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Boundary changes in different versions of JNSA master plan: (a) first edition 1991-2010; (b) second edition 2008-2020; (c) third edition 2014-; (d) third edition 2014 (recommended edition, two towns included inside of the scenic area).
Source publication
Rapid land use change in the surroundings of protected areas is rampant worldwide. This process is poorly understood and raises questions on how it happens, who shapes it, and the role of administration. To address these questions, we applied a case study in Jinfo National Scenic Area, China, and examined the relationships between land use change,...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... the boundary of the JNSA has not always been stable. In the history of the JNSA, there have been three revisions of its master plan (Figure 2). One of the most important changes in these revisions concerned the boundary between the scenic area and the buffer area (the main component of the surroundings, another part is experimental area). ...
Context 2
... of the most important changes in these revisions concerned the boundary between the scenic area and the buffer area (the main component of the surroundings, another part is experimental area). The first plan, released in 1991, established the JNSA's conservation framework with its designation as a scenic area and of the buffer area surrounding it (SIUPD, 1991) (Figure 2(a)). In addition, the management challenges (tourism and housing development and the JNSA being in two provinces) led to a reduction of almost half of the scenic area in the second master plan (Figure 2(b)), from 441 km 2 to 266 km 2 , involved 50,000 local residents living in the scenic area and made uncontrolled tourism development much easier to execute in Sanquan (SIUPD, 2007). ...
Context 3
... first plan, released in 1991, established the JNSA's conservation framework with its designation as a scenic area and of the buffer area surrounding it (SIUPD, 1991) (Figure 2(a)). In addition, the management challenges (tourism and housing development and the JNSA being in two provinces) led to a reduction of almost half of the scenic area in the second master plan (Figure 2(b)), from 441 km 2 to 266 km 2 , involved 50,000 local residents living in the scenic area and made uncontrolled tourism development much easier to execute in Sanquan (SIUPD, 2007). In 2012, negotiations began for a third revision of the master plan. ...
Context 4
... was a strong support for expanding the scenic area zone to the original level to better integrate the scenic area with its surroundings. Nevertheless, no decision has been made at present (Figure 2(c) and (d)). ...
Context 5
... another primary issue may be confusion regarding the strategies, goals, and responsibilities of scenic areas and their surroundings. Interviews with the JMMC's managers highlighted that boundary changes in the JNSA within different versions of the master plan (Qin, 2015) (Figure 2) provide obvious evidence of the issue, resulting in zoning quandaries and unsustainable management agendas for the past 30 years. It demonstrates that a well-formulated master plan, with stable boundaries and geared towards conservation and sustainable development, is desperately needed. ...
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Citations
... Studies of direct urban impacts on biodiversity, such as food consumption affect a greater area, but few studies have quantified urban indirect impacts on biodiversity [1]. Land use change in the surroundings of protected areas (conservation areas) is rampant worldwide [2]. Land use and land cover (LULC) change was fragmenting natural ecosystems, with major consequences for biodiversity [3. ...
There will be nearly 2 billion new residents by 2030 due to human migration and population growth, yet the consequences of both current and future urbanization on biodiversity conservation are poorly known. However, an increase in the awareness of the consequences on the role of biodiversity in sustaining livelihoods and human wellbeing has been translated into the various movements, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), especially SDG15 and SDG3. Conservation areas (CAs) have become one of the solutions to uphold ecosystem sustainability for biodiversity conservation. Thus, the study aimed to analyze the changes in land use and land cover (LULC) surrounding the CA - Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) Natural Heritage Site, Malaysia. The objectives were: 1) to quantify the changes of LULC, 2) to construct the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), of FRIM and the surroundings, thus representing the Malaysian terrestrial CAs and, 3) to suggest LULC changes- based criteria for CA buffer zone (CABAs). The data used were spatial data and satellite images and, ERDAS Imagine and ArcGIS software to execute the analysis. The study revealed a reduction in forest areas and addition in built-up (housing) and water bodies. There was an encroachment of built-up area (housing) into the FRIM. Therefore, the study suggested buffer zones for FRIM, a shield to prevent the stresses caused by urbanization and encroachment activities that may jeopardize the intactness of the conservation areas. The study also provided an effort to formulate a more effective strategy for enhancing sustainable development to the policymakers.
... Besides, we utilize the changed gravity model to decide the spatial affiliation network of the travel industry ecoproficiency. On this premise, the informal community examination strategy is utilized to investigate the spatial organization structure attributes of the travel industry ecoproficiency in the Yangtze River Delta metropolitan agglomeration and its effects on corporate ecoproductivity and migration [7][8][9][10]. ...
From a temporal perspective, this paper examines the scale, current development, business versatility, and overall work effects of regional the movement business work, taking into account the three-level proportions of the degree of the movement business in the context of the common Internet of Things. From a spatial standpoint, we recognize the adjacent city as the primary investigative unit, take on various markers, and lead an extensive assessment of the territorial improvement of the provincial travel industry work through even and vertical correlations. This paper utilizes numerous direct relapse examinations to set up the connection between the advancement level of the district of the travel industry economy and the impacting factors; arranged by size of impact, they are the travel industry asset gift, area traffic conditions, and monetary turn of events. Utilizing a blend of a solitary pointer and various markers, the area of the travel industry economy is assessed and dissected for contrasts in existence. We select the absolute travel industry income as a pointer and use strategies like reach. To assess the time difference of the movement of the business economy in each location, standard deviation, coefficient of assortment, and coefficient were used. To examine the data, we use the Granger causality test and several methodology components influencing the travel industry work nearby and the development mode. Through the foundation of a primary model of the travel industry work development element framework, causality test and different strategies are taken on to examine the provincial travel industry business affecting variables and development techniques, and the outcomes show that the local travel industry business development mode is a speculation driven the travel industry work development mode.
... The foundation for this final formative chapter is built on the findings from the previous chapters: major land-use changes (Chapter 2), unplanned expansion and insignificant role of actors, including farmers in ULUC (Chapter 3), and considerable farmer livelihood differences (Chapter 4). This chapter focuses on analyzing farmers' resistance to urban land-use change in response to the questions of the primary reasons for this resistance, as well as experts' opinions on and the governmental responses to the farmers' resistance (Moreda, 2015;Du, Penabaz-Wiley and Kinoshita, 2019). I conducted focus group discussions with farmers from neighboring villages, local agricultural extension experts, and key informant interviews with local government officials to uncover the underlying reasons and outcomes of farmers' resistance to land-use change. ...
This PhD dissertation examines the impact of rapid urbanization on land use changes and farmers livelihood in Ethiopia, to better understand urban development in developing countries and ensure its long-term sustainability. It accomplishes so by analyzing changes in land use and farmer livelihoods and identifying major stakeholders and farmers' responses to urbanization in the area. The dissertation is divided into four sections.
First, the impact of urbanization on land-use changes is modeled using an integrated cellular automata-Markov chain coupling with the Analytical Hierarchy Process approach throughout 1991–2045. The results reveal that in the last decades, the built-up area was characterized by sprawl by encroaching mainly farmland, rangelands, and vegetation. Nonetheless, future projections show there will likely be urban densification in different parts of the city rather than sprawl. The findings sparked a further investigation into the land-use change process.
Second, the major agents’ roles, features, and challenges of the urban land-use dynamics are analyzed from urban planners, academicians, community association leaders, civil society leaders, and government officials using key informant interviews. The research explores an institutional, administrative and resource-related challenge in the state-dominated, unplanned, and underserviced urban land-use change process.
Third, the impact of rapid urban expansion on the livelihood of communities, who are mostly farmers, is analyzed using a survey from more than three hundred farmers in the urban fringes villages: Zenezelima, Addis-Alem, and Weramit. The research result shows land expropriated farmers compared to those who do not have shown substantial differences in livelihood parameters: farm income, off-farm income, primary expenditure type, and perceptions to the benefit of urbanization. This ignites for enquiring and elucidating farmers’ response to the changes.
Fourth, land expropriated farmers in groups are asked about their reflections and resistances to the livelihood changes coupled with local experts' outlook that finally forwarded to the local government authorities. The study unearths the causes of frequent farmers' resistances in the area and governments' responses to them.
At last, in this dissertation, the research findings from quantitative and qualitative methods used above have been summarized with identifying future research avenues and pointing policy recommendations for sustainable urban expansion.
... Since the first list of 44 CNSAs was issued in 1982, a total number of nine lists including 244 CNSA have been acknowledged as of 2018. In particular, to show China's major scenic areas conveniently, competent authorities have set CNSAs as top-level scenic spots [7,8]. ...
... In addition, the coefficients of d 1 were significantly positive in Columns (1)-(4), the spatial lag coefficients of it were significantly positive in Columns (1)-(3) but insignificantly positive in Column (4); in other words, without the consideration of time-limited rectification, CNSAs not only effectively attracted international and domestic tourists in local and surrounding cities but also increased foreign tourism revenue and domestic tourism revenue in the local and surrounding cities, while the impact of it on domestic tourism revenue in surrounding cities was relatively poor. Moreover, the coefficients of d 1 * d 2 were significantly positive in Columns (5)-(7) but insignificantly positive in Column (8), while the spatial lag coefficients of it were insignificantly positive in Columns (5) and (7), insignificantly negative in Column (6), and significantly negative in Column (8); in other words, after the implementation of time-limited rectification, the direct and positive impacts of CNSAs on tourism economic development were retained in local cities, while the indirect and positive impacts of it on tourism economic development were no longer supported in surrounding cities, that is, the effectiveness of time-limited rectification was not supported in the static spatial analysis. Note: t statistics are in parentheses; * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, and *** p < 0.01. ...
... In addition, the coefficients of d 1 were significantly positive in Columns (1) and (3), and insignificantly positive in Columns (2) and (4), while the spatial lag coefficients were significantly negative in Columns (1) and (3) but insignificantly positive in Columns (2) and (4); in other words, without the consideration of time-limited rectification, CNSAs have merely attracted international tourists and increased international tourism revenue in local cities, while the insignificant results for domestic tourists and domestic tourism revenue in local and surrounding cities may give evidence of domestic tourists' little interest for the homogeneous service of CNSAs. Moreover, the coefficients of d 1 * d 2 were insignificantly positive in Columns (5)- (8), while the spatial lag coefficients of it were significantly negative in Columns (5) and (7), insignificantly negative in Column (6), and insignificantly positive in Column (8); in other words, after the implementation of time-limited rectification, the positive impacts of CNSAs on international tourists and international tourism revenue in local cities were weakened. One possible reason could be that the destination selection of international tourists has the characteristic of a "herd effect", and they are more sensitive to negative information regarding time-limited rectification. ...
Based on panel data on 124 prefecture-level and above cities from 2003 to 2018, this study investigated the impact of CNSAs on tourism economic development and the moderating effect of time-limited rectification by comprehensively using the quasi-DID model, the static spatial Durbin model, and the dynamic spatial Durbin model. The results showed that the impact of CNSAs on tourism economic development has a heterogeneous characteristic in terms of tourists and revenue. In addition, the spatial spillover effect and the path dependence have effectively promoted tourism economic development. Furthermore, the effectiveness of time-limited rectification has been proved in this study, while the “beggar-thy-neighbor” effect has, to some extent, weakened the promotional effect of CNSAs on tourism economic development, especially in terms of international tourists and international tourism revenue. Finally, relevant policy implications for the superior department in charge, local governments, and the management department of CNSAs are outlined to provide a practical reference for promoting the high-quality development of the tourism economy in China.
Hampstead Heath as a natural heritage site in the middle of London plays a significant role in the English ancient landscape and retains some essential elements of historical features such as geology, vegetation and animal species, and the early water reservoir and source to fulfil the needs of people since hundreds of years ago. This study examines the spatial distribution of buildings as a tangible aspect of stakeholders’ settling places by applying spatial analysis, constituting proximity analysis and nearest neighbour analysis. The spatial data were collected from some sources such as OpenStreetMap, london.gov.uk, English Heritage, ArcGIS open data, and observation on the site. The results indicate that Hampstead No. 1 Pond was the pond with the densest buildings around, other than unnamed small ponds. The spatial distribution of buildings around the Hampstead Heath ponds was clustered with a Nearest Neighbour Ratio of 0.471575 and z-score of -27.611095. The observation results of seven ponds supported the evidence of Hampstead No. 1 as the most visited pond and Highgate No. 1 in second place. In contrast, Bird Sanctuary was the most sustainable pond with nihil buildings and the fewest visitors identified. The urban heritage-led framework highlights that each actor plays a role and key impact on the entire system, divided into three sub-systems: economic, urban heritage environment, and socio-political. It is suggested that related stakeholders anticipate potential conflict caused by the commercial pressure from commercial actors such as Property Developers and Business Owners on this heritage site in the future. Involvement of stakeholders, communication, and regulatory systems can be possible actions to suppress this pressure as part of the heritage management system.
Cultural landscapes are combined work of man and nature. In 1992, the World Heritage Convention adopted the cultural landscape in the World Heritage List. In Asia, the ongoing urbanization and rural-urban migration have threatened the continuing cultural landscapes as people leave their homes. Tourism has brought new challenges and opportunities to these areas, while its impacts on the cultural landscape are inadequately researched. This paper aims to fill the gap through case studies of two subtropical rice terraced field cultural landscapes in China’s highlands. A stakeholder approach is applied in understanding the attitudes and practices of different agents towards terraced fields and traditional villages. Mixed method research, including researching secondary materials, in-depth interviews, participant observation, and questionnaire surveys were conducted on local households and other stakeholders. The continuing urbanization process threatens the cultivation traditions by displacing agricultural livelihoods, rural-urban migration, and enabling young generations to abandon work on the farmlands. Tourism may slow down the loss of terraced fields by providing alternative opportunities and attracting people to return from the cities, while the commodification in tourism businesses also led to dramatic changes to the village landscapes. The continuing cultural landscapes are created collaboratively by people and nature, and by the collaborative practice of people. Effective management policies on cultural landscapes must put their creators and their livelihoods at the center rather than the physical manifestations. Tourism and conservation policies should evaluate the interests of all stakeholders and their behavioral consequences on cultural landscapes.
Les paysages culturels sont le fruit du travail combiné entre la main de l’homme et la nature. En 1992, la Convention du patrimoine mondial a inscrit les paysages culturels dans la Liste du patrimoine mondial. En Asie, ces lieux désertés par leurs habitants sont aujourd’hui menacés par l’urbanisation et l’exode rural. Le tourisme a permis d’apporter un nouveau souffle et de nouvelles opportunités dans cette région, même si son l’impact sur les paysages culturels n’est pas encore réellement étudié. Cet article vise à étudier cette question grâce à des études de cas de deux paysages culturels subtropicaux de rizières en terrasses sur les hauts plateaux chinois. Une approche des parties prenantes est appliquée pour comprendre les attitudes et les pratiques des différents agents envers les champs en terrasses et les villages traditionnels. Diverses méthodes de recherche ont été menées dans ces régions, comprenant la recherche d’informations secondaires, des entretiens approfondis, l’observation des participants et des enquêtes par questionnaire. Le maintien de ces traditions est fortement menacé par le perpétuel processus d’urbanisation. En effet, le déplacement des ressources agricoles, l’exode rural et l’abandon du travail agricole par les plus jeunes générations met en péril ce mode de vie traditionnel. Cependant, le tourisme permet aujourd’hui la création de nouvelles perspectives et de nouvelles opportunités afin permettant de ralentir ce processus. Il attire les gens des villes tandis que la commercialisation a également engendré de nombreux bouleversements dans les aménagements de ces villages. Les paysages culturels persistants sont le fruit du travail et de la collaboration entre les hommes et la nature. Il est primordial de placer les locaux ainsi que leur production au centre des préoccupations et d’instaurer des mesures de gestion efficaces dans ces régions. Les politiques de conservation et le tourisme doivent prendre en considération non seulement les intérêts de toutes les parties prenantes mais aussi leurs agissements sur les paysages de ces régions.
