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Blindness from uncorrected refractive errors in adults aged 50 years and older, by WHO subregion or country, 2004
Source publication
Estimates of the prevalence of visual impairment caused by uncorrected refractive errors in 2004 have been determined at regional and global levels for people aged 5 years and over from recent published and unpublished surveys. The estimates were based on the prevalence of visual acuity of less than 6/18 in the better eye with the currently availab...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... 95 million people aged 50 years and older are visu- ally impaired from uncorrected refrac- tive errors: the prevalence is between 2% and 5% in most regions of the world, but is almost 10% in China and almost 20% in India and in Sear-D (WHO subregions defined in Murray & Lopez, 1996). 7 Of the 95 million people aged 50 years and older visually impaired from uncorrected refractive errors, 6.9 million are blind (Table 3). Based on this, it is estimated that 1.3 million people in the age group 40-49 years are blind from uncorrected refractive errors. ...
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Background Aim: This study investigates the prevalence and severity of myopia among 841 pediatric individuals aged 3.5 to 16 years in Bangalore. The global rise in myopia, particularly among children, underscores the urgency for preventive measures. To assess the occurrence and severity of myopia in the pediatric population, providing insights into...
Citations
... Due to its increasing prevalence, myopia, a type of refractive error, has become a global public health problem. Globally, 10%-30% of adults suffer from myopia, and in the United States and Europe, the prevalence of myopia among young adults is higher at 40%-50%, with even higher prevalence rates of 80%-90% in some countries in East Asia and Southeast Asia [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Myopia is also strongly associated with a number of ocular diseases, such as cataracts, glaucoma and myopic macular degeneration [9]. ...
Background
This study investigated how clinical and genetic factors impact the effectiveness of orthokeratology lenses in myopia.
Methods
A retrospective clinical study was conducted with a sample of 545 children aged 8–12 years who had myopia and have initially worn orthokeratology lenses for one year. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was also performed on 60 participants in two groups, one with rapid axial length (AL) progression of larger than 0.33 mm and the other with slow AL progression of less than 0.09 mm. The RetNet database was used to screen candidate genes that may contribute to the effectiveness of orthokeratology lenses in controlling myopia.
Results
Children with greater baseline AL, greater spherical equivalent (SE) and greater age had better myopia control with orthokeratology lenses. A significant excess of nonsynonymous variants was observed among those with slow myopia progression, and these were prominently enriched in retinal disease-related genes. Subsequently, RIMS2 [odds ratio (OR) = 0.01, P = 0.0097] and LCA5 (OR = 9.27, P = 0.0089) were found to harbor an excess number of nonsynonymous variants in patients with slow progression of high myopia. Two intronic common variants rs36006402 in SLC7A14 and rs2285814 in CLUAP 1 were strongly associated with AL growth. The identification of these novel genes associated with the effectiveness of orthokeratology lens therapy in myopic children provides insight into the genetic mechanism of orthokeratology treatment.
Conclusion
The effectiveness of orthokeratology lens treatment relates to interindividual variability in the control of AL growth in myopic eyes. The efficacy increased when patients carried more nonsynonymous variants in retinal disease-related gene sets. These data serve as reference for genetic counselling and the management of patients who choose orthokeratology lenses to control myopia.
... The global myopia population is estimated to reach 4758 million by 2050, including 938 million patients with high myopia [1]. Southeast Asia and China have the highest prevalence rate of myopia [2]. In addition to the inconvenience in performing daily activities caused by corrective spectacles, myopia-related complications such as retinal detachment, choroidal neovascularization, and macular hemorrhage may result in an irreversible loss of vision [3,4]. ...
Purpose
To investigate the correlation of contrast sensitivity function (CSF) with myopic shift in Chinese children.
Methods
This prospective case-series study included 62 eyes (31 children) who visited the Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University in January 2022 and were followed up for 6 months. Routine ophthalmic examinations and quantitative CSF (qCSF) tests without refractive correction were performed. Differences in CSF parameters, including the area under the log CSF (AULCSF), CSF acuity, and contrast sensitivity (CS) at 1.0–18.0 cpd, were compared between two groups stratified according to the myopic shift based on mydriatic spherical equivalent (<-0.50 D or ≥-0.50 D) during follow-up.
Results
The myopia progressed by 0.13 ± 0.24 and 1.18 ± 0.75 D in the stabilized (28 eyes) and advanced (34 eyes) groups, respectively. Compared with the advanced group, the stabilized group showed significantly lower baseline qCSF test results for CSF acuity and CS at 1.0 and 1.5 cpd. The qCSF readings for CSF acuity and CS at 1.0, 1.5, and 3.0 cpd increased significantly during the 6-month follow-up in the stabilized group, while these values showed non-significant decreases in the advanced group. CS at 3.0 cpd was significantly correlated with myopic shift. Compared with the advanced group, participants in the stabilized group with higher myopia showed relatively significantly lower CS (baseline CSF acuity and CS at 1.0, 1.5, and 3.0 cpd).
Conclusions
Children with relatively slower myopic shift showed lower contrast sensitivity at low spatial frequencies, which might be an effective factor in myopia control.
... The World Health Organization recognizes uncorrected myopia as a major cause of visual impairment worldwide. 1 Furthermore, the degree of myopia is associated with an increased risk of various ocular and systemic diseases. 2 Pathological myopia, often observed in highly myopic eyes, is among the leading causes of irreversible visual impairment and blindness among middle-aged and older individuals worldwide. ...
Purpose
To determine the prevalence and annual trend of the number of incident cases of myopia and high myopia in children.
Design
A nationwide, comprehensive claims database study.
Participants
Of 15 million children aged ≤14 years, those covered by the universal health insurance were included. The validation study of the claims-based definitions of myopia and high myopia was conducted using 14 654 individuals aged ≤14 years recruited from 11 diverse medical facilities.
Methods
This study comprises a national claims database analysis and a multicenter validation study. Data from the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan, which contains the nationwide health insurance claims data, were assessed. All individuals aged ≤14 years were reviewed, and children with existing and new onset of myopia or high myopia between January 2011 and December 2020 were identified. A validation study was conducted by reviewing electric medical records.
Main Outcome Measures
Prevalence of myopia as of October 1, 2020, and the annual number of incident cases during 2014 to 2020.
Results
According to the 2020 population census, there were 14 955 692 children aged ≤14 years. Among them, 5 498 764 patients had myopia on October 1, 2020, corresponding to a prevalence of 36.8%. The number of incident cases of myopia was highest at 8 years of age, increasing from 853.3 cases/person-year in 2015 to 910.7 cases/person-year in 2020. The prevalence of high myopia increased with age, peaking at 0.46% among children aged 10 to 14 years; the number of incident cases annually increased in 5- to 9-year-olds and 10- to 14-year-olds. In the year 2020, when the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic occurred, a discontinuous increase in the number of incident cases of myopia was observed in children aged 8 to 11 years, not 12 to 14 years. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the claims-based definition for myopia were 88.5% and 79.2%, respectively, whereas the corresponding values for high myopia were 41.6% and 99.8%.
Conclusions
This first comprehensive nationwide study revealed the prevalence and annual incidence trends of myopia and high myopia. These findings complement the results of previous high-quality cohort studies, offering a more comprehensive understanding of myopia trends.
Financial Disclosure(s)
Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
... This has concurrently increased screen time, reduced time spent outdoors and digital eye strain. 20 Many studies have postulated that excessive smartphone use may be the underlying factor in AACE. 8,10,11,21 In our study, 18 patients were identified as excessive smartphones or handheld gadgets users whereby the average of 6.55±2.37 hours per day based on the statements of patients or their parents. ...
Introduction:
Acute acquired concomitant esotropia (AACE) is an uncommon type of strabismus that occurs due to interruption of fusion. Limited data are available on AACE from Asian countries especially from the Southeast Asian region. We aim to describe the clinical profile and surgical outcomes of AACE patients treated in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia.
Materials and methods:
We conducted a retrospective study of 20 patients aged 3-26 years who were diagnosed with AACE and attended Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia, between January 2020 and June 2022 with follow-up periods a minimum of 12 months. Demographic data, clinical features, neuroimaging, surgical intervention, and final ocular alignment outcomes were recorded.
Results:
The mean age of onset was 9.7±6.6 years. There were equal numbers of males and females in this study. Hypermetropia (45%) was the leading refractive error. Angle of deviation of 50 PD and more was documented in 50% of the patients at distance, and 70% of the patients at near fixation. Fifty per cent had an absence of stereoacuity at presentation. Neuroimaging was performed on 13 patients (65%), and two patients had intracranial pathology. All patients underwent bilateral medial rectus recession during primary surgery. Eighteen patients (90%) experienced excessive near work-related activities for >4 hours per day, and 19 patients (95%) achieved good ocular alignment, restoration of stereoacuity and resolved diplopia after the surgical intervention.
Conclusion:
The mean age of onset was 9.7±6.6 years. Almost half of our patients had uncorrected hypermetropia. Furthermore, 90% of patients had excessive near-work activities, and 95% achieved good post-surgery alignment.
... Less time spent outdoors and more time spent indoors studying seem to be related to a high prevalence of school myopia [6][7][8][9]. Myopia is a critical health concern because uncorrected myopia can lead to visual disturbance [10]. With regard to the ocular morbidity of myopia, high myopia can increase the risk of vision-threatening pathologies associated with alterations in the retina and choroid [4,11]. ...
Purpose: To investigate the relationship between myopia and obesity through direct measurements of fat content.Methods: A cross-sectional study used a stratified, multistage survey, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008–2010). Subjects 19 years or older (n = 10,305) were included. Participants were divided into three groups according to refractive status: myopia (spherical equivalent [SE] ≤ –1.0 diopter [D]), emmetropia (–1.0 D < SE ≤ 1.0 D), and hyperopia (SE > 1.0 D). Obesity was investigated with assessment of fat mass and body mass index or waist circumference. Fat mass was measured with whole-body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Body fat percentage was calculated as (total fat mass / body weight × 100).Results: Higher obesity index was found in individuals with myopic eyes after adjustment for age, sex, education level, income status, physical activity, residence, and serum vitamin D level. The significant difference in total body fat percentages among myopia, emmetropia, and hyperopia was significant in the young age group (19–39 years, p < 0.05) but not in the middle age group (40–64 years) and the old age group (≥65 years). Individuals with a higher percentage of total body fat had greater odds ratios for myopia (fourth quartile of body fat; odds ratio, 1.352; 95% confidence interval, 1.178–1.551).Conclusions: An association was found between adiposity and myopia in relatively young adults using direct measurements of fat mass.
... Their effects are frequently lifelong (Pi et al., 2012, Brown et al., 2003. There are several factors for uncorrected refractive errors like lack of awareness and acknowledgment of problem at individual, society level and public health level; non-availability or inability to afford refractive services for checking; improper availability of corrective lenses; and cultural taboo which are barrier for effective compliance ( Resnikoff et al, 2008). Broman et al.,( 2002) defined the association of visual impairment and eye disorder on vision linked quality of life. ...
... (Jaggernath and Naidoo, 2012) , Hashemi et al., 2017. There is high prevalence of uncorrected refractive errors in rural areas, there is less health care facilities (Hashemi et al., 2017)Globally 153 million of people above age of 5 years are visually impaired because of uncorrected re-to uncorrected refractive error( Resnikoff et al, 2008). Uncorrected refractive error have impact on their quality of life, affected individuals impose heavy burden on their family and society due to loss of manpower. ...
Aim of study: Divorce is the process of terminating a marriage. Mental health in divorce are taken as social stigma which people don't want to discuss especially in city like Bahawalpur and remain disconnected with the society. These children are bullied in their schools due to absence of their parent. The purpose of this study is to check mental health issues of adolescents after parental divorce. Method: This study was conducted from March 2019 to September 2019 at Bahawalpur. It is cross sectional descriptive study. Data collected by door to door movement and face to face interviews by modified questionnaire. A total of 202 adolescents kids whose parents were divorced were examined. Data analysis done through descriptive statistics and frequency distribution. Results: Out of 202 patient, the frequency and percentage distribution of depression, 88(44.0%) were normal , 72 (36.0%) were mild, and 38(19.0%) were moderate and 2(1.0%) were severe. Frequency of anxiety, 31(15.5%), 33 (16.5%) were mild, 108(54.0%) were moderate and 4(2.0%) were severe. Frequency and percentage distribution of stress, in which 180(90.0%) were normal, 18 (9.0%) were mild, 1(0.5%) were moderate and1(0.5%) were severe. Conclusion: The results of this study shows high level of stress and anxiety in adolescents from divorced parents as compared to depression with frequency of adopted positive and negative coping skills.
... [5][6][7] Among these refractive correction strategies, spectacle wearing is the most cost-effective intervention and the most appropriate treatment for refractive errors in developing countries. [8,9] Particularly, good spectacle-wearing compliance can improve the effect of refractive correction and help infants with refractive errors avoid amblyopia due to a lack of visual stimulation. [10] A previous study assessed the association with age and compliance of spectacle wearing among aphakic infants with congenital cataracts who underwent lens extraction and showed that compliance with spectacle wear was low during the earlier stage, but increased with time in aphakic infants. ...
This study aimed to evaluate spectacle-wearing compliance and identify the determinants associated with it in infants with bilateral corrective refractive errors. Infants aged < 3 years with bilateral corrective refractive errors who were supplied with spectacles for > 1 month were enrolled at the pediatric comprehensive clinic of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center. Spectacle-wearing compliance was evaluated by calculating the percentage of spectacle-wearing time in the awake time (STIT), and its potential determinants were identified based on interviews with the infants’ caregivers using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to further determine the degree of correlation between spectacle-wearing compliance and weight of spectacles. A total of 366 infants (age: 20.85 ± 9.06 months, male: 54.92%) were included. The mean percentage of STIT was 64.00%±41.69%. The communication between caregivers of different infants regarding spectacle-wearing experience ( P = .004, OR = 2.290, 95% confidence interval [CI] for OR = 1.301–4.029), perceptions of spectacle-wearing importance ( P = .000, OR = 6.337, 95% CI for OR = 3.664–10.961), and weight of spectacles ( P = .000, OR = 7.271, 95% CI for OR = 4.141–12.769) were significantly associated with spectacle-wearing compliance. Besides, spectacle-wearing compliance was positively correlated with the weight of spectacles ( P < .01), exhibiting a decreasing trend with the weight of spectacles. Overall, spectacle-wearing compliance requires improvement. Moreover, efficient strategies aimed at improving spectacle-wearing compliance, such as enhancing communication between caregivers of different infants regarding spectacle-wearing experience, raising awareness about the importance of wearing spectacles, and reducing the weight of spectacles, are urgently needed.
... La infancia es una etapa decisiva en la que las alteraciones en el sistema visual pueden tener consecuencias irreparables y determina la importancia de la detección precoz de defectos refractivos, que pueden repercutir en el desarrollo visual, rendimiento escolar y aparición de comorbilidades oculares irreversibles, como es el caso de la miopía magna y sus complicaciones. 19,20,31 En este sentido, es importante la función de los pediatras de atención primaria y los docentes. ...
ANTECEDENTES: Después del confinamiento domiciliario provocado por el SARSCoV2, sobrevino un cambio respecto al uso de nuevas tecnologías de información y comunicación, que aumentaron la exigencia visual en etapas susceptibles para padecer defectos refractivos. OBJETIVO: Evaluar si el confinamiento domiciliario y el uso de nuevas tecnologías de información y comunicación influyen en la distribución de defectos refractivos infantiles. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio epidemiológico, analítico y trasversal, que incluyó una muestra por conveniencia de 244 niños, asignados a dos grupos independientes: 1) los que sufrieron confinamiento domiciliario (n = 113) y 2) grupo control (n = 131). Se evaluaron los antecedentes personales y familiares, tipo de colegio, horario escolar, actividades extraescolares, uso de nuevas tecnologías de información y comunicación, y tareas escolares. Se exploró la refracción con cicloplejia. Posteriormente se examinó la distribución de defectos refractivos en ambos grupos. RESULTADOS: La distribución de defectos refractivos en el grupo de confinamiento reportó una menor cantidad de niños emétropes y mayor con astigmatismo. CONCLUSIONES: El confinamiento domiciliario por el COVID-19 y los cambios en la educación escolar y familiar respecto al uso de nuevas tecnologías de información y comunicación pudieran haber supuesto mayor exigencia visual en pleno proceso de emetropización infantil. Se registraron menos niños emétropes y más con astigmatismo después del confinamiento, lo que a futuro puede incrementar la cantidad de casos de miopía.
... Current research projects the global prevalence of visual impairment to be around 0.97 percent, with most cases concentrated in major cities of Southeast Asia and China, affecting 12.2 million children aged 5 to 15 [6]. According to studies, individuals with 20/40 or better vision in both eyes comprised 7.4% of the urban population and 4.9% of the rural population in India [7], [8]. ...
... According to studies, individuals with 20/40 or better vision in both eyes comprised 7.4% of the urban population and 4.9% of the rural population in India [7], [8]. The majority of these cases were associated with refractive defects, accounting for 81% in urban regions and 53% in rural areas, respectively [6]- [8]. ...
Background: Children living in countries with moderate income levels, such as India, who are born with untreated refractive abnormalities continue to face significant challenges. Despite the availability of low-cost remedial techniques like eyeglasses, uncorrected refractive defects cause vision loss for many children in India. This persists even though glasses may correct the problem. Aim: The aim of the present study is to investigate whether children from middle-income families exhibit any refractive errors. Materials & methods: The researchers conducted the present study after receiving approval from the institution’s ethics board. The research was carried out at Gautam Budha Chikitsa Mahavidyalaya, Jhajra, Dehradun, India. The study enrolled children from middle-income groups in and around the Dehradun city area. Results & Conclusions: The study revealed that refractive errors are the leading cause of visual impairment among school-age children, particularly those from middle-income families. Given that most refractive defects can be corrected with glasses, there is a need for cost-effective strategies to safeguard children’s eyesight. Such disabilities might impede a child’s development and education. There is compelling evidence supporting this treatable cause of blindness.
... In this study, prevalence of ophthalmic disorders was 11.64 per cent, which is similar to the findings of earlier studies 21,28 . A low prevalence (2.66%) of ocular morbidities was seen in another study in south India 29 . ...
... High prevalence of VAD warrants urgent holistic interventions in the form of behaviour change communication of nutrition, regular vitamin A supplementation and nutrition garden for the production of vitamin A-rich food. Figure 2 shows that the non-corrected refractive error prevalence is higher in Melghat (7.78%) in contrast to the world figures (0.97%) and India (0.63%) 28,29 . The possible underlying causes of this high burden of uncorrected refractive error in Melghat include less eye health-seeking behaviour, social causes (superstitions, less awareness related to eye health, high prevalence of illiteracy and misperceptions related to spectacles use), poor socioeconomic status (>80% of tribals are below the poverty line, loss of wages to attend hospital, cost of correction, replacement costs), grossly inadequate healthcare facilities for the eye (scarcity of ophthalmologists and spectacle shops) and hereditary (unpublished data). ...
... The evolution of several folklores about the diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmic disorders (e.g., strabismus as a God's gift) impacts the diagnosis and treatment of ocular diseases by ophthalmologists 29 . Fig. 2. Comparison of prevalence of refractive error (28) and vitamin A deficiency 31,32 between World, India and Melghat. The prevalence of strabismus was 0.41 per cent in the present study similar to that previously reported (0.43%) in school going children in Dhulikhel, Nepal 28 . ...
Background objectives:
Most of the ocular morbidities among school children are preventable or treatable. Melghat, a difficult to access, hilly, forest, tribal area with poorly developed infrastructure in the Amravati district of Maharashtra. Scarcity of ophthalmologists and low health-seeking behaviour of tribal people contributes to the high burden of ocular morbidity. Given the lack of published studies on the ocular morbidity among children in Melghat, outreach programmes are essential to diagnose and treat visual impairments promptly. The objective was to determine the prevalence of ocular morbidity among children in the tribal area of Melghat.
Methods:
A community-based observational study was carried out in the Chikhaldara and Dharni blocks of Melghat. Children from 15 tribal villages were screened for eye disorders by trained paramedics. Most of the children were examined by an ophthalmologist. We used Chi-square test for categorical variables.
Results:
A total of 4357 children aged between 6 and 18 yr were examined. Of these 2336 (53.6%) were females and 2021 (46.4%) were males. Out of 4357 children, 507 (11.63%) had an ocular morbidity. The prevalence of ocular morbidity and refractive error increased in the age group of 8-10 yr (P<0.05 and <0.001, respectively). Refractive error was the most common ocular morbidity (n=339; 7.8%), followed by vitamin A deficiency (VAD) (n=120; 2.8%).
Interpretation conclusions:
The prevalence of refractive error and VAD in this study was significantly higher than the rest of India and the world. For the prevention of childhood blindness, immediate intervention programme, including eye screening by trained paramedics, treatment by an ophthalmologist and prophylaxis, is crucial.
