxonomic groups (Fig. S2). Groups where the observed number of taxa fell below the 2.5 % or above the 97.5 % quantiles of the null distribution were considered to be significantly under-or over-represented ...
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... copyright holder for this this version posted February 12, 2024. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.02.09.576668 doi: bioRxiv preprint Figure S2. Expected and observed number of taxa within seven broad taxonomic groups exhibiting the four classes of response diversity. ...
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... 154 taxa (29 %) with magnitude response diversity, having response patterns that were consistent in terms of statistical significance and directions of effect, but where the slope or intercept of the observed effect varied significantly among surveys (Fig. 1B). Most commonly, response diversity was in the form of uncertainty, (n = 254, 48 %; Fig. 2A), with some surveys finding non-significant response patterns but others finding statistically significant trends (Fig. 1C). This proportion is higher than would be expected by chance (12-41 %, SI Appendix), indicating this result is not a spurious one emerging from the combination of Type I (false positive) and Type II (false ...
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... 6 % of taxa (n = 32) displayed the most extreme form of intrapopulation response diversity -sign diversity -where repeated surveys detected statistically significant response patterns in opposing directions (Fig. 1D). The latter three classes are not mutually exclusive, and 23 % of taxa (n = 122) exhibited multiple forms of response diversity ( Fig. 2A). For example, a taxon with three surveys might have one with a non-significant result and two with statistically significant responses in opposite directions, demonstrating both uncertainty and sign class. Our results provide quantitative insight into the intra-population response diversity of individual taxa to an environmental ...
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... than half of all taxa (39 %; n = 206) had invariant responses to the forest degradation gradient ( Fig. 2A), in which all surveys gave results that were indistinguishable in terms of their statistical significance, direction and magnitude of effect (Fig. 1A). The proportion of taxa with fully invariant results varied across broad taxonomic groupings, varying from zero in fish to more than half for plants (Fig. 2B). However, all of the 206 ...
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... to the forest degradation gradient ( Fig. 2A), in which all surveys gave results that were indistinguishable in terms of their statistical significance, direction and magnitude of effect (Fig. 1A). The proportion of taxa with fully invariant results varied across broad taxonomic groupings, varying from zero in fish to more than half for plants (Fig. 2B). However, all of the 206 taxa (100 %) with invariant response patterns also had no significant response to the forest degradation gradient in any survey. By contrast, there were 318 taxa that exhibited a significant response in at least one survey, and not one of those (0 %) responded in a fully invariant manner in all surveys, ...
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... of the intra-population response diversity we observed can be ascribed to life history characteristics of the taxa. The number of taxa exhibiting each of the four response diversity classes differed from a null expectation for all taxonomic groups ( Fig. S2; í µí¼ 2 Goodness of fit test, í µí¼ 6 2 > 15.9, p < 0.015). Plants were more likely to have invariant responses than expected by chance, reflecting preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without ...
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... with replacement), from which we quantified an expected null distribution of the number of taxa belonging to each of the seven taxonomic groups (Fig. S2). Groups where the observed number of taxa fell below the 2.5 % or above the 97.5 % quantiles of the null distribution were considered to be significantly under-or over-represented ...
Citations
... We summarized taxon responses from 8,130 combinations of surveys and taxa. We compiled biodiversity data from 55 published data sources (Supplementary Table 1), from which we extracted presence-absence data following the methods of ref. 123. Previous analyses of multi-taxa biodiversity data have demonstrated that comparisons of presence-absence data among taxa are more robust than analyses of abundance data 23,124 . ...
... Moreover, abundance data were not available for all taxa, meaning that presence-absence data are the highest-level data that allowed us to use exactly the same analysis method for all taxa. Data sources that sampled multiple years were split into separate, annual surveys, allowing us to more accurately align biodiversity observations with forest degradation measurements taken at different time points, and to account for year-to-year variation in taxon-specific responses to the same ecological gradient 123 . Data sources that included multiple sampling methods were also split into separate, method-specific surveys 123 . ...
... Data sources that sampled multiple years were split into separate, annual surveys, allowing us to more accurately align biodiversity observations with forest degradation measurements taken at different time points, and to account for year-to-year variation in taxon-specific responses to the same ecological gradient 123 . Data sources that included multiple sampling methods were also split into separate, method-specific surveys 123 . This process resulted in a total of 127 surveys being used for analysis. ...
Logged and disturbed forests are often viewed as degraded and depauperate environments compared with primary forest. However, they are dynamic ecosystems¹ that provide refugia for large amounts of biodiversity2,3, so we cannot afford to underestimate their conservation value⁴. Here we present empirically defined thresholds for categorizing the conservation value of logged forests, using one of the most comprehensive assessments of taxon responses to habitat degradation in any tropical forest environment. We analysed the impact of logging intensity on the individual occurrence patterns of 1,681 taxa belonging to 86 taxonomic orders and 126 functional groups in Sabah, Malaysia. Our results demonstrate the existence of two conservation-relevant thresholds. First, lightly logged forests (<29% biomass removal) retain high conservation value and a largely intact functional composition, and are therefore likely to recover their pre-logging values if allowed to undergo natural regeneration. Second, the most extreme impacts occur in heavily degraded forests with more than two-thirds (>68%) of their biomass removed, and these are likely to require more expensive measures to recover their biodiversity value. Overall, our data confirm that primary forests are irreplaceable⁵, but they also reinforce the message that logged forests retain considerable conservation value that should not be overlooked.
