Fig 2 - uploaded by Jernej Polajnar
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Bottom left: the vibrometer track (blue) and the summary movement track (wings plus abdomen; black), with stills from the high-speed video recording (suppl. 2/Cp_vid08) showing the fully extended (1), middle (2), and resting (3) wing positions. Yellow diamonds mark the detected positions of the tracked points, with lines indicating the direction of motion. Note that the tracks were manually aligned to demonstrate matching wavelengths. However, they represent different components of the vibrations: velocity for substrate vibration (blue) and displacement for wing movement (black).
Source publication
Psyllids, or jumping plant lice (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea), are a group of small phytophagous insects that include some important pests of crops worldwide. Sexual communication of psyllids occurs via vibrations transmitted through host plants, which play an important role in mate recognition and localization. The signals are species-sp...
Contexts in source publication
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... videos showed that the forewings were held rooflike over the body and flapped about the common axis during signal emission (Fig. 2). Each wing beat consisted of the anterior (costal) margin of the forewings being lifted to a nearly horizontal position and pushed back toward the body, while two modes could be distinguished in the movement of the hindwings: they either completely followed the movement of the forewings or they separated and stopped about halfway ...
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... contact was observed between the wing veins and the body surface, nor between the legs and the body, with all legs resting firmly on the substrate throughout the signal emission. In addition, the axillary sclerites of the wing were moved cleanly away from the thorax during the upstroke, also with no contact between the surfaces (Fig. ...
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... 3), with broadband chirps followed by a frequency-modulated harmonic trill with a fundamental frequency of about 156.1 Hz. This, in turn, matched the structure of the trill with a wavelength of the main component of about 6.4 ms (1/0.0064 s = 156.3 Hz) and the duration of a whole forewing flap (41 frames at 6400 fps = 0.00641 s = = 156.0 Hz) (Fig. 2). A clean, steady portion of the trill in suppl. 2/Cp_vid084 (at about 3 min 13 s in the video, corresponding to position 2.85 s in the audio file and frame no. 5900 in the video track), was used for these comparisons. (2), and resting (3) wing positions. Yellow diamonds mark the detected positions of the tracked points, with lines ...
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... the measured duration of wing flap and assuming that the entire putative file on the anterior axillary cord makes contact during scraping, this would correspond to a frequency of approximately 9700 Hz. The laser track (surface velocity) had a sufficient sampling rate to represent such high frequencies, but we detected no vibrational events in the oscillogram that could be associated with individual tooth strikes at this rate, nor any vibrational energy above 3 kHz in the spectrogram (Figs. 2 and 3). ...
Citations
... Zhang et al. showed that CYP311A1 is closely involved in regulating lipid metabolism and morphogenesis in Drosophila wings [24], while Polajnar et al. found that Psylla chinensis communicates between the sexes through signals generated by wing vibrations and that these had specific spectral structures which may be important for interspecific recognition. This finding not only reveals a new mechanism of sound production in this species but also provides important information for the development of control strategies [25]. Yu et al. revealed a novel mechanism for silencing the Yki gene at the post-transcriptional level by miR-927, suggesting new perspectives for the management of pests [26]. ...
Gynaephora qinghaiensis is a major pest in the alpine meadow regions of China. While the females are unable to fly, the males can fly and cause widespread damage. The aim of this study was to use transcriptome analysis to identify and verify genes expressed at different developmental stages of Gynaephora qinghaiensis, with particular emphasis on genes associated with wing development. High-throughput sequencing was performed on an Illumina HiSeqTM2000 platform to assess transcriptomic differences in the wings of male and female pupa and male and female adults of Gynaephora qinghaiensis, and the expression levels of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were verified by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). A total of 60,536 unigenes were identified from the transcriptome data, and 25,162 unigenes were obtained from a comparison with four major databases. Further analysis identified 18 DEGs associated with wing development in Gynaephora qinghaiensis. RT-qPCR verification of the expression levels showed consistency with the RNA sequencing results. Spatio-temporal expression profiling of the 18 genes indicated different levels of expression in the thoraces of male and female pupa, as well as between the wing buds of adult females and the wings of adult males. GO annotation analysis showed that the DEGs were associated with similar categories with no significant enrichment and were involved in cellular processes, cellular anatomical entities, and binding. KEGG analysis indicated that the DEGs were associated with endocytosis and metabolic pathways. The results of this study expand the information on genes associated with Gynaephora qinghaiensis wing development and provide support for further investigations of wing development at the molecular level.
... Because point tracking is such a generic task, yielding highly detailed spatiotemporal information, point trackers are potentially useful in almost any downstream computer vision application. Indeed, the * Work done duing internship at Google DeepMind three years since TAP's inception it has already been applied to robotics [5,6,36,53,56,60], action recognition [31], 3D (dynamic) reconstruction [54,55,58], (controllable) video generation and editing [12,37,57,59,62], zoology [38], and medicine [43]. ...
Tracking Any Point (TAP) in a video is a challenging computer vision problem with many demonstrated applications in robotics, video editing, and 3D reconstruction. Existing methods for TAP rely heavily on complex tracking-specific inductive biases and heuristics, limiting their generality and potential for scaling. To address these challenges, we present TAPNext, a new approach that casts TAP as sequential masked token decoding. Our model is causal, tracks in a purely online fashion, and removes tracking-specific inductive biases. This enables TAPNext to run with minimal latency, and removes the temporal windowing required by many existing state of art trackers. Despite its simplicity, TAPNext achieves a new state-of-the-art tracking performance among both online and offline trackers. Finally, we present evidence that many widely used tracking heuristics emerge naturally in TAPNext through end-to-end training.
... Stridulation by psyllids was first reported by Ossiannilsson [70] and Heslop-Harrison [71], and recently overviewed by Taylor [72], Liao et al. [73,74], and Avosani et al. [73][74][75]. Psyllids also use their host plants as a medium for sexual communication with vibrational signals transmitted through the substrate, as well as wing buzzing [76]. Stridulitrum on the mesothorax-plectrum on the axillary cord was postulated as a mechanism [73,75,77,78], but this opinion was challenged by ...
... Stridulation by psyllids was first reported by Ossiannilsson [70] and Heslop-Harrison [71], and recently overviewed by Taylor [72], Liao et al. [73,74], and Avosani et al. [73][74][75]. Psyllids also use their host plants as a medium for sexual communication with vibrational signals transmitted through the substrate, as well as wing buzzing [76]. Stridulitrum on the mesothorax-plectrum on the axillary cord was postulated as a mechanism [73,75,77,78], but this opinion was challenged by Poljanar et al. [76]. ...
... Psyllids also use their host plants as a medium for sexual communication with vibrational signals transmitted through the substrate, as well as wing buzzing [76]. Stridulitrum on the mesothorax-plectrum on the axillary cord was postulated as a mechanism [73,75,77,78], but this opinion was challenged by Poljanar et al. [76]. It is questionable whether the strengthening of the claval margin of the hindwing of Amecephala micra sp. may be related to the stridulatory behavior as in modern psyllids, however this hypothesis appears to be plausible. ...
The new species Amecephala micra sp. nov. is described and illustrated on the basis of a well-preserved male psyllid (Liadopsyllidae) in a piece of Cretaceous Myanmar amber. This second species of the genus Amecephala Drohojowska, Szwedo, Müller et Burckhardt, 2020 exhibits a combination of features that have not been previously recognised among Liadopsyllidae. These features include details of the antennae, hind legs and their armature, and hind wings. The presence of a short apical spine on the apex of the metatibia suggests that it was likely capable of jumping, and the strengthening of the claval margin of the hind wing may be interpreted as part of the apparatus for vibrational communication. These issues are discussed in relation to modern Psylloidea and Liadopsyllidae. The finding offers an important contribution to knowledge of the disparity and taxonomic diversity of Liadopsyllidae and their evolutionary traits.
