Figure 4
Breakthrough curves of synthetic and real chrome-plating wastewater (after Na 2 SO 3 reduction of chromate in acidic medium and followed by neutralization) on an Amberlite IRC-50 weakly acidic cation exchanger. Solution pH: 3.0; Cr(III) concentration: 300 ppm; amount of resin: 5.4 g; throughput rate: 1.3 mL/min.
Source publication
Two laboratory-scale separation processes have been developed for the recovery of copper (II) from acidic and cyanide-containing alkaline wastewater of electroplating industries. Acidic bath wastes were treated with Dowex 50X8, a strongly acidic cation-exchange resin, and the retained copper was eluted with H2SO4. The cyanide-containing alkaline ba...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... ppm Cr(VI) stock solution (originally at pH 2). The mixture was diluted to 500 mL with water to obtain a Cr(III) solution at approximately pH 3. A 625-mL volume of this final solution (containing 300 ppm of converted Cr(III)) was passed through a 5.4-g, Amberlite IRC-50, weakly acidic resin bed at 1.3 mL/min to obtain the breakthrough curve (See Fig. 4) en- abling the calculation of the resin capacity. The same reduction was performed on the Cr(VI)-plating wastewater (originally at pH 2), and 600 mL volume of the fi- nal 300-ppm Cr(III) solution at approximately pH 3 was enough to saturate the same amount of resin (Fig. 4) All adsorption and desorption data were obtained from 3-5 ...
Context 2
... acidic resin bed at 1.3 mL/min to obtain the breakthrough curve (See Fig. 4) en- abling the calculation of the resin capacity. The same reduction was performed on the Cr(VI)-plating wastewater (originally at pH 2), and 600 mL volume of the fi- nal 300-ppm Cr(III) solution at approximately pH 3 was enough to saturate the same amount of resin (Fig. 4) All adsorption and desorption data were obtained from 3-5 experiments, and the efficiencies are given within 95% confidence limits as mean [standard deviation x t .95 / (number of measurements) 1/2 ...
Context 3
... medium. For Na 2 SO 3 -reduced Cr solutions contain- ing 300 ppm Cr(III), the breakthrough capacity of the resin was 0.47 mmol/g at pH 3 and a throughput rate of 1.3 mL/min. Cr(III) converted from real wastewa- ter by Na 2 SO 3 reduction was tested under identical conditions as the preliminary experiment to yield the breakthrough curves, shown in Fig. 4, at a Cr-removal ef- ficiency of 98.3 ( ...
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... Chromium is used in several industries such as iron, steel, leather, metal coating, textile industry, electric power plants, coil coating, electroplating, film, photography, galvanometer, and automotive battery manufacturing industries [4][5][6][7]. The disposal of this commonly used metal in the environment causes critical pollution [8]. Moreover, searching for an important approach to remove such contaminants is an indispensable task for researchers. ...
The presence of heavy metals in wastewater is an environmental concern and the current treatment procedures are very expensive so it is necessary to find effective and inexpensive biosorbents. In this study, Fucus vesiculosus was used as a biosorbent for the biosorption of Cr(III) ions from the aqueous solutions. Biosorption parameters, such as pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and initial concentrations of Cr(III) had the most impact on the sorption process. The required pH value for sorption was 5, the biosorbent dose was 4.0 g/L, the contact time was seen to occur after 90 min, and the Cr(III) removal decreased from 98.9 to 92%. The maximum biosorption capacity of chromium was 14.12 mg/g. FTIR analysis of Fucus vesiculosus biomass before the sorption process contains carboxyl, amino, hydroxyl, alkyne, and carbonyl groups, and according to the analysis after the sorption process, it was found that Cr(III) metal ions were incorporated within the sorbent during the interaction with (=C–H) active functional groups. The biosorption data were found to be perfectly suited by Langmuir equilibrium isotherm model. According to the results of this study, Fucus vesiculosus is an effective biosorbent for the removal of Cr(III) from aqueous solutions.
... Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS and ETAAS), energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), and UV-VIS spectrophotometry are commonly used techniques for total Cr determination. Ion exchange techniques have also been used to remove chromium from wastewater and determine it properly (Bulut et al., 2009;El-Feky et al., 2023;Kanberoglu et al., 2019;Musielak et al., 2024;Narin et al., 2002Narin et al., , 2008Ozkantar et al., 2020;Yalçin et al., 2001). ...
A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method had been applied to speciate chromium in natural and wastewater samples. MWCNTs@CuAl2O4@SiO2 nanocomposite was synthesized by sol–gel and calcination methods and then characterized using SEM, FTIR, and XRD techniques. MWCNTs@CuAl2O4@SiO2 was used to extract Cr(VI) as pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate chelates. Some analytical parameters involving pH, ligand (APDC) and adsorbent amounts, sample initial and final volume, and the effects of matrices were tested and optimized. For the oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI), potassium permanganate was used, and after that, the presented method was applied to determine the total chromium levels. The calculations were carried out to obtain Cr(III) concentration by finding differences between total chromium and Cr(VI) concentrations. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 6.2 µg L⁻¹ and 20.8 µg L⁻¹, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for chromium speciation in wastewater samples.
... In order to obtain a high enrichment factor in the separation-preconcentration procedures, sample volume is another important parameter to be optimized (Abukhadra et al. 2019;Apak et al. 1995;Elçi et al. 2000, Jalbani andSoylak 2015;Soylak 2004;Tumsek 2019;Yalcin et al. 2001). The influence of the sample volume upon the recovery of Sudan III was investigated between 10 and 40 mL. ...
A novel, accurate, and rapid procedure is reported using supramolecular liquid-phase microextraction of Sudan III combined with spectrophotometric detection at 510 nm. Analytical conditions such as the pH, supramolecular solvent volume, tetrahydrofuran (THF) volume, ultrasonication and centrifugation duration, initial and final sample volumes, and matrix effects were optimized. The quantitative recovery of Sudan III was obtained at pH 4.0. The relative standard deviation was less than 5%. The preconcentration factor was 33. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.79 μg L⁻¹ and 2.6 μg L⁻¹, respectively. The presented microextraction procedure was applied to determination of Sudan III in fortified spices including sumac, pepper flakes, soy sauce, and chili powder.
... Copper is the third most and Zn 2+ is the second most abundant metal ion next to Fe 3+ ion. Among the various metal ions, copper plays a crucial role in chemical industries, biology and biomedical applications [4,5]. Copper can act as a catalyst in the field of organic synthesis and plays a vital role in catalytic cofactor for metalloenzymes [6]. ...
Keywords: Schiff's base Colorimetric sensing Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ ANTI-DMN DFT A B S T R A C T Diaminomaleonitrile and 4-antipyrene carboxaldehyde based Schiff base probe (ANTI-DMN) was synthesized and it exhibits high sensitivity and selectivity towards Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ in semi-aqueous medium (CH 3 CN:H 2 O, 7:3 v/v). Upon interaction with Cu 2+ /Zn 2+ ANTI-DMN showed an instant colour change from colorless to yellow. The sensing ability was further confirmed with various spectroscopic techniques such as UV-Vis, NMR, FT-IR, and ESI-MS. The binding nature of the probe was determined by Job's plot, from this stoichiometric binding ratio of the probe was calculated to be 1:1 for Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ ions. The limit of detection of Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ ions were found to be 0.204 µM and 2.014 µM respectively, which is lesser than the WHO allowed limit in drinking water. The ANTI-DMN coated test kit was developed by using silica supported TLC plates, which provided a quick colorimetric response of Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ ions. Moreover, the theoretical calculations were performed using the DFT/TD-DFT method. ANTI-DMN proved to be an excellent probe for the rapid colorimetric detection of Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ ions in a semi-aqueous medium.
... Therefore, finding out how to effectively remove and separate toxic heavy metal ions from water is a necessary and challenging task [1,2]. Traditional treatment methods including chemical precipitation [3], electrochemical deposition [4], ion exchange [5,6], membrane separation [7], extraction [8], and adsorption [9] have been applied. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of these traditional methods in the uptake of metal cations such as copper, chromium, zinc, cadmium, nickel, and lead [10][11][12][13][14]. ...
The very good extraction selectivity of Cu²⁺ from water was demonstrated with a new microchannel equipment, by employing di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as an extractant and kerosene as a solvent. The effects of different experimental parameters on the extraction efficiency E, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient KLa, and the entrainment were experimentally investigated. The results showed that the extraction efficiency increased with increasing temperature, extractant concentration, phase ratio (organic/aqueous), and pH. The total flow rate, phase ratio, and pH were found to have a great effect on the mass transfer, whereas the temperature and the extractant concentration showed little effect.
... Commonly the concentration of copper is high in untreated wastewaters of a lot of industries like iron and steel, leather tanning, metal plating, textile, battery and metal finishing industries and it is important to treat the wastewater of these industries. On the other hand, in some industrial processes due to product purity, the decrease of this metal concentration to very low levels is required [87]. To reduce and remove Cu, various methods and technologies like chemical precipitation, membrane separation, solvent extraction and ion exchange have been adopted. ...
Ion exchange technology has received outstanding attention in a wide variety of industries, includingwater treatment, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals and hydrometallurgy due to its fast and high-efficiency operations. In hydrometallurgical applications, ion exchange resins have been used increasingly for the recovery and purification ofmetal pregnant solutions or for effluent treatment.This chapter devoted to an integrated evaluation of the present uses and future developments of the ion exchange resins in extraction and recovery of precious and noble metals including gold, silver, copper, uranium and iron.Adetailed discussion about the recent advances of the ion exchange technique in metal recovery from their pregnant solutions is also presented from the aspects of anion metal adsorption on the resins and metal-loaded resin elution. Besides comprehensive overview about the effectiveness of surface modified resins, the major limitations of the resin adsorption techniques are pointed out.
... Additionally, the solution consists mainly of Na + and CH 3 COO -, which directly used for electroplating industry after pH adjustment. 58,59 The residual solution can be re-circulated in the system as shown in Figure 13 approaching closed-loop and resource efficient. The global recovery efficiencies of Al, Fe and Li are 99.47%, ...
In recent years, recovery of metals from spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) has become increasingly important due to their
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and recycling selectivity of valuable metal(s) and high potential of secondary waste generation. In this research, an
effective and sustainable approach for selective leaching of lithium from spent LiFePO4 batteries was demonstrated. By
properly adjusting or control the oxidative state and proton activity of the leaching solution, lithium was found to be
selectively leached with a high recovery efficiency. The aluminium remained as the metallic form, and iron as FePO4 in the
solid residue which can be easily separated by sieving. The effects of a range of parameters (i.e. acid concentration, initial
volume fraction of oxidant, liquid-to-solid ratio, reaction temperature and time) during lithium leaching were
comprehensively investigated. The selective reaction mechanisms were clarified and the controlling step for the leaching
kinetics was identified. Based on the laboratory scale results, a pilot batch process was developed and simulated. The
process is found to be techno-economically feasible and environmentally friendly for recycling of spent LiFePO4 batteries
using selective leaching. High purity Li2CO3 (99.95 wt.%) could be obtained with high recovery rate. This research
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... Cr (III) and Cr (VI), whereas Cr (VI) compounds are more harmful (10-to 1000-fold) and more soluble than Cr (III) compounds [10]. Also, different sources like electroplating, photographic materials and leather industries [11,12] produce Cr (III) which readily diffuses in the environment and accumulates in living cells [13,14]. Accidental chromium ingestion causes stomach upsets, ulcers, kidneys and liver damages, and even death. ...
The adsorption of heavy metal ions (Cr3+, Pb2+ and Cd2+) by metal oxide monoliths (Fe2O3 and Fe2O3/SiO2)
synthesized via nanocasting method using SiO2 monoliths as a template was studied. The adsorption
experiments were performed in different batches by varying key parameters and the equilibrium
between the adsorbents and metal ion solution was achieved in �120 min at pH 6. The maximum monolayer
adsorption efficiency for Pb (II), Cr (III) and Cd (II) ions was 850, 770 and 690 mg/g, respectively, for
the magnetic Fe2O3/SiO2 monoliths. The experimental data show best fit with the pseudo-second-order
reaction type. The adsorption data found to be well fitted using Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms.
The adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous in nature, as confirmed by the thermodynamic
parameters. Furthermore, the photocatalytic degradation of an industrial dye e.g., remazol black
XP (RxP) by Fe2O3/SiO2 monoliths was done from wastewater and the photocatalytic efficiency of the
monoliths (using different amount) has been evaluated under visible light source which gives the best
results (97.8%) for the monolith concentration 0.10 g/L.
... For this, several methods have been developed. These conventional techniques include chemical precipitation after an initial reduction step [25,26], coagulation [27][28][29], flocculation [30][31][32], adsorption by activated carbon [33][34][35], ion exchange [36,37], and liquid-phase polymer-based retention techniques (LPR) [38][39][40]. Most recently, other alternative technologies include the use of chromium-tolerant bacteria to reduce Cr(VI) ions to less toxic Cr(III) species [41], the use of agricultural waste as a low-cost adsorbent material [40], and the use of crab shells [39] and fly ash as alternative adsorbents [38]. ...
The poly([(2-methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride) [P(MOTA)] based chelating resin was synthesized by radical polymerization and employed for Cr(VI) removal. The sorption capacity of this resin was very high with a fast sorption rate for Cr(VI) obeying a pseudo-second order kinetic model. In agreement to diffusion model equations, the rate determining step was film diffusion according to the infinite solution volume (ISV) model and reacted layer in accordance with the unreacted core (UC) model. In a column-mode sorption study, the breakthrough capacity obtained was 24.3 mg Cr/mL-resin. The elution of Cr(VI) from the resin was achieved using a mixture of 1.0 mol/L NaOH and 1.0 mol/L NaCl with an elution efficiency of about 100 %. Based on FT-IR measurements, it was clearly understood that Cr(VI) was sorbed by the resin through the quaternary amine functional groups.
... Many researchers using different types of organic exchangers for the removal of Cr(III) have found their strong affinity for Cr(III) ions [5,[7][8][9][10]. However, most of the studies were limited to only H + or Na + form of these exchangers. ...
In the present study, we have investigated the counter-ion effect on the thermodynamics of Cr(III) sorption by macroporous resin Amberlyst-15. The exchange reaction was studied as a function of concentration of Cr(III) and nature of counter-ions at different temperatures. It was observed that nature of counter-ions have a profound effect on the exchange of Cr(III) ions. The selectivity of Amberlyst-15 towards metal ion sorption follows the order univalent>divalent> trivalent forms. This trend can be associated to the electrostatic interaction of ions with the functional sites of the resin. The equilibrium pH values (pH
