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Bolboschoenus glaucus (from Košíře , Prague, Czech Republic, (collected in 1983 and cultivated in Průhonice ), 2003 Z. Hroudová , PRA). — a : Inflorescence. — b : Achene (abaxial view). — c : Achene cross-section. — d : Pericarp layers (ex = exocarp, m = mesocarp, en = endocarp).
Source publication
The five species of Bolboschoenus — B. glaucus, B. laticarpus, B. maritimus, B. planiculmis and B. yagara — occurring in Europe were studied. A detailed taxonomic and nomenclatural account is provided for these taxa, together with an identification key, distribution data and maps based on a revision of herbarium specimens from 36 herbaria and on fi...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... In Europe, the occurrence of Bolboschoenus yagara is concentrated to the centre of the continent (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Poland) (Fig. 10). Browning et al. (1996) recorded the first occurrence of B. yagara in Germany; the species was further mentioned by Kiffe (1997Kiffe ( , 1998Kiffe ( , 2000), Senghas and Sey- bold (2000), and Jäger and Werner (2002). Its distribution was mapped in Poland (Hroudová et al. 2005), studied in Austria ( Hroudová et al. 2006) and included in ...
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Citations
... The taxonomic knowledge of European Bolboschoenus species has considerably improved during last decades. The formerly widely circumscribed Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla (Casper and Krausch 1980;De Fillips 1980;Rothmaler 1982) was shown to be a complex of species differing more in ecology and distribution than in morphological characters (Browning et al. 1996;Hayasaka and Ohashi 2002;Egorova and Tatanov 2003;Marhold et al. 2004;Tatanov 2004Tatanov , 2007Hroudová et al. 2007;Di Natale et al. 2022;Nikolić et al. 2024). Consequently, the taxa of Central European Bolboschoenus presented in the previous list of chromosome numbers (Jarolímová and Hroudová 1998) are currently classified as follows: (1) Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. ...
... Stable identifiers are provided for each voucher specimen (Güntsch et al. 2017). The following literature sources were used for determination and nomenclature of Bolboschoenus species: Hroudová et al. (2007) for Bolboschoenus maritimus, B. planiculmis, B. glaucus, B. laticarpus and B. yagara;Smith (2002) for B. fluviatilis, B. paludosus, B. robustus, and B. novae-angliae;Healy and Edgar (1980) and Harden (1993) for B. caldwellii and B. medianus;Amini Rad et al. (2010) for B. schmidii;Liang et al. (2010) for B. affinis andLobin (1982) for B. grandispicus. ...
... Kozhevnikov et al. (1986) published sporophytic (mitotic) numbers for B. planiculmis: 2n = 50-52, 56, but in a following publication (Probatova and Sokolovskaya1988) the same plant was re-identified as Bolboschoenus koshewnikowii with sporophytic numbers 2n = 26, 50-52. Bolboschoenus koshewnikowii has been recently considered to be a synonym of B. planiculmis (Egorova and Tatanov 2003;Tatanov 2007;Hroudová et al. 2007). The chromosome numbers of plants from Sakhalin Island given for B. planiculmis (= B. koshewnikovii) in the publications cited above are very low in comparison with chromosome numbers of B. planiculmis counted previously in Europe (Jarolímová and Hroudová 1998;Hroudová et al. 2005Hroudová et al. , 2009) and also with the counts presented here. ...
Great progress in cytotaxonomic research during the last decades indicated an importance of relationships between morphological features, geographical distribution of plants, and chromosome counts. This study is aimed to fill the gaps in our knowledge on Bolboschoenus chromosome numbers related to morphological differentiation of plants and their distribution worldwide. We counted gametophytic chromosome numbers in meiotic phase of plants, collected from localities worldwide during the period 1980–2013, and cultivated in an experimental garden in Průhonice. The chromosome numbers of seven species (Bolboschoenus affinis, B. caldwellii, B.grandispicus, B. medianus, B. novae-angliae, B. robustus and B. schmidii) were counted for the first time. All the studied Bolboschoenus taxa were divided into groups according to chromosome numbers, which were found to correspond to morphotypes formerly described. We have improved the taxonomic classification of some species. The relationship between chromosome counts and morphotypes appeared to be identical within some continents, and may indicate parallel evolution within the genus.
... Palla (Cyperaceae) currently consists of 14-16 species (Nikolić et al. 2020) distributed worldwide (Browning and Gordon-Gray 2000;Tatanov 2007). According to Hroudová et al. (2007), five species are native for Europe: Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla, B. laticarpus Marhold, Hroudová, Ducháček & Zákravský, B. planiculmis (F. W. Schmidt) T. V. Egorova, B. yagara (Ohwi) Y.C. Yang & M. Zhan. ...
... According to different Floras (Maire 1957;Raymond 1965;DeFilipps 1980;Tan 1985;Kukkonen 1998Kukkonen , 2001, the characters related to inflorescence morphology and both morphology and anatomy of the achenes are usually used to identify Bolboschoenus taxa. Moreover, morphological and anatomical characters of the achenes are highlighted as having the most taxonomic value (Browning and Gordon-Gray 1993;Browning et al. 1995;Hroudová et al. 2007;Píšová et al. 2017). The anatomical characters of the pericarp were used to make the identification key of Bolboschoenus species in Serbia (Nikolić et al. 2020). ...
... Detailed information about the sampling localities is given in Table 1. The identification of the plant material was done according to the key for European Bolboschoenus species (Hroudová et al. 2007) based on characteristics of inflorescences and achenes and the Serbian taxa of Bolboschoenus (Nikolić et al. 2020.). The specimens are deposited under their original voucher numbers ( ...
The genus Bolboschoenus has been intensively studied from the morphological, ecological and physiological aspects, however, anatomical features of stems, leaves and epidermal structures of leaves have not been investigated sufficiently yet. The main objective of this study was to compare the four Bolboschoenus species growing in Serbia at the anatomical level and to define the most important anatomical characteristics for distinguishing these species. Descriptive, nonmetric multidimensional scaling and canonical discriminant analysis of the anatomical characters of leaves, stems and epidermal structures have been conducted for these purposes. The number and position of sclerenchyma strands in the leaves, the presence of bulliform cells in the epidermis, the number of translucent cell layers under the adaxial epidermis in the midrib area of the lamina, the number of aerial cavities in leaves and stems were the most significant anatomical characters for differentiation of species. The most differentiated species was B. glaucus, while B. laticarpus occupied an intermediate position between B. maritimus and B. planiculmis, on the one hand, and B. glaucus on the other. The combination of the anatomical features of leaves and stems and the epidermal structures had a more excellent taxonomic value than these three individual groups of features individually.
... He argues that the species Androsace maxima and Tribulus terrestris are unlikely to have grown among wild cereals or in arable fields, despite both species being reported as arable weeds in the study region 13 . Bolboschoenus glaucus is a freshwater plant that grows in dense stands along rivers or in moist depressions 14 , which Willcox takes as evidence against its status as a potential weed in dry-farmed cereal fields or early Holocene wild-cereal habitats. However, the species is reported to perform well in summer-dry habitats and occurs as a weed in cereal fields along the Euphrates 14,15 . ...
... Bolboschoenus glaucus is a freshwater plant that grows in dense stands along rivers or in moist depressions 14 , which Willcox takes as evidence against its status as a potential weed in dry-farmed cereal fields or early Holocene wild-cereal habitats. However, the species is reported to perform well in summer-dry habitats and occurs as a weed in cereal fields along the Euphrates 14,15 . Its association with wild cereals in archaeobotanical samples from Jerf el Ahmar and Dja'de may even hint towards the exploitation of cereals that grew near the Euphrates flood-plain, although B. glaucus nutlets are not very frequent among the analysed samples from either site (three samples from Jerf el Ahmar and one from Dja'de). ...
... S.G.M., and whilst the presence of other species cannot be fully discarded and, it is considered likely that most of the recovered club-rush tuber remains belonged to this particular species (Arranz-Otaegui et al. 2018a). B. glaucus is indeed the most heat-tolerant species of club-rush and it can be found around the Mediterranean, northern Spain and southern France, as well as in sub-Saharan Africa and several parts of Asia (Browning et al. 1998, Hroudová et al. 2007, Wollstonecroft et al. 2011. It primarily grows in freshwater environments, along rivers and river floodplains, but it has also been recorded in secondary habitats (i.e. ...
Club-rush (Bolboschoenus spp. (Asch.) Palla) is one of the most common edible wild plant taxa found at Epipaleolithic and Neolithic sites in southwest Asia. At the Early Natufian site of Shubayqa 1 (Black Desert, Jordan) thousands of club-rush rhizome-tuber remains and hundreds of fragments of prepared meals were found. The evidence indicated that the underground storage organs of this plant were recurrently used as a source of food 14,600 years ago. To determine how Early Natufian communities gathered, processed and transformed club-rush tubers into food, we designed an interdisciplinary study that combined experimental archaeology, archaeobotany, and ground and chipped stone tool analyses. We conducted more than 50 specific experiments over three years, and based on the experimental materials produced we inferred that 1) the best season for club-rush rhizome-tuber collection in the region was spring-summer time; 2) that the primary method to harvest the plant would have been uprooting; and 3) that the most efficient approaches to obtain perfectly peeled and clean rhizome-tubers could have entailed drying, roasting and gentle grinding of the tubers. Overall, our work provides important information to reconstruct the chaîne opératoire for club-rush tuber exploitation in the past. The experimental data and modern reference datasets allow us to interpret the archaeological material found at Shubayqa 1, and start identifying some of the activities that Natufian communities in the Black Desert undertook in relation to the exploitation of this particular source of food.
... The Bolboschoenus planiculmis plant is a wetland sedge that has great ecological and agricultural values. B. planiculmis plants are distributed towards the westernmost regions of Spain, easternmost areas in Japan, southernmost areas towards New Guinea, and northernmost regions towards Russia [32]. Plants of the genus Bolboschoenus are distributed in a wide range of habitats, including coastal and inland salt marshes, littoral zones of freshwater bodies, and temporarily flooded arable land [33,34]. ...
Global warming and climate change have contributed to the rise of weather extremes. Severe drought and soil salinization increase because of rising temperatures. Economically important crop production and plant growth and development are hindered when facing various abiotic stresses. Plant endophytic bacteria live inside host plants without causing visible harm and can be isolated from surface-sterilized plant tissues. Using plant endophytic bacteria to stimulate plant growth and increase environmental stress tolerance has become an alternative approach besides using the traditional breeding and genetically modifying approaches to select or create new crop types resistant to different environmental stresses. The plant endophytic bacterium, Priestia megaterium (previously known as Bacillus megaterium) strain BP-R2, was isolated from the surface-sterilized root tissues of the salt marsh halophyte Bolboschoenus planiculmis. The bacteria strain BP-R2 showed high tolerance to different sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations and produced the auxin plant hormone, indole acetic acid (IAA), under various tested growth conditions. Inoculation of Arabidopsis and pak choi (Brassica rapa L. R. Chinensis Group) plants with the strain BP-R2 greatly enhanced different growth parameters of the host plants under normal and salt and drought stress conditions compared to that of the mock-inoculated plants. Furthermore, the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, electrolyte leakage (EL), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration accumulated less in the BP-R2-inoculated plants than in the mock-inoculated control plants under salt and drought stresses. In summary, the plant endophytic bacterium strain BP-R2 increased host plant growth and stress tolerance to salt and drought conditions.
... Plants of genus Bolboschoenus are commonly distributed in saline wetlands, and often occupy a wide range of habitats, including both coastal and inland salt marshes (Ljevnaić-Mašić et al., 2020). The ecological properties of these species such as their dispersal abilities and distribution as well as their relationships with habitat conditions, have been are investigated (Hroudová et al., 2007;Píšová et al., 2017). Bolboschoenus maritimus, for example, is regarded as a halophyte usually inhabiting saline habitats. ...
Soil saline-alkalization is expanding and becoming a serious threat to the initial establishment of plants in inland salt marshes on the Songnen Plain in Northeast China. Bolboschoenus planiculmis is a key wetland plant in this area, and its root tubers provide food for an endangered migratory Siberian crane (Grus leucogeranus). However, the survival of this plant in many wetlands is threatened by increased soil saline-alkalization. The early establishment of B. planiculmis populations under salt and alkaline stress conditions has not been well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the response and adaption of the seedling emergence and growth of B. planiculmis to salt-alkaline mixed stress. In this study, B. planiculmis root tubers were planted into saline-sodic soils with five pH levels (7.31–7.49, 8.48–8.59, 9.10–9.28, 10.07–10.19, and 10.66–10.73) and five salinity levels (40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 mmol⋅L–1). The emergence and growth metrics, as well as the underlying morphological and physiological traits in response to salt-alkaline stress were explored for 2-week-old seedlings. The seedling emergence, growth, and leaf and root traits showed distinct responses to the pH and salt gradients. Under the lower saline-alkaline condition (pH ≤ 9.10–9.28 and salinity ≤ 80 mmol⋅L–1), the seedling growth was substantially facilitated or not significantly altered. Salinity affected the seedlings more significantly than alkalinity did. In particular, among the salt ions, the Na⁺ concentration had predominantly negative effects on all the morphological and physiological traits of the seedlings. Seedling emergence was more tolerant to salinity and, based on its observed close relationships with pH and the alkaline ion CO32–, was highly alkalinity-dependent. Moreover, the leaf area and photosynthetic rate, as well as the root surface area and tip number mainly accounted for the response of the seedling biomass to salt-alkaline stress. This is evidence of the adaption of B. planiculmis to saline-alkaline conditions largely due to the responses of its morphological and physiological traits. This study provides a mechanistic process-based understanding of the early seedling establishment of B. planiculmis populations in response to increased soil saline-alkalization in natural wetlands.
... Bolboschoenus maritimus dominates reed vegetation of saline waters both along the seashore and inland saltwater bodies in Central Europe [64] as well as in other parts of the world [65]. In the Czech Republic, it is a rare species with declining occurrence [62] concentrated to the remains of saline wetlands in dry and warm areas of southern Moravia and central and north-western Bohemia [66]. ...
The near elimination of inland salt marshes in Central Europe occurred throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, and the currently remaining marshes exist in a degraded condition. This work examines the impact of groundwater level on the growth of plants from a seed bank obtained from a degraded salt marsh in proximity to still existing one through an ex-situ experiment. An experimental tank was set up with the sample seed bank experiencing differing levels of water level. There were 1233 specimens of 44 taxa grown from the seed bank, of which 5 species were abundant, and 10 species are considered as halophytes. Only Lotus tenuis from halophytes was more abundant, and only five species of halophytes were represented by more than three individuals. The water level has a significant impact on the number of species (based on linear regression analysis) as well as species distribution among different water level treatments (a non-metric multidimensional analysis (nMDS) followed by linear regression). The results show a strong negative relationship between the average water level and the number of species. The water level did not affect the species composition of halophytes, but differences in individual species abundances were found among the halophytes. The species Bupleurum tenuissimum, Crypsis schoenoides, Melilotus dentatus, and Plantago maritima grew on the drier and non-inundated soils. Tripolium pannonicum, Spergularia maritima, and Lotus tenuis grew on both wet and dry soils. Trifolium fragiferum and Bolboschoenus maritimus were found in places with water stagnant at the soil level. Pulicaria dysenterica grew in inundated soil.
... In recent years, several studies on the taxonomy and distribution of European Bolboschoenus species were carried out, mainly by a group of Central European researchers (Z akravsk y and Hroudov a 1996;Hroudov a et al. 1998Hroudov a et al. , 1999Hroudov a et al. , 2007Marhold et al. 2004Marhold et al. , 2006. Following the above mentioned contributions, many revision works on the genus, aimed at taxonomic and distributional analysis of the various species belonging to the group, were produced for some In Europe, in the current state of knowledge, the genus is represented by six species (Jim enez-Mej ıas and Luceño 2011), of which one, Bolboschoenus affinis (Roth.) ...
... Drobow, is present only marginally in a southern region of Russia. The other five species are instead widely distributed throughout the European continent (Hroudov a et al. 2007). ...
... Only fully mature individuals were considered, i.e. provided with mature fruits (achenes), which cross sections were carried out. In addition, the Italian distribution analysis of the genus was implemented using herbarium data published in previous works (Hroudov a et al. 2007 For all the samples analysed, the collection data were recorded. The location data, if sufficiently accurate, were georeferenced to allow the creation of a geodatabase, which then served to draw the distribution maps of the specimens identified through the software QGIS (QGIS 2.18.20). ...
In Europe the genus Bolboschoenus has recently undergone many taxonomic revision studies, but in Italy a review of the materials conserved in herbaria, in accordance with the most recent taxonomic literature, was still missing. The aim of this study was therefore to review Bolboschoenus species from Italy, based on herbarium data. The specimens deposited in the main Italian herbaria were analyzed by a morphometric study, based on measurements and statistical analyses of the characters most commonly used in the updated taxonomic literature. Moreover, an analysis of the national distribution of the resulting species was carried on, also taking into account Italian data from international herbaria, previously used in specialist works. The study confirmed the diagnostic importance of some traits related to the achene morphology and anatomy, in particular the ratio between mesocarp and exocarp. On the other hand, some inflorescence-related characters, that were commonly used in the past, proved to have less discriminant power. The study revealed various distribution novelties, also with respect to the most recent national botanical literature. Finally, B. yagara was reported for the first time in Italy.
... The genus occupies and often even dominates a wide range of habitats, including coastal and inland salt marshes, littoral zones of freshwater bodies and temporarily flooded arable land (Hroudová et al. 2009). Namely, individual Bolboschoenus species differ in their ecological niches growing in different habitats with different species composition (Hroudová et al. 2007(Hroudová et al. , 2009. The complexity of their ecological properties, including their relationship to habitat conditions, dispersal abilities and/or geographical isolation are crucial for their distribution and hybridization, as well as their syntaxonomy (Hroudová et al. 1999(Hroudová et al. , 2007(Hroudová et al. , 2009Chytrý 2011;Píšová et al. 2017). ...
... Namely, individual Bolboschoenus species differ in their ecological niches growing in different habitats with different species composition (Hroudová et al. 2007(Hroudová et al. , 2009. The complexity of their ecological properties, including their relationship to habitat conditions, dispersal abilities and/or geographical isolation are crucial for their distribution and hybridization, as well as their syntaxonomy (Hroudová et al. 1999(Hroudová et al. , 2007(Hroudová et al. , 2009Chytrý 2011;Píšová et al. 2017). ...
... There are different views on the syntaxonomic position of the Bolboschoenus-dominated communities, which makes its interpretation difficult. Differences in syntaxonomy are the consequences of different ecological conditions in which the stands with Bolboschoenus dominance develop (Dubyna and Neuhäuslova 2000;Valachovič 2001;Hrivnák et al. 2001;Hroudová et al. 2007Hroudová et al. , 2009Chytrý 2011;Š umberová et al. 2011;Eliáš et al. 2013;Dajić Stevanović et al. 2016;Mucina et al. 2016). Bolboschoenus-dominated communities in saline habitats, which include both coastal habitats and inland saline habitats of the Pannonian Basin of Central Europe, differ in their floristic composition from freshwater Bolboschoenus-dominated communities (Hroudová et al. 2009). ...
Continental inland saline wetlands are among the most endangered habitats in Europe. In the Danube-Tisza-Danube canal network (Serbia, Southeastern Europe), which is one of the largest canal networks on the continent, the rare and endangered inland saline wetland Bolboschoenus maritimus community (BMC) has been found at only two locations. Two vegetation types of the community have been identified: (i) with Bolboschoenus maritimus and Marsilea quadrifolia (BMC-M) dominance and (ii) with Bolboschoenus maritimus and Butomus umbellatus (BMC-B) dominance. The aim of the study was to compare the habitats of the ascertained vegetation types in terms of 55 water and soil properties that influence their development, floristic composition and differentiation. The main properties influencing the community development and differentiation were water alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand, CO32−, water pH, soil conductivity, K+ and Ca2+ content in the soil. Both vegetation types grow in non-saline, slightly alkaline, nutrient-rich habitats with eutrophic water. When compared to BMC-B, BMC-M was found on heavy clay soils with higher conductivity, CaCO3, humus, nutrients, macroelements, and Na+ content, in shallower water with higher suspended solids and oxygen content, lower contents of nutrients, dissolved salts, HCO3−, macroelements, conductivity, and alkalinity. The study provides new data on the BMC distribution in this part of Europe and the first detailed information on its habitat conditions. Thirty-one species from the European Red List of Threatened Species were found in the stands. These results may be useful when deciding on the appropriate preservation measures aimed to rehabilitate other wetland habitats and biodiversity.
... Our interpretation is based on the available data, however, the poor knowledge of the genus Bolboschoenus (recently reviewed by Hroudová et al., 2007) in some parts of Europe may have influenced the results of our classification. A definitive classification of the associations belonging to the Bolboschoenetalia order will be possible only once there are data with accurately taxonomically identified Bolboschoenus species for the whole of Europe. ...
Aims
To create a comprehensive, consistent and unequivocal phytosociological classification of European marsh vegetation of the class Phragmito‐Magnocaricetea .
Location
Europe.
Methods
We applied the Cocktail method to a European data set of 249,800 vegetation plots. We identified the main purposes and attributes on which to base the classification, defined assignment rules for vegetation plots, and prepared formal definitions for all the associations, alliances and orders of the class Phragmito‐Magnocaricetea using formal logic. Each formula consists of the combination of “functional species groups”, cover values of individual species, and in the case of high‐rank syntaxa also of “discriminating species groups” created using the Group Improvement (GRIMP) method.
Results
The European Phragmito‐Magnocaricetea vegetation was classified into 92 associations grouped in 11 alliances and six orders. New syntaxa (previously invalidly published according to the International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature) were introduced: Bolboschoeno maritimi‐Schoenoplection tabernaemontani, Glycerio maximae‐Sietum latifolii, Glycerio notatae‐Veronicetum beccabungae, Schoenoplectetum corymbosi and Thelypterido palustris‐Caricetum elongatae. Based on a critical revision, some other syntaxa were rejected or excluded from the class Phragmito‐Magnocaricetea .
Conclusions
This work provides the first consistent classification of the class Phragmito‐Magnocaricetea at the European scale, which is an important tool for nature conservation. Our classification largely respects previously existing concepts of syntaxa, but it also proposes modifications to the recently published EuroVegChecklist. This work also provides a protocol that can be used for extending the current classification to new syntaxa and geographical regions.
