Figure - available from: IET Smart Grid
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Source publication
Transactive Energy Systems (TES) are modern mechanisms in electric power systems that allow disparate control agents to utilize distributed generation units (DGs) to engage in energy transactions and provide ancillary services to the grid. Although voltage regulation is a crucial ancillary grid service within active distribution networks (ADNs), pr...
Similar publications
Neural oscillations are at the core of important computations in the mammalian brain. Interactions between oscillatory activities in different frequency bands, such as delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), or gamma (>30 Hz), are a powerful mechanism for binding fundamentally distinct spatiotemporal scales of neural processing. Phase-amplitude coupling (P...
Blindness leads to substantial enhancements in many auditory abilities, and deficits in others. It is unknown how severe visual losses need to be before changes in auditory abilities occur, or whether the relationship between severity of visual loss and changes in auditory abilities is proportional and systematic. Here we show that greater severity...
Citations
... Advanced SCs can have a crucial impact in the future by providing functionalities such as dynamic pricing, automated dispute resolution, and conditional agreements to improve the user experience in P2P energy trading. Enhanced educational and awareness initiatives are crucial for surmounting obstacles in user adoption, facilitating comprehension of BC technology, and fostering trust among end-users [114][115][116][117][118] . ...
Countries all over the world are shifting from conventional and fossil fuel-based energy systems to more sustainable energy systems (renewable energy-based systems). To effectively integrate renewable sources of energy, multi-directional power flow and control are required, and to facilitate this multi-directional power flow, peer-to-peer (P2P) trading is employed. For a safe, secure, and reliable P2P trading system, a secure communication gateway and a cryptographically secure data storage mechanism are required. This paper explores the uses of blockchain (BC) in renewable energy (RE) integration into the grid. We shed light on four primary areas: P2P energy trading, the green hydrogen supply chain, demand response (DR) programmes, and the tracking of RE certificates (RECs). In addition, we investigate how BC can address the existing challenges in these domains and overcome these hurdles to realise a decentralised energy ecosystem. The main purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of how BC technology can act as a catalyst for a multi-directional energy flow, ultimately revolutionising the way energy is generated, managed, and consumed.
... A trusted third party is not required for the automated and secure transfer of funds, but MGs are comprised of DERs, which, because of their intermittent nature, can lead to grid instability and voltage fluctuations; active power reduction or reactive power modification is a remedy for this instability. The transactive energy system (TES) in [33] offers a solution for facilitating the involvement of DERs in energy trading and supporting ancillary services to the grid. This system ensures fair and equal participation of DERs while providing transparent and verifiable interfaces. ...
... These features grant immutability and transparency of data through consensus between the different peers [5][6][7]. The blockchain was first founded to secure banking transactions, then it was extended to various areas [26][27][28]. In the blockchain, a distributed network is formed by all peers. ...
Sharing the dynamic states among power system generators is crucial for wide-area monitoring, decentralized control, and protection of the prospective smart grid. However, this sharing process is subject to cyber–physical contingency conditions, which limits its accuracy. This paper proposes a framework that incorporates a cyber-layer with the power system to ensure accurate sharing of the generators’ dynamic states. The proposed framework utilizes a weighted average consensus mechanism within a blockchain environment. The consensus ensures that the communication links/data among generator buses are reliable in both directions and that any link/data failure is detected to guarantee the validity, and hence accuracy of the shared generators’ states. Moreover, a smart contract at each generator applies the proposed consensus mechanism and credits the validator generator bus that creates the next block in the states’ blockchain after achieving the consensus. Finally, the proposed framework is tested on the standard IEEE 3-generator 9-bus power system under data contingency conditions. The generators’ speed states are tested, while the other states can be verified in a similar manner. Simulation results show the ability of the proposed framework to ensure accurate sharing of the generators’ speed states and to detect possible cyber-attacks, compared to the case without using the proposed framework.
... The traditional, centralized utility system was transformed into a decentralized, flexible system with the help of distributed generations as a result of the development of smart grid technologies. Most DG, including solar PV installations, are installed close to consumers' homes in an effort to reduce line and feeder transformer losses [1]- [2]. The solar energy that is stored in distributed storage (DS) can be used at night or used to sell extra electricity that the distributed generation (DG) generates to the utility. ...
... The potential offered by this microservice concept is easily exploitable in different use cases; furthermore, taking advantage of the cryptographic operations that the container posses through API is ideal for use with blockchain applications, which make intensive use of cryptographic mechanisms: key generation, signing, or signature verification. There have been many implementations of blockchain in the energy field [73][74][75], showing the potential of this technology. ...
Microservice architectures exploit container-based virtualized services, which rarely use hardware-based cryptography. A trusted platform module (TPM) offers a hardware root for trust in services that makes use of cryptographic operations. The virtualization of this hardware module offers high usability for other types of service that require TPM functionalities. This paper proposes the design of TPM virtualization in a container. To ensure integrity, different mechanisms, such as attestation and sealing, have been developed for the binaries and libraries stored in the container volumes. Through a REST API, the container offers the functionalities of a TPM, such as key generation and signing. To prevent unauthorized access to the container, this article proposes an authentication mechanism based on tokens issued by the Cognito Amazon Web Service. As a proof of concept and applicability in industry, a use case for electric vehicle charging stations using a microservice-based architecture is proposed. Using the EOS.IO blockchain to maintain a copy of the data, the virtualized TPM microservice provides the cryptographic operations necessary for blockchain transactions. Through a two-factor authentication mechanism, users can access the data. This scenario shows the potential of using blockchain technologies in microservice-based architectures, where microservices such as the virtualized TPM fill a security gap in these architectures.
... Despite the potential benefits of reactive power markets as in [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], the latter have not yet been implemented in practice. The reasons for the absence of reactive power markets in practice were identified by [15], [16]. These reasons include the lack of conceptual frameworks for contracting, accounting, and incentivizing market players [16], along with insufficient information technology infrastructure, automation, and regulation as potential factors [15]. ...
... The reasons for the absence of reactive power markets in practice were identified by [15], [16]. These reasons include the lack of conceptual frameworks for contracting, accounting, and incentivizing market players [16], along with insufficient information technology infrastructure, automation, and regulation as potential factors [15]. ...
... The transparency of data offered by blockchain could help to promote accessibility and visibility of reactive power providers on all network levels. Blockchain-based approaches for automating contracting and bidding, in the context of grid voltage regulation and optimization, are proposed in [16] and [23]. In addition, the authors of [16] proposed an incentives system for market players through a reputation rating mechanism. ...
A flexible and adaptable market procurement of reactive power has the potential to improve network efficiency, voltage stability, and operational costs. In Europe, such a dynamic procurement must be in accordance with the European Union directive EU 2019/944 on non-frequency ancillary services. In accordance with this situation, a blockchain-based framework of market procurement of reactive power is proposed and presented in this paper. The devised framework is in alignment with the European Union’s directive to establish a non-discriminatory, transparent, and free market. Moreover, the blockchain-based framework is applicable at all network levels and allows for the variety of different distributed resources to participate. A two-layer blockchain topology is proposed to overcome scalability and transaction time issues. The first main-layer blockchain acts as the agent for trust and guarantees the immutability of data as well as the remuneration of participating market players. The second-layer blockchain facilitates direct access to tendering processes or auctions, fast transactions, and low transaction fees for involved stakeholders. Additionally, a decentralized oracle network is proposed to integrate external data into the second-layer blockchain. Data required for verifying the physical reactive power transactions are delivered by smart meters. The entire procurement process is automated by deploying smart contracts at the various blockchain layers. Thus, in principle, the involved stakeholders are the system operators and market players. For the purpose of validation, the holistic market procurement process is demonstrated and analyzed in a hardware-in-the-loop environment involving reactive power procurement at the distribution network level.
... Rewarding DERs for providing ancillary services to contribute to voltage compensation - [3] Transactive energy system based on Blockchain that provides an incentive for providing a voltage regulation service Ethereum [74] A Blockchain-based smart grid that helps in balancing the supply-demand Consortium-Blockchain [75] Demonstrated the potential of shared control for decentralized energy system management for two separately operated 33 kV distribution networks Ethereum [76] Demonstrated Blockchain-based decentralized closed-loop CPS Ethereum [77] Automated the process of bidding, negotiation, auditing and penalizing, and validating agent services using a smart contract Ethereum [78] 3.6. Security and Privacy ...
Intermittent distributed energy resources (DERs) add challenges to the modern power system network. On the other hand, information and communication technology (ICT) is changing traditional electricity grids into smart grids, which facilitates a decentralized system in which prosumers may participate in energy trading. Smart grids, DER integration, and network connectivity are adding complexity to the power system network day by day; Blockchain technology might be a great tool to manage the network’s operational complexity. The Blockchain provides for quicker, frictionless, secure, and transparent transactions. With the addition of smart contracts, it may be utilized to manage the expanding complexity of the contemporary power system. In this study, the authors focus on the scope, challenges, and potential future direction of Blockchain technology application in the power system. Blockchain has received interest and has been used for decentralized power system applications in recent years, but it is still young and has scalability, decentralization, and security concerns. This article discusses the interfaces and the possibilities that can assure trust, security, and transparency in decentralized power system applications and make a decentralized power system and power market possible.
... Case studies of this research testified that the designed currency incentivised prosumers to achieve the demand response and energy balance. Saxena et al. [77] proposed a blockchain based transactive energy system to address the incentivising, contract auditability and enforcement of the voltage regulation service. The smart contracts were used by this research to enforce the validity of each transaction and automate the negotiation and bidding processes. ...
Governments’ net zero emission target aims at increasing the share of renewable energy sources as well as influencing the behaviours of consumers to support the cost-effective balancing of energy supply and demand. These will be achieved by the advanced information and control infrastructures of smart grids which allow the interoperability among various stakeholders. Under this circumstance, increasing number of consumers produce, store, and consume energy, giving them a new role of prosumers. The integration of prosumers and accommodation of incurred bidirectional flows of energy and information rely on two key factors: flexible structures of energy markets and intelligent operations of power systems. The blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) are innovative technologies to fulfil these two factors, by which the blockchain provides decentralised trading platforms for energy markets and the AI supports the optimal operational control of power systems. This paper attempts to address how to incorporate the blockchain and AI in the smart grids for facilitating prosumers to participate in energy markets. To achieve this objective, first, this paper reviews how policy designs price carbon emissions caused by the fossil-fuel based generation so as to facilitate the integration of prosumers with renewable energy sources. Second, the potential structures of energy markets with the support of the blockchain technologies are discussed. Last, how to apply the AI for enhancing the state monitoring and decision making during the operations of power systems is introduced.
... In SG, blockchain (BC) can provide autonomous entities with a protected, secure, safe, and decentralized framework [15,16]. BC also enables peer-to-peer (P2P) energy exchange between prosumers within the MAS [4,17,18]. Like consumers, prosumers ingest energy. But they also yield electricity locally. ...
Recently, multi-agent systems (MASs) have received attention due to the consideration of distributed optimization and control in blockchain (BC) based energy trading applications. However, due to the dynamic
behavior of uncertain and random variables, the coordination and control of MAS are still challenging to attain resilience and dynamicity. Traditional trust systems, which rely on access control and cryptography, cannot deal with dynamic behavior of agents. Furthermore, they are inefficient in addressing the computaional overhead of cryptographic primitives. To overcome these limitations, this work proposes a BC-based trusted suite (TS) for MAS to handle privacy and anonymity issues during energy trading in a smart grid
(SG). In this work, three objectives are simultaneously achieved: trust, cooperation, and confidentiality. Firstly, the proposed trust system is employed to perform trust credibility of agents based on trust deformation, coherence, and stability. The credibility evaluation is used to determine the dynamic behavior of agents and to detect dishonest agents in the system. Secondly, a tri-tit-for-tat (TTFT) repeated game approach is used to improve the cooperation among agents. The proposed strategy is more forgiving than the existing Di-TFT (DTFT) and TFT techniques. It motivates scammers and deceptive agents to regain their trust by cooperating in three consecutive rounds of a game. Furthermore a proof-of-cooperation (PoC) consensus mechanism is introduced to facilitate agent cooperation in block creation and validation. Thirdly, the publicly verifiable secret sharing (PVSS) technique is introduced to preserve the privacy of the agents. Unlike VSS, PVSS provides the immunity against different types of security threats. Where, the dealer agent
maintained the trust, while the verification of the dealer and combiner is maintained within agent-to-agent cooperation. Simulation results show that the devised BTS model is superior to the existing benchmark model such as fuzzy logic trust (FLT) in terms of detecting the cheating and deceptive behavior of agents in the system. Besides, the devised TTFT allows cheating agents to effectively regain the trust if they cooperate thrice in a row as compared to the existing DTFT and TFT strategies. Furthermore, This study analyzes two trust-related attacks: bad-mouthing and on-off. Analysis shows that the proposed system is protected from trust related attacks.
... In SG, blockchain (BC) can provide autonomous entities with a protected, secure, safe, and decentralized framework [15,16]. BC also enables peer-to-peer (P2P) energy exchange between prosumers within the MAS [4,17,18]. Like consumers, prosumers ingest energy. But they also yield electricity locally. ...
Recently, multi-agent systems (MASs) have received attention due to the consideration of distributed optimization and control in blockchain (BC) based energy trading applications. However, due to the dynamic behavior of uncertain and random variables, the coordination and control of MAS are still challenging to attain resilience and dynamicity. Traditional trust systems, which rely on access control and cryptography, cannot deal with dynamic behavior of agents. Furthermore, they are inefficient in addressing the computational overhead of cryptographic primitives. To overcome these limitations, this work proposes a BC-based trusted suite (TS) for MAS to handle privacy and anonymity issues during energy trading in a smart grid (SG). In this work, three objectives are simultaneously achieved: trust, cooperation, and confidentiality. Firstly, the proposed trust system is employed to perform trust credibility of agents based on trust deformation, coherence, and stability. The credibility evaluation is used to determine the dynamic behavior of agents and to detect dishonest agents in the system. Secondly, a tri-tit-for-tat (TTFT) repeated game approach is used to improve the cooperation among agents. The proposed strategy is more forgiving than the existing Di-TFT (DTFT) and TFT techniques. It motivates scammers and deceptive agents to regain their trust by cooperating in three consecutive rounds of a game. Furthermore a proof-of-cooperation (PoC) consensus mechanism is introduced to facilitate agent cooperation in block creation and validation. Thirdly, the publicly verifiable secret sharing (PVSS) technique is introduced to preserve the privacy of the agents. Unlike VSS, PVSS provides the immunity against different types of security threats. Where, the dealer agent maintained the trust, while the verification of the dealer and combiner is maintained within agent-to-agent cooperation. Simulation results show that the devised BTS model is superior to the existing benchmark model such as fuzzy logic trust (FLT) in terms of detecting the cheating and deceptive behavior of agents in the system. Besides, the devised TTFT allows cheating agents to effectively regain the trust if they cooperate thrice in a row as compared to the existing DTFT and TFT strategies. Furthermore, This study analyzes two trust-related attacks: bad-mouthing and on-off. Analysis shows that the proposed system is protected from trust related attacks.
