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Briza media L.-A. Fertile plant habit.-B. Intact spikelet.-C. Lemma, in lateral view.-D. Palea, dorsal view. A-D drawn from Davis & Coode D37157 (K).
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A taxonomic revision of theBrizacomplex was carried out, including the genera accepted by past authors as subgenera or
sections ofBrizas.l. (BrizaL.,CalothecaDesv.,ChascolytrumDesv.,LombardochloaRoseng. & B. R. Arrill.,MicrobrizaParodi ex
Nicora & R´ugolo, andPoidiumNees) as well as other related genera (BrizochloaV. Jir´asek & Chrtek,EriantheciumP...
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... Typification helps determine the correct application of taxa names and establishes nomenclatural types (see Turland et al., 2018). Typification can be published independently with the aim of providing valid and accepted taxon names as soon as possible (see de Oliveira et al., 2009;Haevermans et al., 2013) or this is typically done during taxonomic revisions (see Vorontsova et al., 2013;Veldkamp, 2016), the preparation of synopsis (see Essi et al., 2017), monographs (see Snow et al., 2018), checklists (see Kellogg et al., 2020), proposals for conserving the taxon name (see Greuter and Rodríguez, 2015), the resurrection or reinstatement of submerged taxa (see Nobis et al., 2022), and the presentation of taxon name combinations (see Banfi et al., 2017). In Indonesian bamboos, several typifications have been carried out, such as Widjaja's (1987) revision of the genus Gigantochloa in Malesia, which also involved typification. ...
The name of Gigantochloa taluh Widjaja & Astuti (Poaceae, Bambusoideae) was invalid because of failure to meet the requirements of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, that there was no herbarium location of type specimens was mentioned. A typification was provided here to address this issue.
... The subtribe Calothecinae Soreng (type Calotheca Desv.), one of the multiple subtribes currently recognized within tribe Poeae of the cool-season grass subfamily Pooideae, was described to accommodate two genera, Chascolytrum Desv. (sensu Essi et al. [2017]), including Calotheca Desv., Calamagrostis P.Beauv., Deyeuxia Clarion ex P.Beauv., and Polypogon Desf., and in their plastid analyses, Chascolytrum, D. effusa, and Agrostidinae p.p. formed a polytomy. In a more recent study, Chascolytrum was unresolved in plastid trees, in which a clade of three Chascolytrum species, Chascolytrum rhomboideum (Link) Essi, Longhi-Wagner & Souza-Chies, and Agrostidinae formed a polytomy, and Relchela was part of a clade with Dichelachne, Echinopogon caespitosus, Pentapogon R.Br., and "Deyeuxia" contracta (F.Muell. ...
... Chascolytrum is the largest genus of Calothecinae and currently includes 24 species and two varieties, all native to the Americas (da Silva et al., 2020b). Its highest species diversity is concentrated in the southern Brazilian grasslands (Essi & da Silva, 2018;da Silva et al., 2020a), and the commonest species, Chascolytrum subaristatum Desv., occurs widely in subtropical and temperate regions of South America, extending north to Mexico and occurring as adventitious in Australia (Essi et al., 2017). The generic classification of the species currently recognized in Chascolytrum has varied considerably over time. ...
... In most of these studies, the American species formed a strongly supported clade. However, due to unresolved relationships among lineages in the clade in the studies with the most comprehensive specie sampling (Essi et al., 2008;Persson & Rydin, 2016), Essi et al. (2017) recognized all species within the single genus Chascolytrum rather than recognizing multiple genera, as in Matthei (1975) and other treatments. Recently, both molecular and morphological data have confirmed Chascolytrum as monophyletic, and a classification for the genus, recognizing eight sections within it, has been proposed (da Silva et al., 2020a). ...
The circumscription of the grass subtribe Calothecinae has undergone several changes since its description. Currently, it comprises Chascolytrum and the recently described genera Laegaardia and Paramochloa. Here we evaluate the circumscription of Calothecinae and the recently proposed infrageneric classification of Chascolytrum based on a phylogeny with more comprehensive taxon and molecular marker sampling than in previous studies. We sampled all Calothecinae genera, all but one Chascolytrum species, two South American Trisetum s.l. and representatives of the subtribes Agrostidinae, Brizinae, Echinopogoninae, Koeleriinae, Phalaridinae, and Torreyochloinae within Poaceae tribe Poeae. We performed Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses of four plastid DNA regions (atpF‐atpH, matK, rps16 intron, and trnL‐trnF) and two nuclear ribosomal regions (ITS and ETS). Our results revealed that neither Calothecinae nor Chascolytrum is monophyletic as currently recognized because Trisetum brasiliense and T. bulbosum are nested within Chascolytrum. We include these two Trisetum species in Calothecinae as incertae sedis. Laegaardia and Paramochloa form a clade that is sister to the Chascolytrum + Trisetum clade, and based on morphological characters we transfer the former to the new subtribe Paramochloinae. Our Chascolytrum phylogeny is better resolved and supported than in previous studies, and based on these results we divide Chascolytrum into nine genera, including two new ones: Boldrinia (gen. nov.), Calotheca, Chascolytrum, Erianthecium, Lombardochloa, Microbriza, Poidium, Rhombolytrum, and Rosengurttia (gen. nov.). We provide a key to Calothecinae genera, descriptions of the genera, nomenclatural information, and keys to species of each genus. In addition, six new combinations are proposed.
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... Desv.) after inclusion of several segregate genera such as Erianthecium Parodi (type E. bulbosum Parodi), Rhombolytrum Link (type R. rhomboideum Link), Poidium Nees (P. uniolae (Nees) Matthei sampled) and others (Essi & al., 2017;Silva & al., 2020). Chascolytrum proved monophyletic in this study according to the nrDNA data (89/88/1.00; ...
... The monospecific genus Brizochloa cannot be accommodated under any of the subtribes yet described, and we assign it to a new monogeneric subtribe, Brizochloinae. The exclusion of B. humilis, an annual distributed from the Eastern Mediterranean to Iran, from Briza had already been suggested by previous morphological and molecular studies (Jirásek & Chrtek, 1967;Tzvelev, 1968Tzvelev, , 1976Hoffmann & al., 2013;Persson & Rydin, 2016;Essi & al., 2017). ...
To investigate the evolutionary diversification and morphological evolution of grass supertribe Poodae (subfam. Pooideae, Poaceae) we conducted a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis including representatives from most of its accepted genera. We focused on generating a DNA sequence dataset of plastid matK gene–3′trnK exon and trnL-trnF regions and nuclear ribosomal (nr) ITS1–5.8S gene–ITS2 and ETS that was taxonomically overlapping as completely as possible (altogether 257 species). The idea was to infer whether phylogenetic trees or certain clades based on plastid and nrDNA data correspond with each other or discord, revealing signatures of past hybridization. The datasets were analysed separately, in combination, by excluding taxa with discordant placements in the individual gene trees and with duplication of these taxa in away that each duplicate has only one data partition (plastid or nrDNA). We used maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian approaches. Instances of severe conflicts between the phylogenetic trees derived from both datasets, some of which have been noted earlier, point to hybrid origin of several lineages such as the ABCV clade encompassing several subtribes and subordinate clades, subtribes Airinae, Anthoxanthinae, Antinoriinae, subtr. nov., Aristaveninae, Avenulinae, subtr. nov., Helictochloinae, subtr. nov., Holcinae, Phalaridinae, Scolochloinae, Sesleriinae, Torreyochloinae and genera Arctopoa, Castellia, Graphephorum, Hyalopodium, Lagurus, Macrobriza, Puccinellia plus Sclerochloa, Sesleria, Tricholemma, Tzveleviochloa, etc. ‘Calamagrostis’ flavens appears to be an intergeneric hybrid between Agrostis and Calamagrostis. Analyses excluding all lineages with demonstrably cytonuclear discordance revealed three supported main clades within Poodae that were present in both the plastid and nrDNA trees. They fully corresponded in their delineation but were phylogenetically differently arranged, pointing to hybrid origin of one of them. We propose to consider these main clades in classification as separate tribes Aveneae, Poeae s.str. and Festuceae with a phylogenetic arrangement of Aveneae(Poeae,Festuceae) in plastid versus Festuceae (Aveneae,Poeae) in nrDNA trees. Phylogenetic incongruence of the plastid and nuclear markers extends across all hierarchical taxonomic levels of Poodae, ranging from species (not studied here) to genera, subtribes and tribes, therefore the deepest taxonomic levels, emphasizing the enormous significance of reticulate evolution in this large group of grasses. A partly revised classification is presented, including the introduction of a new tribe Festuceae and a re-instatement of tribe Aveneae. Following a comparatively narrow delineation of preferably monophyletic subtribes, Antinoriinae, Avenulinae, Brizochloinae, Helictochloinae and Hypseochloinae are described as new. New genera are Arctohyalopoa and Hyalopodium. New combinations are Anthoxanthum glabrum subsp. sibiricum, A. nitens subsp. kolymense, Arctohyalopoa ivanovae, A. jurtzevii, A. lanatiflora, A. momica, Colpodium biebersteinianum, C. kochii, C. pisidicum, C. trichopodum, C. verticillatum, Dupontia fulva, Festuca masafuerana, F. robinsoniana, Graphephorum canescens, G. cernuum, Hyalopodium araraticum, Paracolpodium baltistanicum, Parapholis cylindrica, P. ×pauneroi. Festuca dolichathera and F. masatierrae are new names.
... Chascolytrum Desvaux (1810: 190) belongs to Poaceae, subfamily Pooideae (Poeae s.l., Poeae chloroplast group I, Calothecinae, Soreng et al. 2015Soreng et al. , 2017, and comprises 23 species distributed in subtropical and temperate areas of South America (da Silva et al. 2020). The highest species diversity is concentrated in southernmost South America, and one species, C. subaristatum (Lamarck 1791: 187) Desvaux (1810: 190), extends to northern Mexico and is adventitious in Australia (Essi et al. 2017). Chascolytrum is distinguished from other genera included in Poeae chloroplast group I by having fibrous basal leaf sheaths, 3-to many-flowered spikelets, and straight pedicels (da Silva et al. 2020). ...
... Chascolytrum ambiguum is distributed further northeast in Rio Grande do Sul than C. serranum, extending to the highlands of Santa Catarina, up to Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, inhabiting rock cliffs and rocky grasslands over 1200 m elevation (Essi et al. 2017, Essi & da Silva 2018. Conversely, C. serranum is restricted to the Serra Geral National Park and surroundings, in Rio Grande do Sul, inhabiting river banks or swamps, at around 1000 m elevation. ...
Chascolytrum serranum, a new species of C. sect. Hildaea restricted to Serra Geral National Park and surroundings, in Cambará do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, is described and illustrated. The new species is morphologically similar to C. ambiguum and C. juergensii var. angustilemma, but is distinguished from them mainly by having paleas more than 2/3 the length of the lemmas (up to 2/3 the length of the lemmas in C. ambiguum and C. juergensii var. angustilemma), glabrous and smooth lemmas (strigose in C. juergensii var. angustilemma), and puberulous paleas (glabrous in C. ambiguum). The species can be recognized in the field by the purplish and shiny spikelets. It inhabits river banks and, less frequently, swamps.
... Comparison of the main classifications for the species currently accepted under Chascolytrum s.l., excluding Briza s.s., and the new classification proposed in this study. A dash indicates species not treated by the author Author Matthei (1975) Longhi-Wagner (1987) Bayón (1998) Essi et al. (2017) the nuclear granule bound starch synthase (GBSSI) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS), a clearly wellsupported separation between the South American clade (=Chascolytrum s.l.) and the Eurasian clade (=Briza s.s.) was recovered. Gymnachne, Rhombolytrum and Erianthecium were recovered in the South American clade and included as synonyms in a wider circumscription of Chascolytrum. ...
... Their phylogenetic analyses revealed three lineages, thereafter recognized as three independent genera accepted in the current circumscription of the (Persson & Rydin, 2016)]. More recently, Essi et al. (2017) presented a new revision for the group, accepting Briza, Brizochloa and Chascolytrum as independent genera, and included all South American species previously included in the Briza complex in Chascolytrum s.l. However, the morphological and phylogenetic relationships in the Chascolytrum clade remain poorly understood. ...
... Chascolytrum currently comprises 22 or 23 species (Essi et al. 2017;Clayton et al., 2019); as a genus, it is not easy to circumscribe and requires a combination of multiple morphological characters to distinguish it from morphologically similar genera (Essi et al., 2017). It may be characterized by perennial plants (vs. ...
Chascolytrum, as currently circumscribed, includes 22–23 South American species that were previously included in nine different genera (Chascolytrum, Briza, Poidium, Calotheca, Microbriza, Gymnachne, Rhombolytrum, Lombardochloa and Erianthecium). Due to the remarkable morphological diversity, the relationships in Chascolytrum s.l. have remained poorly understood, and no infrageneric classification could be proposed based on the latest molecular phylogenetic studies. In this study, we combined molecular (GBSSI, trnL-trnL-trnF and rps16 intron) and morphological characters to investigate the phylogenetic relationships in Chascolytrum s.l. Based on this, morphologically diagnosable clades were recognized as eight sections (Calotheca, Chascolytrum, Hildaea, Lombardochloa, Microbriza, Obovatae, Poidium and Tricholemma), of which three are new and three are monospecific. We describe each section and discuss the new infrageneric classification in comparison with the previous infrageneric classification proposed for the group under the genus Briza. A taxonomic key and images for most of the species in each section are provided. Last, the use of single-copy nuclear genes and morphological data for future phylogenetic reconstructions encompassing Chascolytrum is highlighted.
... Las tres especies euroasiáticas del Complejo Briza son aceptadas taxonómicamente por todos los autores que han revisado el género. El género Chascolytrum incluye todas las especies sudamericanas aceptadas del complejo Briza (Essi, Longhi-Wagner y Souza-Chies, 2017). ...
El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir la anatomía foliar y caulinar de Chascolytrum subaristatum (Poaceae) presente en áreas naturales de la provincia de Entre Ríos. Se realizaron transcortes y preparados epidérmicos de la parte media de hojas de innovaciones estériles y transcortes de tallo de innovaciones reproductivas. Las observaciones realizadas a nivel epidérmico manifestaron que Chascolytrum subaristatum es de tipo festucoide presentando cuerpos silícicos costales redondeados o alargados con paredes levemente onduladas, células epidérmicas más largas que anchas, con paredes anticlinales sinuosas y rectas, estomas de forma ovoide, células subsidiarias oblongas, tricomas tipo gancho. En transcorte la estructura anatómica foliar presenta un patrón anatómico de gramíneas C 3 , sin embargo, Chascolytrum presenta células de parénquima incoloro en el mesofilo, no descriptas para el tipo festucoideo.Las paredes periclinales externas de las células epidérmicas de las cara adaxial y abaxial se encuentran impregnadas de lignina. Los tallos presentaron sección circular. Se observó una epidermis uniestratificada, sin pelos y con cutícula gruesa y un anillo esclerenquimático subepidérmico. Los haces vasculares colaterales cerrados se disponen en 3-4 anillos concéntricos, con médula parenquimática o médula hueca.
... (1979:260), Microbriza Parodi ex Nicora & Rúgolo (1981:292), Poidium Nees (1836 and Rhombolytrum Link (1833:296). According to Essi et al. (2017), this genus can be distinguished by the following characteristics: "plants perennial, with extravaginal basal innovations, rarely intravaginal; paleas chartaceous to coriaceous, elliptic or elliptic-orbicular to orbicular, glabrous or ciliate on the keels, or membranous, then linear-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, ciliate on the keels; spikelets laterally compressed, cylindrical to globose; pedicels straight; lemmas narrow or wide, cordate or not at the base." In Brazil, there are 18 species distributed in South and Southeasth regions, with its diversity center in high altitude grasslandes of Southern Brazil (Essi et al. 2008). ...
... Among the great diversity of morphologies in Chascolytrum, there is a species that presents bulbous-like rhizomes: Chascolytrum bulbosum ((Parodi) 1943:75) L. Essi, Longhi-Wagner & Souza-Chies (2011:328) endemic from Pampa biome, in Rio Grande do Sul state and Uruguay (Essi et al. 2017). This species is so morphologically distinct that was placed in the monotypic genus Erianthecium Parodi (1943:75) before a phylogenetic classification proposed by Essi et al. (2011), and now we found an undescribed species morphologically relative to C. bulbosum by the presence of bulbous-like rhizomes and awned lemmas, bilobed at the apex, differing by some characteristics discussed below. ...
During field works in Santa Catarina state, we found a new species of Chascolytrum that presents a bulb-like rhizome. This species is similar to Chascolytrum bulbosum, from Pampa biome, differing by glabrous leaf blades, inflorescences larger and laxer, longer spikelets and paleas glabrous between the keels. We additionally provide field and studio photographs and assess its conservation status according to IUCN criteria.
... Comparison of the main classifications for the species currently accepted under Chascolytrum s.l., excluding Briza s.s., and the new classification proposed in this study. A dash indicates species not treated by the author Author Matthei (1975) Longhi-Wagner (1987) Bayón (1998) Essi et al. (2017) the nuclear granule bound starch synthase (GBSSI) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS), a clearly wellsupported separation between the South American clade (=Chascolytrum s.l.) and the Eurasian clade (=Briza s.s.) was recovered. Gymnachne, Rhombolytrum and Erianthecium were recovered in the South American clade and included as synonyms in a wider circumscription of Chascolytrum. ...
... Their phylogenetic analyses revealed three lineages, thereafter recognized as three independent genera accepted in the current circumscription of the (Persson & Rydin, 2016)]. More recently, Essi et al. (2017) presented a new revision for the group, accepting Briza, Brizochloa and Chascolytrum as independent genera, and included all South American species previously included in the Briza complex in Chascolytrum s.l. However, the morphological and phylogenetic relationships in the Chascolytrum clade remain poorly understood. ...
... Chascolytrum currently comprises 22 or 23 species (Essi et al. 2017;Clayton et al., 2019); as a genus, it is not easy to circumscribe and requires a combination of multiple morphological characters to distinguish it from morphologically similar genera (Essi et al., 2017). It may be characterized by perennial plants (vs. ...
Chascolytrum, as currently circumscribed, includes 22-23 South American species that were previously included in nine different genera (Chascolytrum, Briza, Poidium, Calotheca, Microbriza, Gymnachne, Rhombolytrum, Lombardochloa and Erianthecium). Due to the remarkable morphological diversity, the relationships in Chascolytrum s.l. have remained poorly understood, and no infrageneric classification could be proposed based on the latest molecular phylogenetic studies. In this study, we combined molecular (GBSSI, trnL-trnL-trnF and rps16 intron) and morphological characters to investigate the phylogenetic relationships in Chascolytrum s.l. Based on this, morphologically diagnosable clades were recognized as eight sections (Calotheca, Chascolytrum, Hildaea, Lombardochloa, Microbriza, Obovatae, Poidium and Tricholemma), of which three are new and three are monospecific. We describe each section and discuss the new infrageneric classification in comparison with the previous infrageneric classification proposed for the group under the genus Briza. A taxonomic key and images for most of the species in each section are provided. Last, the use of single-copy nuclear genes and morphological data for future phylogenetic reconstructions encompassing Chascolytrum is highlighted.
... Hoy en día, la postura adoptada de modo más general es la de considerar un género Chascolytrum que agrupa los táxones sudamericanos frente a los eurasiáticos, reunidos en Briza s. str. (Essi et al., 2008(Essi et al., , 2010(Essi et al., , 2011(Essi et al., , 2017Persson & Rydin, 2016;WCSP, 2016). ...
... Esta planta tiene espiguillas de 3-7 mm, mucho menores que las de B. maxima y normalmente numerosas, pedicelos más cortos que la espiguilla correspondiente, al contrario que B. minor, y una apariencia particular de sus panículas, ramificadas y erectas; estos caracteres hacen difícil su confusión con las especies presentes en el Mediterráneo occidental. Este conjunto de características provocó su segregación en el género Brizochloa V. Jirásek & Chrtek, propuesta que, a pesar de no haber sido unánimemente aceptada (Matthei, 1975;Moss & Murray, 1990;Tutin, 1993;Seregin, 2008), ha sido adoptada recientemente por B. Valdés y H. Scholz en la base de datos Euro+Med (2006-) y Essi et al. (2017) en su última revisión del género. ...
Se presenta un tratamiento taxonómico para las especies del género Briza (Poaceae) en la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares, en el ámbito del proyecto Flora iberica. Este tratamiento se fundamenta en la revisión de 2494 especímenes que proceden de diversos herbarios, tanto españoles como del resto de Europa, y en el estudio comparativo de caracteres morfológicos asociados a 112 especímenes conservados en MA, mediante el análisis de variables biométricas. Reconocemos un total de tres especies en el territorio mencionado. Además de las descripciones morfológicas, se incluye información adicional sobre su distribución, hábitat y número cromosomático, además de una clave para la determinación de las especies tratadas y una ilustración de Briza media.
