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Blood lipid profiles in HFD/STZ-treated rats in the absence or presence of LN and LN_LA. LDL (a), total cholesterol (b), and MDA (c) were quantified in rat blood at 8, 12, and 16 weeks after STZ administration. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. N = 5. Comparisons of Control and STZ, STZ and STZ_LN, and STZ and STZ_LN_LA groups used the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's multiple comparison test. Comparison of STZ_LN and STZ_LN_LA groups utilized the Mann-Whitney U test. * -p < 0.05, ** -p < 0.01, ***-p < 0.001; # , p < 0.05 STZ_LN vs. STZ_LN_LA.

Blood lipid profiles in HFD/STZ-treated rats in the absence or presence of LN and LN_LA. LDL (a), total cholesterol (b), and MDA (c) were quantified in rat blood at 8, 12, and 16 weeks after STZ administration. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. N = 5. Comparisons of Control and STZ, STZ and STZ_LN, and STZ and STZ_LN_LA groups used the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's multiple comparison test. Comparison of STZ_LN and STZ_LN_LA groups utilized the Mann-Whitney U test. * -p < 0.05, ** -p < 0.01, ***-p < 0.001; # , p < 0.05 STZ_LN vs. STZ_LN_LA.

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Background A decrease in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability has been shown to cause hyperglycemia, type II diabetes mellitus (DM), and chronic cardio-metabolic complications. In turn, hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia are associated with increased oxidative stress that leads to reduced nitric oxide bioavailability through disruption of L-argini...

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... and increased LDL are key features of diabetic dyslipidemia ( DiNicolantonio et al., 2016;Hirano, 2018). We next determined the effect of HFD and STZ on blood levels of LDL and total cholesterol. At eight weeks post-STZ treatment, blood LDL and cholesterol levels were increased 2.5-fold in the HFD/STZ group vs. Control (p < 0.01, Fig. 3, a and b). Those values remained high up to week 16 (p < 0.01, Fig. 3, a and b). At 12 weeks, both LN and LN_LA treatments reduced LDL levels by 53.7% and 66.8%, respectively, returning LDL concentrations to control levels by week 16 in the LN and LN_LA-treated groups (Fig. 3, a). Similarly, total cholesterol levels in the HFD/STZ group showed a ...
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... ( DiNicolantonio et al., 2016;Hirano, 2018). We next determined the effect of HFD and STZ on blood levels of LDL and total cholesterol. At eight weeks post-STZ treatment, blood LDL and cholesterol levels were increased 2.5-fold in the HFD/STZ group vs. Control (p < 0.01, Fig. 3, a and b). Those values remained high up to week 16 (p < 0.01, Fig. 3, a and b). At 12 weeks, both LN and LN_LA treatments reduced LDL levels by 53.7% and 66.8%, respectively, returning LDL concentrations to control levels by week 16 in the LN and LN_LA-treated groups (Fig. 3, a). Similarly, total cholesterol levels in the HFD/STZ group showed a gradual increase starting from week 8 of the experiment and ...
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... were increased 2.5-fold in the HFD/STZ group vs. Control (p < 0.01, Fig. 3, a and b). Those values remained high up to week 16 (p < 0.01, Fig. 3, a and b). At 12 weeks, both LN and LN_LA treatments reduced LDL levels by 53.7% and 66.8%, respectively, returning LDL concentrations to control levels by week 16 in the LN and LN_LA-treated groups (Fig. 3, a). Similarly, total cholesterol levels in the HFD/STZ group showed a gradual increase starting from week 8 of the experiment and continuing up to week 16 (p < 0.01), ...
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... weeks, cholesterol was decreased by 20.2% in the STZ_LN group and by 33.2% in the STZ_LN_LA group, and at 16 weeks by 38.9% in the STZ_LN group and 47.4% in the STZ_LN_LA group. Importantly, our data show that LN_LA treatment was more effective in reducing blood TC and LDL levels than LN treatment alone (p < 0.05, Fig. 3, a and ...
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... functions, oxidative damage to membranes, and enhanced susceptibility to lipid peroxidation (Tangvarasittichai, 2015). Next, we measured the effect of HFD/ STZ on oxidative stress in our model. Relative to Control rats, the hyperglycemic HFD/STZ rats exhibited elevated blood levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) throughout the entire experiment (Fig. 3, c). Importantly, STZ_LN and STZ_LN_LA groups showed a significant reduction in blood MDA levels vs. HFD/STZ rats at weeks 12 and 16 of the experiment (p < 0.01); moreover, the LN_LA treatment was more effective in reducing MDA levels than L-norvaline alone (p < 0.05). Both LN and LN_LA treatments also showed long-lasting effects, with MDA ...
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... in blood MDA levels vs. HFD/STZ rats at weeks 12 and 16 of the experiment (p < 0.01); moreover, the LN_LA treatment was more effective in reducing MDA levels than L-norvaline alone (p < 0.05). Both LN and LN_LA treatments also showed long-lasting effects, with MDA remaining low at 16 weeks despite the treatment having been completed by week 12 (Fig. 3, ...

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